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Yang Y, Xie W, Qiao X, Yang J, Yao D, Zhu D. ZKSCAN5 activates LAPTM5 expression by recruiting SETD7 to promote metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:747-760. [PMID: 38018874 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) has been associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Its role in regulating metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), however, remains vague. The study here aimed to expound the metastasis-promoting properties of LAPTM5 in PDAC and the detailed mechanism. LAPTM5 was overexpressed in metastatic PDAC cells and was related to the dismal prognosis of patients in GEO datasets. By using lentiviral vectors harboring short hairpin RNA, we found that LAPTM5 downregulation reduced PDAC cell viability, proliferation, and aggressiveness in vitro and liver metastasis in vivo. Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 5 (ZKSCAN5) was predicted and verified to mediate LAPTM5 transcription in PDAC cells. Both ZKSCAN5 and SET domains, containing lysine methyltransferase 7 (SETD7) bound to the LAPTM5 promoter, and ZKSCAN5 recruited SETD7 to form a complex promoting LAPTM5 transcription. LAPTM5 knockdown reversed the promoting effect of ZKSCAN5 on the metastasis of PDAC cells. Thus, our findings on the ZKSCAN5/SETD7/LAPTM5 axis provide insights into the underlying mechanism of liver metastasis dissemination in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuan Qiao
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Han S, Jin X, Hu T, Chi F. LAPTM5 regulated by FOXP3 promotes the malignant phenotypes of breast cancer through activating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:60. [PMID: 36799186 PMCID: PMC9942259 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in women worldwide. Lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein, plays an important role in several human malignancies. However, the biological functions and mechanism of LAPTM5 in breast cancer remain unclear. In the present study, the potential tumor‑promoting effect of LAPTM5 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis. LAPTM5 was highly expressed in breast cancer clinical specimens. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrated that cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as the process of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) were promoted by LAPTM5 overexpression and were suppressed by LAPTM5 downregulation in vitro. The tumor‑promoting effects of LAPTM5 were also confirmed by xenograft tumor assay in vivo. It was found that the tumor‑promoting effects of LAPTM5 were partly dependent on the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, dual‑luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays verified that the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) directly bound to the promoter of LAPTM5 and negatively regulated its expression. Taken together, the present findings indicated that LAPTM5, negatively regulated by FOXP3, promoted the malignant phenotypes of breast cancer through activating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Han
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Feng Chi
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Feng Chi, Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China, E-mail: and
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Lysosomal-Associated Transmembrane Protein 5 Promotes Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6334546. [PMID: 36385959 PMCID: PMC9646302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6334546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most aggressive and deadly cancer of the urinary system and is regulated by multiple signaling pathways. However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying ccRCC have not been fully studied or demonstrated. This study aimed to elucidate the function of lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) in ccRCC cell lines and animal models and determine the potential underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that LAPTM5 expression in patients with ccRCC was significantly higher in the tumor group than that in the adjacent nontumor group. Moreover, LAPTM5 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells through the gain and loss of the function of LAPTM5 in 786-0 and Caki-1 cell lines. Similar results regarding LAPTM5 overexpression were obtained in BALB/c nude mice. In addition, LAPTM5 activated the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 signaling cascade by interacting with Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). Treatment with an RAC1 inhibitor eliminated the effects of LAPTM5 in ccRCC. In conclusion, these results indicate that LAPTM5 may be a new therapeutic target for ccRCC via activation of the RAC1-JNK/p38 axis.
