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Falsetti I, Palmini G, Donati S, Aurilia C, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML. Irisin and Its Role in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. Biomedicines 2024; 12:928. [PMID: 38672282 PMCID: PMC11048342 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause, an extremely delicate phase in a woman's life, is characterized by a drop in estrogen levels. This decrease has been associated with the onset of several diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which often coexist in the same person, leading to an increased risk of fractures, morbidity, and mortality. To date, there are no approved pharmacological treatments for sarcopenia, while not all of those approved for postmenopausal osteoporosis are beneficial to muscles. In recent years, research has focused on the field of myokines, cytokines, or peptides secreted by skeletal muscle fibers following exercise. Among these, irisin has attracted great interest as it possesses myogenic properties but at the same time exerts anabolic effects on bone and could therefore represent the link between muscle and bone. Therefore, irisin could represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteoporosis and also serve as a new biomarker of sarcopenia, thus facilitating diagnosis and pharmacological intervention. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of what we know about the role of irisin in postmenopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falsetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell’Osso (F.I.R.M.O Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy;
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Cinzia Aurilia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.F.); (S.D.); (C.A.); (T.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell’Osso (F.I.R.M.O Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy;
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Demir C, Dursun AD, Sarıyıldız GT, Arslan Aİ. Serum irisin levels and osteoporosis in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and renal transplant recipients. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03475-7. [PMID: 36773217 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the association of serum irisin levels with bone mineral density (BMD) and calcium-phosphorus metabolism parameters in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and renal transplant recipients (RTRs). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study involving CKD patients and RTRs. Healthy volunteers served as controls. Age, gender, and dialysis vintage were recorded. Serum irisin, creatinine, glucose, calcium, albumin, 25(OH) vitamin D, ferritin, C-reactive protein, A1C, and lipid profile were studied in all participants. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), corrected calcium, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 49 patients (23 hemodialysis, 26 RTRs) and 25 control subjects were included. In hemodialysis (HD) group, 8 patients (34.8%) had osteoporosis, and 12 patients (52.2%) had osteopenia. In RTR group, 3 patients (11.5%) had osteoporosis, while 15 patients (57.7%) had osteopenia. Among controls, one had osteoporosis, and 7 had osteopenia. There was no significant difference between HD and RTRs; however, osteoporosis rate was significantly lower in control subjects. BMD measurements (femur and lumbar T- and Z-scores) were comparable between HD and RTR groups. Control group DEXA values were similar to RTRs; however, they were significantly higher compared to HD group. 25(OH) vitamin D levels were comparable between the HD and RTR groups, and these were significantly lower compared to values of the control group. Mean serum irisin level was 426.6 ± 191.2 pg/mL in hemodialysis group, 342.6 ± 174.8 in the RTR group, and 208.0 ± 186.1 in controls. Serum irisin levels were similar in RTR and HD groups, but their values were significantly higher compared to controls. When we compared serum irisin levels between patients with and without osteoporosis in the whole cohort and hemodialysis and RTR groups, there was no difference. Serum irisin was positively correlated with lumbar T-score both in hemodialysis and RTR groups. CONCLUSION Our study is the first in the literature revealing the positive correlation of serum irisin level with femur T-score in RTRs. Serum irisin level was also positively correlated with femur T-scores in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Demir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atılım Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Kızılcaşarİncek Gölbaşı, 06830, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ali Doğan Dursun
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Atilim University, and Vocational School of Health Services, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Türkmen Sarıyıldız
- Department of General Surgery, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, and Operating Room Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut İlker Arslan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Vocational School of Health Services, Atılım University, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Irisin and Bone in Sickness and in Health: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226863. [PMID: 36431340 PMCID: PMC9699623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like myokine produced by the skeletal muscle in response to exercise. Upon its release into the circulation, it is involved in the browning process and thermogenesis, but recent evidence indicates that this myokine could also regulate the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Most human studies have reported that serum irisin levels decrease with age and in conditions involving bone diseases, including both primary and secondary osteoporosis. However, it should be emphasized that recent findings have called into question the importance of circulating irisin, as well as the validity and reproducibility of current methods of irisin measurement. In this review, we summarize data pertaining to the role of irisin in the bone homeostasis of healthy children and adults, as well as in the context of primary and secondary osteoporosis. Additional research is required to address methodological issues, and functional studies are required to clarify whether muscle and bone damage per se affect circulating levels of irisin or whether the modulation of this myokine is caused by the inherent mechanisms of underlying diseases, such as genetic or inflammatory causes. These investigations would shed further light on the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis and bone disease.
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Evaluation of the Effects of Systemic Irisin Application on Guided Bone Regeneration in Peri-implant Bone Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33:2272-2275. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Serum Sclerostin Level Is Negatively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Hemodialysis Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58030385. [PMID: 35334561 PMCID: PMC8948918 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) modulate osteoblastogenesis, but their role in bone loss in hemodialysis (HD) patients is inconclusive. This study investigated relationships among lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), serum sclerostin, and DKK1 in HD patients. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 75 HD patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured lumbar BMD of the lumbar vertebrae (L2−L4). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed serum sclerostin and DKK1 concentrations. Results: There were 10 (13.3%), 20 (26.7%), and 45 (60%) patients defined as presenting with osteoporosis, osteopenia, or normal BMD, respectively. Age, alkaline phosphatase, urea reduction rate, fractional clearance index for urea, sclerostin level, and percentage of female patients are significantly negatively associated with the lumbar BMD and T-score, while the body mass index and waist circumference significantly positively associated with the lumbar BMD and T-score. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that serum sclerostin (β = −0.546, adjusted R2 change = 0.454; p < 0.001), age (β = −0.216, adjusted R2 change = 0.041; p = 0.007), and percentage of female HD patients (β = −0.288, adjusted R2 change = 0.072; p = 0.0018) were significantly negatively associated with lumbar BMD in HD patients. Conclusions: Advanced age, female gender, and serum sclerostin level, but not DKK1, were negatively associated with BMD in HD patients.
