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WU Z, ZHU Q, KONG L, SONG P, ZHOU X, GUO G, ZHANG S, HE T, CHENG Y, FANG M. Tuina alleviates neuropathic pain through regulate the activation of microglia and the secretion of inflammatory cytokine in spinal cord. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2024; 44:762-769. [PMID: 39066537 PMCID: PMC11337246 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20240515.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the analgesic effects of Tuina on neuropathic pain (NPP) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned by random into three treatment groups: sham, chronic constriction injury (CCI), and Tuina. Each group contained sixteen rats. CCI model was generated by ligating the right sciatic nerve. Behavioral changes of CCI were assessed by the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL). In addition, biochemical techniques such as immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were used to profile levels of microglia activation and inflammatory factors in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of rats. Tuina (clockwise pressing and rubbing) was performed at Chengshan (BL57) to observe the analgesic effects on CCI rats and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Rats with CCI experienced significant reduction in the PWT and PWL of the right hind paw relative to CCI group at day 3. Tuina treatment rescued this situation significantly on days 10 and 14. Besides, Iba-1, microglia M1 receptor CD68, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were higher in the right SDH for CCI group compared to the sham group on day 14. As expected, Tuina partially downregulated the CCI-induced overexpressed Iba-1, CD68, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the SDH of CCI model. CONCLUSION Tuina induces a time-dependent cumulative analgesic effect in CCI rats by inhibiting the activation of microglia and the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei WU
- 1 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 2 Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Qingguang ZHU
- 1 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 2 Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Lingjun KONG
- 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Pengfei SONG
- 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Xin ZHOU
- 1 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 2 Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Guangxin GUO
- 4 Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuaipan ZHANG
- 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Tianxiang HE
- 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Yanbin CHENG
- 1 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 2 Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Min FANG
- 1 Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 2 Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- 3 Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China
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Mak S, Allen J, Begashaw M, Miake-Lye I, Beroes-Severin J, De Vries G, Lawson E, Shekelle PG. Use of Massage Therapy for Pain, 2018-2023: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2422259. [PMID: 39008297 PMCID: PMC11250267 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Massage therapy is a popular treatment that has been advocated for dozens of painful adult health conditions and has a large evidence base. Objective To map systematic reviews, conclusions, and certainty or quality of evidence for outcomes of massage therapy for painful adult health conditions. Evidence Review In this systematic review, a computerized search was conducted of PubMed, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, the Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science from 2018 to 2023. Included studies were systematic reviews of massage therapy for pain in adult health conditions that formally rated the certainty, quality, or strength of evidence for conclusions. Studies of sports massage therapy, osteopathy, dry cupping or dry needling, and internal massage therapy (eg, for pelvic floor pain) were ineligible, as were self-administered massage therapy techniques, such as foam rolling. Reviews were categorized as those with at least 1 conclusion rated as high-certainty evidence, at least 1 conclusion rated as moderate-certainty evidence, and all conclusions rated as low- or very low-certainty evidence; a full list of conclusions and certainty of evidence was collected. Findings A total of 129 systematic reviews of massage therapy for painful adult health conditions were found; of these, 41 reviews used a formal method to rate certainty or quality of evidence of their conclusions and 17 reviews were mapped, covering 13 health conditions. Across these reviews, no conclusions were rated as high certainty of evidence. There were 7 conclusions that were rated as moderate-certainty evidence; all remaining conclusions were rated as low- or very low-certainty evidence. All conclusions rated as moderate certainty were that massage therapy had a beneficial associations with pain. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that despite a large number of randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews of massage therapy for painful adult health conditions rated a minority of conclusions as moderate-certainty evidence and that conclusions with moderate- or high-certainty evidence that massage therapy was superior to other active therapies were rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Mak
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Allen
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meron Begashaw
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Isomi Miake-Lye
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jessica Beroes-Severin
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gerardo De Vries
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Paul G. Shekelle
