Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Properties of Iranian Sea Salts: An In Vitro Study

Dental implant considerations in patients with systemic diseases: An updated comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Various medical conditions and the drugs used to treat them have been shown to impede or complicate dental implant surgery. It is crucial to carefully monitor the medical status and potential post-operative complications of patients with systemic diseases, particularly elderly patients, to minimize the risk of health complications that may arise.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to review the existing evidence on the viability of dental implants in patients with systemic diseases and to provide practical recommendations to achieve the best possible results in the corresponding patient population.

METHODS

The information for our study was compiled using data from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases and searched separately for each systemic disease included in our work until October 2023. An additional manual search was also performed to increase the search sensitivity. Only English-language publications were included and assessed according to titles, abstracts and full texts.

RESULTS

In total, 6784 studies were found. After checking for duplicates and full-text availability, screening for the inclusion criteria and manually searching reference lists, 570 articles remained to be considered in this study.

CONCLUSION

In treating patients with systemic conditions, the cost-benefit analysis should consider the patient's quality of life and expected lifespan. The success of dental implants depends heavily on ensuring appropriate maintenance therapy, ideal oral hygiene standards, no smoking and avoiding other risk factors. Indications and contraindications for dental implants in cases of systemic diseases are yet to be more understood; broader and hardcore research needs to be done for a guideline foundation.

Inhibition of pathogenic microbes in oral infectious diseases by natural products: Sources, mechanisms, and challenges

The maintenance of oral health is of utmost importance for an individual's holistic well-being and standard of living. Within the oral cavity, symbiotic microorganisms actively safeguard themselves against potential foreign diseases by upholding a multifaceted equilibrium. Nevertheless, the occurrence of an imbalance can give rise to a range of oral infectious ailments, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis. Presently, clinical interventions encompass the physical elimination of pathogens and the administration of antibiotics to regulate bacterial and fungal infections. Given the limitations of various antimicrobial drugs frequently employed in dental practice, the rising incidence of oral inflammation, and the escalating bacterial resistance to antibiotics, it is imperative to explore alternative remedies that are dependable, efficacious, and affordable for the prevention and management of oral infectious ailments. There is an increasing interest in the creation of novel antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources, which possess attributes such as safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of natural products on the development and progression of oral infectious diseases. Specifically, these products exert their influences by mitigating dental biofilm formation, impeding the proliferation of oral pathogens, and hindering bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces. The review also encompasses an examination of the various classes of natural products, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications and limitations in the context of oral infections. The insights garnered from this review can support the promising application of natural products as viable therapeutic options for managing oral infectious diseases.

How could mouthwashes affect the color stability and translucency of various types of monolithic zirconia? An in-vitro study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the color stability and translucency of various types of monolithic zirconia after immersion in chlorhexidine and Listerine mouthwashes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This experimental study was performed on 36 disk-shaped specimens fabricated from low-translucent, high-translucent, and multilayered monolithic zirconia (n = 12 per group). Each group was equally divided and immersed in either 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) or Listerine mouthwash for 2 min daily over 7 days. Changes in color (ΔE) and the translucency parameter (ΔTP) were evaluated and compared. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

Chlorhexidine caused a significantly lower ΔE and a significantly higher ΔTP in multilayered zirconia compared to the low-translucency (ΔE: P = 0.0027, ΔTP: P<0.001) and the high-translucency zirconia group (ΔE: P<0.001, ΔTP: P = 0.022). Listerine caused a significantly higher ΔE in the high-translucency zirconia group compared to the multilayered zirconia group (P = 0.0165). It also resulted in a significantly higher mean ΔTP in the multilayered zirconia group compared to the low-translucency (P = 0.0003) and high-translucency zirconia groups (P = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

In both mouthwashes, multilayered monolithic zirconia exhibited the highest color stability among the tested materials; albeit with the most pronounced changes in translucency. Meanwhile, high-translucency monolithic zirconia was more prone to discoloration when exposed to both mouthwashes.

The effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling the oral biofilm: A comprehensive overview

Several resistance mechanisms are involved in dental caries, including oral biofilms. An accumulation of bacteria on the surface of teeth is called plaque. Periodontitis and gingivitis are caused by dental plaque. In this review article, we aimed to review the studies associated with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to prevent and treat various microbial biofilm-caused oral diseases in recent decades. There are several studies published in PubMed that have described antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) effects on microorganisms. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of APDT for treating endodontic, periodontal, and mucosal infections caused by bacteria as biofilms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are activated in the presence of oxygen by integrating a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) with appropriate wavelength visible light. By causing irreversible damage to microorganisms, ROS induces some biological and photochemical events. Testing several wavelengths has been conducted to identify potential PS for APDT. A standard protocol is not yet available, and the current review summarizes findings from dental studies on APDT.

The Effect of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial of Synthesized CuO NPs from Propolis on HEK-293 Cells and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Background

Drug resistance is currently possible anywhere in the world. Due to the discovery of antimicrobials, medicine, and health have made tremendous advances over the past several decades.

Aim

This research evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on Lactobacillus acidophilus and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK). Method and Materials. Propolis was sampled and extracted. Green synthesis of CuO NPs was synthesized and characterized using SEM, TEM, DLS, BET, and zeta potential methods. L. acidophilus (ATCC 4356) was used, and the antimicrobial tests were carried out at different concentrations (10≥ mg/ml). Moreover, the cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK).

Results

Synthesized CuO NPs using propolis extracts from Khalkhal (sample 1) and Gillan (sample 2) showed -13.2 and -14.4 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic sizes of well-dispersed samples 1 and 2 were 3124.9 nm and 1726.7 nm, respectively. According to BET analysis, samples 1 and 2 had 5.37 and 8.45 m²/g surface area, respectively. The surface area was decreased due to the addition of propolis extract, and the pore size was increased. CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 were visible on SEM images with diameters ranging from 75 to 145 nm and 120 to 155 nm, respectively. Based on TEM analysis, the size of CuO particles was increased in samples 1 and 2. CuO NPs particles had narrow size distributions with evenly dispersed NPs on all sides. The cell viability of the CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 after 24, 48, and 72 hours was greater than 50%. As a result of the MIC and MBC tests, it was determined that samples 1 and 2 had the same effect against L. acidophilus (0.0024 mg/ml). Biofilm formation and degradation of sample 1 were more efficient against L. acidophilus.

Conclusion

There was no evidence of cytotoxicity in the samples. In addition, results showed that the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were effective against L. acidophilus. Thus, the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were the best candidates for clinical application.