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Zahid S, Dafre AL, Currais A, Yu J, Schubert D, Maher P. The Geroprotective Drug Candidate CMS121 Alleviates Diabetes, Liver Inflammation, and Renal Damage in db/db Leptin Receptor Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6828. [PMID: 37047807 PMCID: PMC10095029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
db/db mice, which lack leptin receptors and exhibit hyperphagia, show disturbances in energy metabolism and are a model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The geroneuroprotector drug candidate CMS121 has been shown to be effective in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and aging through the modulation of metabolism. Thus, the hypothesis was that CMS121 could protect db/db mice from metabolic defects and thereby reduce liver inflammation and kidney damage. The mice were treated with CMS121 in their diet for 6 months. No changes were observed in food and oxygen consumption, body mass, or locomotor activity compared to control db/db mice, but a 5% reduction in body weight was noted. Improved glucose tolerance and reduced HbA1c and insulin levels were also seen. Blood and liver triglycerides and free fatty acids decreased. Improved metabolism was supported by lower levels of fatty acid metabolites in the urine. Markers of liver inflammation, including NF-κB, IL-18, caspase 3, and C reactive protein, were lowered by the CMS121 treatment. Urine markers of kidney damage were improved, as evidenced by lower urinary levels of NGAL, clusterin, and albumin. Urine metabolomics studies provided further evidence for kidney protection. Mitochondrial protein markers were elevated in db/db mice, but CMS121 restored the renal levels of NDUFB8, UQCRC2, and VDAC. Overall, long-term CMS121 treatment alleviated metabolic imbalances, liver inflammation, and reduced markers of kidney damage. Thus, this study provides promising evidence for the potential therapeutic use of CMS121 in treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Zahid
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Alcir L. Dafre
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jingting Yu
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sui Z, Sui D, Li M, Yu Q, Li H, Jiang Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 has effects comparable to those of ginsenoside re on diabetic kidney disease prevention in db/db mice by regulating inflammation, fibrosis and PPARγ. Mol Med Rep 2023; 27:84. [PMID: 36866725 PMCID: PMC10018274 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is an adjuvant antitumor drug, while ginsenoside Re (Re) is an adjuvant antidiabetic drug. Our previous studies demonstrated that Rg3 and Re both have hepatoprotective effects in db/db mice. The present study aimed to observe the renoprotective effects of Rg3 on db/db mice, with Re as the control. The db/db mice were randomly assigned to receive daily oral treatment with Rg3, Re or vehicle for 8 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were examined weekly. Blood lipids, creatinine, and BUN were examined by biochemical assay. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining were used for pathological examination. The expression of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and inflammation and fibrosis biomarkers was examined by immunohistochemical and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Although neither had a significant effect on body weight, blood glucose or lipids, Rg3 and Re were both able to decrease the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels of db/db mice to levels similar to those of wild type mice and inhibit pathological changes. The expression of PPARγ was upregulated and biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis were downregulated by Rg3 and Re. The results showed that the potential of Rg3 as a preventive treatment of diabetic kidney disease was similar to that of Re.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sui
- Health Management Medical Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Pharmacological Experiment Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Health Management Medical Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yichuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Yang K, Kim HH, Shim YR, Song MJ. The Efficacy of Panax ginseng for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030721. [PMID: 36771427 PMCID: PMC9919883 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous research has reported the protective effects of natural compounds in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is still no approved drug. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Panax ginseng in NAFLD in preclinical studies. A total of 41 studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The methodological quality was assessed by the risk of bias tool from the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated, and the random effects model was used to examine overall efficacy or heterogeneity. The publication bias was analyzed by Egger's test. The results showed that Panax ginseng treatment significantly reduced the systemic levels of alanine aminotransferase (SMD: -2.15 IU/L; p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: -2.86 IU/L; p < 0.0001), triglyceride (SMD: -2.86 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (SMD: -1.69 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein (SMD: -1.46 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), and fasting glucose (SMD: -1.45 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) while increasing high-density lipoprotein (SMD: 1.22 mg/dL; p = 0.0002) in NAFLD regardless of animal models or species. These findings may suggest that Panax ginseng is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keungmo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Hoon Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Oh H, Cho W, Park SY, Abd El-Aty A, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Ginsenoside Rb3 ameliorates podocyte injury under hyperlipidemic conditions via PPARδ- or SIRT6-mediated suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:400-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Zhu Y, Ouyang Z, Du H, Wang M, Wang J, Sun H, Kong L, Xu Q, Ma H, Sun Y. New opportunities and challenges of natural products research: When target identification meets single-cell multiomics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4011-4039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chen S, He Z, Xie W, Chen X, Lin Z, Ma J, Liu Z, Yang S, Wang Y. Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates CDAHFD-induced liver fibrosis in mice by improving intestinal microbial composition and regulating LPS-mediated autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154121. [PMID: 35489327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, liver diseases are threatening more and more people all over the world and one of the main causes is liver fibrosis. However, there is no effective way to reverse liver fibrosis. PURPOSE To investigate whether ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) can alleviate liver fibrosis and elucidate its underlying mechanism. METHODS In vivo and in vitro methods were adopted in this research. Choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) was used to feed mice to induce liver fibrosis, and HSC-T6 cells were used to establish an LPS-induced model of liver fibrosis. Through histopathological staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, western blot analysis, intestinal bacteria 16SrRNA sequencing, and other technical means, the research explored whether G-Rh2 possesses anti-fibrotic activity. RESULTS G-Rh2 could notably alleviate CDAHFD-induced liver fibrosis in mice. In particular, it could alleviate liver injury and reduce plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Additionally, G-Rh2 could repair intestinal injury as well as regulate intestinal microbial diversity and composition. HSC-T6 cells could be activated and autophagy could be induced further by LPS in vitro. After being treated with G-Rh2, autophagy was restrained and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was controlled. Deeper research showed that G-Rh2 restrained the activation of HSCs via stimulating the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, restraining autophagy. CONCLUSION The results of our studies clearly suggest that G-Rh2 repairs intestinal injury, improves intestinal microbial composition, reduces plasma LPS levels, and activates the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to restrain LPS-mediated autophagy, thus playing an important role in anti-hepatic fibrosis. G-Rh2 was found to have the potential to effectively alleviate liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China
| | - Ziwei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WenZhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WenZhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jisheng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WenZhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China
| | - Shihai Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China; Laboratory for cultivation and breeding of medicinal plants of National Administrition of Traditional Chinese Medicine, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China; Laboratory for cultivation and breeding of medicinal plants of National Administrition of Traditional Chinese Medicine, JiLin Agricultural University, Changchun,130118, China.
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