- Veterans Health Administration, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Yin Z, Shuaipan Z, He P, Zhang Q, Fang M, Lu P. Efficacy of Tuina in chronic low back pain with anxiety: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073671. [PMID: 37857544 PMCID: PMC10603401 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is one of the largest and most frequent public health problems worldwide. Tuina is a physical therapy commonly used in China to treat musculoskeletal diseases. Compared with traction, there is little high-quality scientific evidence that can demonstrate the effectiveness of Tuina in the treatment of patients with cLBP. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of massage on cLBP patients compared with traction. METHODS AND ANALYSES This is a single-centre, assessor-blinded and analyst-blinded prospective randomised controlled trial with two parallel arms. Ninety-four patients with cLBP will be recruited. Three treatments were given every week for a total of 4 weeks. In the Traction group, participants were given traction therapy in the Tuina group, participants will receive a four-step physiotherapy including kneading, rolling, plucking and oblique pulling. The outcomes will be measured at baseline, at the end of treatment, as well as 1 and 2 months after treatment. The primary outcome will be the Hamilton Anxiety Scale after 12 sessions of treatment. The secondary outcomes will be the Visual Analogue Scale, the medical outcomes study Short Form 36, Serum Quantitative Index and genetic testing after 12 sessions of treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2200065448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Yin
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Shuaipan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei He
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tuina Research Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Aksoy SD, Odabas RK, Gul DK. Acupressure application to relieve postpartum uterus pain during breastfeeding: A randomized controlled study. Explore (NY) 2023; 19:710-717. [PMID: 36849298 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postpartum uterus pain while breastfeeding is a situation that can affect mother-infant bonding negatively and is a matter of concern for women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of acupressure application in reducing postpartum uterus pain during breastfeeding. METHODS This prospective randomized controlled trial was carried out at a maternity hospital in northwestern Turkey between March and August 2022. The sample of the study included 125 multiparous women who were in the 6th to 24th hours after vaginal delivery. The participants were randomly divided into acupressure and control groups. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate postpartum uterine pain. RESULTS While the VAS scores of the acupressure and control groups were similar before breastfeeding, the scores of the acupressure group at the 10th and 20th minutes of breastfeeding were lower (respectively, p = 0.038 and p = 0.011). In the intragroup comparisons, compared to their values before breastfeeding, the pain score of the acupressure group decreased at a statistically highly significant degree at the 20th minute of breastfeeding (p<0.001), whereas the score of the control group increased at a statistically highly significant degree at the 10th and 20th minutes (p<0.001). CONCLUSION It was concluded that acupressure can be an effective nonpharmacological method in reducing uterus pain while breastfeeding in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Dilek Aksoy
- Deparment of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Science, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Resmiye Kaya Odabas
- Deparment of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Science, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Derya Kanza Gul
- School of Medicine Health, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ma S, Zhang J, Hua X, Wu J, Zheng M, Xu J. Tuina therapy promotes behavioral improvement and brain plasticity in rats with peripheral nerve injury and repair. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3174. [PMID: 37522806 PMCID: PMC10498059 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuina is currently one of the popular complementary and alternative methods of rehabilitation therapy. Tuina can improve patients' pain and mobility function. However, the underlying physiological mechanism remains largely unknown, which might limit its further popularization in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to explore the short-term and long-term changes in brain functional activity following Tuina intervention for peripheral nerve injury repair. METHODS A total of 16 rats were equally divided into the intervention group and the control group. Rats in the intervention group received Tuina therapy applying on the gastrocnemius muscle of the right side for 4 months following sciatic nerve transection and immediate repair, while the control group received nerve transection and repair only. The block-design functional magnetic resonance imaging scan was applied in both groups at 1 and 4 months after the surgery. During the scan, both the injured and intact hindpaw was electrically stimulated according to a "boxcar" paradigm. RESULTS When stimulating the intact hindpaw, the intervention group exhibited significantly lower activation in the somatosensory area, limbic/paralimbic areas, pain-regulation areas, and basal ganglia compared to the control group, with only the prefrontal area showing higher activation. After 4 months of sciatic nerve injury, the control group exhibited decreased motor cortex activity compared to the activity observed at 1 month, and the intervention group demonstrated stronger bilateral motor cortex activity compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Tuina therapy on the gastrocnemius muscle of rats with sciatic nerve injury can effectively alleviate pain and maintain the motor function of the affected limb. In addition, Tuina therapy reduced the activation level of pain-related brain regions and inhibited the decreased activity of the motor cortex caused by nerve injury, reflecting the impact of peripheral stimulation on brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐Jie Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Rehabilitation MedicineThe Second Rehabilitation Hospital of ShanghaiShanghaiChina
