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Zhu ZS, Bu SH, Liu JX, Niu C, Wang L, Yuan H, Zhang L, Song Y. Label-free-based proteomics analysis reveals differential proteins of sheep, goat and cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01002-6. [PMID: 39004124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Regarding the limited information on species protein differences between sheep, goat, and cow milk, the differentially expressed proteins in sheep, goat, and cow milk and their functional differences are analyzed using label-free proteomics technology to identify potential biomarkers. 770 proteins and 2914 peptide segments were identified. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the relative abundances of the 74 proteins among the sheep, goat, and cow milk. CSN3 and LALBA can be used as potential biomarkers for goat milk, XDH can be used as potential biomarkers for cow milk, and CTSB and BPIFB1 can be used as potential biomarkers for sheep milk. The functional analysis using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that these significantly different proteins were enriched by different pathways including thyroid hormone synthesis and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. The data revealed differences in the amounts and physiological functions of the milk proteins of different species, which may provide an important basis for research on the nutritional composition of dairy products and adulteration identification technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - S H Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - J X Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - C Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - L Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - H Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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He HJ, Chen Y, Li G, Wang Y, Ou X, Guo J. Hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics for rapid detection of talcum powder adulterated in wheat flour. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Grassi S, Tarapoulouzi M, D’Alessandro A, Agriopoulou S, Strani L, Varzakas T. How Chemometrics Can Fight Milk Adulteration. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010139. [PMID: 36613355 PMCID: PMC9819000 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration and fraud are amongst the wrong practices followed nowadays due to the attitude of some people to gain more money or their tendency to mislead consumers. Obviously, the industry follows stringent controls and methodologies in order to protect consumers as well as the origin of the food products, and investment in these technologies is highly critical. In this context, chemometric techniques proved to be very efficient in detecting and even quantifying the number of substances used as adulterants. The extraction of relevant information from different kinds of data is a crucial feature to achieve this aim. However, these techniques are not always used properly. In fact, training is important along with investment in these technologies in order to cope effectively and not only reduce fraud but also advertise the geographical origin of the various food and drink products. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the different chemometric techniques (from clustering to classification and regression applied to several analytical data) along with spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemical sensors, and other on-site detection devices in the battle against milk adulteration. Moreover, the steps which should be followed to develop a chemometric model to face adulteration issues are carefully presented with the required critical discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grassi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Alessandro D’Alessandro
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Lorenzo Strani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.V.)
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Wu H, Yang R, Huang M, Wei Y, Dong G, Jin H, Zeng Y, Yang Y. Slice spectra approach to synchronous Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis for milk adulteration discriminate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121332. [PMID: 35550992 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The discrimination approach of adulterated milk was proposed combined synchronous two-trace two-dimensional (2T2D) correlation slice spectra at the characteristic wavebands of adulterant in milk with multivariate method. Two common adulterants, melamine and urea, were analyzed to demonstrate useful by the method. 2T2D (near infrared) NIR slice spectra at characteristic wavebands of adulterant were extracted from the synchronous 2T2D correlation spectra, and were input to construct the N-way partial least squares discriminant analysis (NPLS-DA) models. One-dimensional (1D) spectroscopy featuring all the present components in the samples combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was also evaluated for comparison. The results indicated that for one kind of adulterant in model, prediction accuracies of slice spectral models were both 100% for melamine-adulterated and urea-adulterated samples discrimination. Moreover, for two kinds of adulterants in model, prediction accuracies of slice spectral models were 90.57% and 100% for melamine-adulterated and urea-adulterated discrimination, respectively, which was better than those of 1D whole models based on PLS-DA (only 81.13% and 98.15%, respectively). The comparison informs that the 2T2D slice spectra extracted at the characteristic wavebands of adulterant highlighted the adulterant spectral features and was obviously advantage to improve the discrimination accuracy. Meanwhile, the complexity of slice spectra is significantly reduced compared with the whole matrix of synchronous 2T2D correlation spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Renjie Yang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
| | - Mingyue Huang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yong Wei
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China.
| | - Guimei Dong
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Hao Jin
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yanan Zeng
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
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5
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Application of 2D-COS-FTIR spectroscopic analysis to milk powder adulteration: Detection of melamine. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Detection of Ovine or Bovine Milk Components in Commercial Camel Milk Powder Using a PCR-Based Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093017. [PMID: 35566364 PMCID: PMC9103995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingredient adulteration, especially the adulteration of milk and dairy products, is one of the important issues of food safety. The large price difference between camel milk powder, ovine, and bovine milk powder may be an incentive for the incorporation of ovine and bovine derived foods in camel milk products. This study evaluated the use of ordinary PCR and real-time PCR for the detection of camel milk powder adulteration based on the presence of ovine and bovine milk components. DNA was extracted from camel, ovine, and bovine milk powder using a deep-processed product column DNA extraction kit. The quality of the extracted DNA was detected by amplifying the target sequence from the mitochondrial Cytb gene, and the extracted DNA was used for the identification of milk powder based on PCR analysis. In addition, PCR-based methods (both ordinary PCR and real-time PCR) were used to detect laboratory adulteration models of milk powder using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The results show that the ordinary PCR method had better sensitivity and could qualitatively detect ovine and bovine milk components in the range of 1% to 100% in camel milk powder. The commercial camel milk powder was used to verify the practicability of this method. The real-time PCR normalization system has a good exponential correlation (R2 = 0.9822 and 0.9923) between ovine or bovine content and Ct ratio (specific/internal reference gene) and allows for the quantitative determination of ovine or bovine milk contents in adulterated camel milk powder samples. Accuracy was effectively validated using simulated adulterated samples, with recoveries ranging from 80% to 110% with a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, exhibiting sufficient parameters of trueness. The ordinary PCR qualitative detection and real-time PCR quantitative detection method established in this study proved to be a specific, sensitive, and effective technology, which is expected to be used for market detection.
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Arifah MF, Irnawati, Ruslin, Nisa K, Windarsih A, Rohman A. The Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for the Authentication Analysis of Horse Milk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:7643959. [PMID: 35242875 PMCID: PMC8888094 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7643959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Expensive milk such as horse's milk (HM) may be the target of adulteration by other milk such as goat's milk (GM) and cow's milk (CM). FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) was used for authentication of HM from GM and CM. Milk was directly subjected to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectral measurement at midinfrared regions (4000-650 cm-1). Results showed that LDA could make clear discrimination between HM and HM adulterated with CM and GM without any misclassification observed. PLSR using 2nd derivative spectra at 3200-2800 and 1300-1000 cm-1 provided the best model for the relationship between actual values of GM and FTIR predicted values than PCR. At this condition, R 2 values for calibration and validation models obtained were 0.9995 and 0.9612 with RMSEC and RMSEP values of 0.0093 and 0.0794. PLSR using normal FTIR spectra at 3800-3000 and 1500-1000 cm-1 offered R 2 for the relationship between actual values of CM and FTIR predicted values of >0.99 in calibration and validation models with low errors of RMSEC of 0.0164 and RMSEP of 0.0336 during authentication of HM from CM. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy in combination with LDA and PLSR is an effective method for authentication of HM from GM and CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsalina Fildzah Arifah
- Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Irnawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | - Ruslin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | - Khoirun Nisa
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Anjar Windarsih
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Rohman
- Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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