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Kurtović M, Piteša N, Bartoniček N, Ozretić P, Musani V, Čonkaš J, Petrić T, King C, Sabol M. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq Identification of Unique and Overlapping Targets of GLI Transcription Factors in Melanoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184540. [PMID: 36139698 PMCID: PMC9497141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant progress in therapy, melanoma still has a rising incidence worldwide, and novel treatment strategies are needed. Recently, researchers have recognized the involvement of the Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling pathway in melanoma and its consistent crosstalk with the MAPK pathway. In order to further investigate the link between the two pathways and to find new target genes that could be considered for combination therapy, we set out to find transcriptional targets of all three GLI proteins in melanoma. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on three melanoma cell lines (CHL-1, A375, and MEL224) with overexpressed GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 and combined them with the results of ChIP-sequencing on endogenous GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 proteins. After combining these results, 21 targets were selected for validation by qPCR. RESULTS RNA-seq revealed a total of 808 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for GLI1, 941 DEGs for GLI2, and 58 DEGs for GLI3. ChIP-seq identified 527 genes that contained GLI1 binding sites in their promoters, 1103 for GLI2 and 553 for GLI3. A total of 15 of these targets were validated in the tested cell lines, 6 of which were detected by both RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insight into the unique and overlapping transcriptional output of the GLI proteins in melanoma. We suggest that our findings could provide new potential targets to consider while designing melanoma-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Kurtović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Bartoniček
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, 370 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Musani
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Čonkaš
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Petrić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cecile King
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maja Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang T, Shi M, Xin C, Zou Y, Wei W, Li X, Chen J, Zhao W. Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 deficiency exacerbates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:971361. [PMID: 36046710 PMCID: PMC9423384 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.971361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5) has been demonstrated to be involved in regulating immunity, inflammation, cell death, and autophagy in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. However, the function of LAPTM5 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has not yet been reported. In this study, we found that LAPTM5 expression was dramatically decreased during cerebral I/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. LAPTM5 knockout (KO) mice were compared with a control, and they showed a larger infarct size and more serious neurological dysfunction after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) treatment. In addition, inflammatory response and apoptosis were exacerbated in these processes. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function investigations in an in vitro model revealed that neuronal inflammation and apoptosis were aggravated by LAPTM5 knockdown but mitigated by its overexpression. Mechanistically, combined RNA sequencing and experimental verification showed that the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 pathway was mainly involved in the detrimental effects of LAPTM5 deficiency following I/R injury. Specifically, LAPTM5 directly interacts with ASK1, leading to decreased ASK1 N-terminal dimerization and the subsequent reduced activation of downstream JNK/p38 signaling. In conclusion, LAPTM5 was demonstrated to be a novel modulator in the pathophysiology of brain I/R injury, and targeting LAPTM5 may be feasible as a stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichun Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jincao Chen,
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wenyuan Zhao,
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Li B, Shi XD. Key Prognostic Value of Lysosomal Protein Transmembrane 5 in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2515-2527. [PMID: 35557976 PMCID: PMC9089215 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the significance of lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5) in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Methods Bioinformatics analysis as an efficient and accurate method was employed to explore the expression levels, prognostic significance, and regulatory pathways of LAPTM5 in KIRC. Finally, the association of LAPTM5 with tumor immune infiltrates was initially investigated. Results High LAPTM5 expression was observed in KIRC, and its mRNA expression was correlated with gender, stage, and grade (all P < 0.05) but regardless of age. Besides, high LAPTM5 mRNA expression predicted poor overall survival (OS) of KIRC patients (P < 0.01). Further, Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic value of LAPTM5 for OS in KIRC patients (P < 0.001). In addition, the genetic alteration frequency of LAPTM5 was low and had no significant impact on KIRC patient prognosis. However, the low methylation levels of the two methylated sites in the LAPTM5 gene was closely linked to poor OS (all P < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) results showed that the common regulatory pathway was immune- and inflammatory-related pathway. Moreover, LAPTM5 was also associated with tumor immune infiltrates (all P < 0.001). Conclusion LAPTM5 served as an independent prognostic factor for KIRC patients. LAPTM5 might affect the OS of KIRC patients through the involvement of the immune-related pathway. Therefore, LAPTM5 served as a potential biomarker for OS of KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-dong Shi
- Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xue-dong Shi, Department of Urology, Yuyao People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 800 Chengdong Road, Yuyao, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315400, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Zhao S, Dong X, Ni X, Li L, Lu X, Zhang K, Gao Y. Exploration of a Novel Prognostic Risk Signature and Its Effect on the Immune Response in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:709931. [PMID: 34692486 PMCID: PMC8529178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.709931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly invasive and metastatic carcinoma with different molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes. In this work, we aimed to establish a novel gene signature that could predict the prognosis of NPC patients. A total of 13 significant genes between the recurrence/metastasis (RM) group and the no recurrence/metastasis (no-RM) group were identified by machine learning from RNA-Seq data including 60 NPC tumor biopsies. Based on these genes, a 4-mRNA signature (considering U2AF1L5, TMEM265, GLB1L and MLF1) was identified. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analyses indicated that this signature had good prognostic value for NPC. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients in the high-risk group were significantly shorter than those of the patients in the low-risk group (p = 0.00126 and p = 0.000059, respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of the 4-mRNA signature were higher than those of T stage and N stage for OS (0.893 vs 0.619 and 0.582, respectively) and PFS (0.86 vs 0.538 and 0.622, respectively). Furthermore, the 4-mRNA signature was closely associated with cell proliferation and the immune response. The expression of GLB1L and TMEM265 was associated with the level of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (r > 0.4, p < 0.05). We have validated the model through measuring the expression levels of the 4-mRNA signature by qRT-PCR, in an independent cohort of NPC patients. Here, we report a novel gene signature that can serve as a new tool for predicting the prognosis of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Ni
- Department of Endoscopy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lawal B, Lin LC, Lee JC, Chen JH, Bekaii-Saab TS, Wu ATH, Ho CL. Multi-Omics Data Analysis of Gene Expressions and Alterations, Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Immune Infiltrations, Reveals the Onco-Immune Prognostic Relevance of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050954. [PMID: 33668805 PMCID: PMC7956610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/Cyclin-dependent kinases are multifunctional proteins that play instrumental roles in carcinogenesis. However, the genetic alterations of the STAT3/CDK2/4/6 signaling axis and its role in predicting immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response remain unclear. Here, we used in silico analyses of multi-Omics data to map out the role of epigenetic and genetic alterations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in tumor immune infiltrations, immunotherapy response, and prognosis of cancer patients. Our study collectively suggested that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 are important onco-immune signatures that contribute to tumor immune invasion, poor prognoses, and immune therapy failure. Our finding may be clinically useful in designing therapeutic strategies, prognosis assessment, and follow-up management in patients receiving immunotherapy in multiple cancers. Abstract Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/Cyclin-dependent kinases are multifunctional proteins that play an important implicative role in cancer initiations, progression, drug resistance, and metastasis, and has been extensively explored in cancer therapy. However, the genetic alterations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 and its role in predicting immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response are yet to be well exploited. In this study, we use in silico methods to analyze differential expression, prognostic value, genetic and epigenetic alterations, association with tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) infiltrations of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 in multiple cancer types. Our results revealed that the expression of STAT3/CDK2/4/6 was altered in various cancers and is associated with poor overall and disease-free survival of the cohorts. Moreover, genetic alterations in STAT3/CDK2/4/6 co-occurred with a number of other genetic alterations and are associated with poorer prognoses of the cohorts. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis suggests CDK2/4/6/STAT3 may directly interact with factors that promote tumorigenesis and immune response. We found that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 expressions were associated with infiltrations of CAF and the various immune cells in multiple cancers and it’s associated with poor response to immunotherapy. Collectively, our study suggested that STAT3/CDK2/4/6 are important onco-immune signatures that play central roles in tumor immune invasion, poor prognoses and, immune therapy response. Findings from the present study may therefore be clinically useful in prognosis assessment and follow-up management of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Lawal
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Chin Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 325 Cheng-Kung Road Section 2, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Tanios S. Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85054, USA;
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (C.-L.H.)
| | - Ching-Liang Ho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (C.-L.H.)
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