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Jun‐Peng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xu‐Yun Hua
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐Jia Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mou‐Xiong Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Guang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent RehabilitationMinistry of EducationShanghaiChina
- School of Rehabilitation ScienceShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Yao C, Guo G, Huang R, Tang C, Zhu Q, Cheng Y, Kong L, Ren J, Fang M. Manual therapy regulates oxidative stress in aging rat lumbar intervertebral discs through the SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2400-2417. [PMID: 35289767 PMCID: PMC8954973 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing burden of a globally aging population, low back pain has become one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, caused mainly by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. There are currently several clinical methods to alleviate back pain, but there is scarce attention paid as to whether they can improve age-related IVD degeneration. It is therefore difficult to conduct an in-depth evaluation of these methods. A large number of clinical studies have shown that manual therapy (MT), a widely used comprehensive alternative method, has effects on pain, the mechanisms of which require further study. In this study, MT was performed on aging rats for 6 months, and their behaviors were compared with those of a non-intervention group of aging and young rats. After the intervention, all rats were examined by X-ray to observe lumbar spine degeneration, and the IVD tissues were dissected for detection, including pathological staining, immunofluorescence, Western bolt, etc. This study demonstrated the possibility that MT intervention delay the lumbar IVD degeneration in aging rats, specifically improving the motor function and regulating senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p53, p21, p16, and telomerase activity to retard the senescence of cells in IVDs. Moreover, MT intervention can modify oxidative stress, increase the expression of SIRT1 and FOXO1 in IVDs and decrease ac-FOXO1 expression, suggesting that MT can reduce oxidative stress through the SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway, thereby playing a role in delaying the aging of IVDs. This study shows that drug-free, non-invasive mechanical interventions could be of major significance in improving the physical function of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjie Yao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Guangxin Guo
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Ruixin Huang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Zhu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Cheng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Min Fang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
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Kwon CY, Lee B, Lee BJ, Kim KI, Jung HJ. Comparative Effectiveness of Western and Eastern Manual Therapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091127. [PMID: 34574903 PMCID: PMC8467771 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Manual therapy (MT) is considered a promising adjuvant therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Comparing the effectiveness among different Western and Eastern MTs being used for the management of COPD could potentially facilitate individualized management of COPD. This systematic review attempted to estimate the comparative effectiveness of Western and Eastern MTs for COPD patients using a network meta-analysis (NMA) methodology. Methods: Nine electronic databases were comprehensively searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to February 2021. Pair-wise meta-analysis and NMA were conducted on the outcomes of COPD, which included lung function and exercise capacity. Results: The NMA results from 30 included RCTs indicated that the optimal treatment for each outcome according to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve was massage, acupressure, massage, and tuina for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and 6 min walking distance, respectively. Conclusions: MTs such as massage, acupressure, and tuina have shown comparative benefits for lung function and exercise capacity in COPD. However, the methodological quality of the included studies was poor, and the head-to-head trial comparing the effects of different types of MTs for COPD patients was insufficient. Therefore, further high-quality RCTs are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Young Kwon
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Boram Lee
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Beom-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 02453, Korea;
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kwan-Il Kim
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 02453, Korea;
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-I.K.); (H.-J.J.); Tel.: +82-2-958-9124 (K.-I.K.); +82-2-958-9147 (H.-J.J.)
| | - Hee-Jae Jung
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 02453, Korea;
- Division of Allergy, Immune and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-I.K.); (H.-J.J.); Tel.: +82-2-958-9124 (K.-I.K.); +82-2-958-9147 (H.-J.J.)
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