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Wang X, Hu T, Ruan Y, Yao J, Shen H, Xu Y, Zheng B, Zhang Z, Wang J, Tan Q. The Association of Serum Irisin with Bone Mineral Density and Turnover Markers in New-Onset Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:7808393. [PMID: 35265126 PMCID: PMC8901306 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7808393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine and adipocytokine, has been reported to decrease in type 2 diabetic patients. Recently, several research studies indicated that circulating levels were correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). To evaluate bone metabolism, bone turnover markers (BTMs) should be included. However, with respect to newly diagnosed T2DM patients, the relevance of their irisin levels to their BTMs and BMD remains unclear. The investigation of serum irisin levels in patients who have been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and illumination of the relationship between serum irisin levels and those two indices of BMD and BTMs mentioned above are the intention of this cross-sectional study. METHODS 66 new-onset type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM group), together with 82 control subjects (NGT group), were recruited in this study. Serum irisin concentrations and BTMs (including osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and β-C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX)) were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Glucose, lipid profile, and insulin were considered as measuring indicators as well. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized to evaluate the indicator of BMD. Serum irisin, BTMs, and BMD were compared between diabetic patients and healthy individuals. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were applied as well to assess correlations between irisin and BTMs and BMD. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent factors of irisin. ROC curve analyses were carried out for serum irisin prediction for osteoporosis/osteopenia (OP). RESULTS The serum levels of irisin, procollagen type 1, intact N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and osteocalcin (OC) were evidently lower in T2DM subjects than in NGT subjects (10.90 ± 1.88 vs .11.69 ± 2.06 ng/mL, P < 0.05; 36.42(25.68,51.70) vs. 44.52(35.73,58.05)ng/ml, P < 0.05; 16.15(12.40,21.66) vs. 18.70(15.56, 23.22)ng/ml, P < 0.05). Among patients with T2DM, the circulating irisin level of those with OP was lower than that of normal BMD (9.98 ± 2.09 vs. 11.39 ± 1.57 ng/ml, P < 0.01); irisin had a negative correlation with β-C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) (r = -0.496, P < 0.001) and came back unrelated to Lumbar BMD; Lumbar BMD was negatively relevant to OC (r = -0.274, P < 0.05) and β-CTX (r = -0.410, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analyses of stepwise models implied that TG, LDL-C, and β-CTX were independently associated with serum irisin concentrations (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Serum irisin level was declined in patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed in the near term and had a certain association with bone turnover markers. It is suggested to consider irisin as a potential biomarker of bone metabolic disorder in T2DM patients with the initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bojing Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingying Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
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Evaluation of the Effects of Systemic Irisin Hormone Application on Osseointegration of Titanium Implants: An Experimental Study. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e402-e405. [PMID: 34611101 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct a biomechanical investigation of the effects of systemic irisin hormone application on the osseointegration of titanium implants in rat tibias. After surgical implementation of titanium implants in the metaphyseal part of the tibiae of rats, the rats were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: control group (n = 10) and irisin group (n = 10). After surgery in the control group, the rats received no further treatment during the 4-week experimental period. The rats in the irisin group were given 100 ng/kg irisin every day for the 4-week experimental period after surgery. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized. Implants and surrounding bone tissues were collected for biomechanical (Newton) bone implant connection analysis. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in the biomechanical osseointeration values (Newton) of the groups (P > 0.05, P = 0.59). Also, in the irisin group, there was numerically but not statistically more bone implant connection than in the controls. Within the limitations of this study, irisin did not affect the osseointegration of titanium implants.
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Kornel A, Den Hartogh DJ, Klentrou P, Tsiani E. Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9136. [PMID: 34502045 PMCID: PMC8430535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kornel
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
| | - Danja J. Den Hartogh
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (A.K.); (D.J.D.H.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
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Lu CW, Wang CH, Hsu BG, Tsai JP. Serum Osteoprotegerin Level Is Negatively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:762. [PMID: 34440966 PMCID: PMC8399781 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a potent osteoclast activation inhibitor, decreases bone resorption and plays a role in mediating bone mineral density (BMD). Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between BMD and serum OPG in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting blood samples were obtained from 75 MHD patients. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4). The WHO classification criteria were applied to define osteopenia and osteoporosis. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum OPG values. RESULTS Among all MHD patients, seven (9.3%) and 20 patients (26.7%) were defined as osteoporosis and osteopenia, respectively. Female patients had lower lumbar BMD than males (p = 0.002). Older age (p = 0.023), increased serum OPG (p < 0.001) urea reduction rate (p = 0.021), Kt/V (p = 0.027), and decreased body mass index (p = 0.006) and triglycerides (p = 0.020) were significantly different between the normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups. Lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) but negatively correlated with OPG (p < 0.001) and age (p = 0.003). After grouping patients into T scores < -1 and < -2.5, female sex and OPG (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.022, 95% confidence interval [C.I.] 1.011-1.034, p < 0.001) were predictors of T scores < -1, whereas only OPG was predictive of T scores < -2.5 (aOR 1.015, 95% C.I. 1.005-1.026, p = 0.004) by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. The areas under the curve for predicting T scores < -1 or < -2.5 were 0.920 (95% C.I. 0.834-0.970, p < 0.001) and 0.958 (95% C.I. 0.885-0.991, p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased serum OPG negatively correlated with lumbar BMD and could be a potential biomarker predictive of osteoporosis in MHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-H.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-H.W.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan
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