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Zhao B, Liu C, Qi Y, Zhang T, Wang Y, He X, Wang L, Jin T. Preliminary study of identified novel susceptibility loci for HAPE risk in a Chinese male Han population. Per Med 2024; 21:227-241. [PMID: 38940394 DOI: 10.1080/17410541.2024.2365617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. In recent years, association studies have become the main method for identifying HAPE genetic loci. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of HAPE risk-associated loci was performed in Chinese male Han individuals (164 HAPE cases and 189 healthy controls) by the Precision Medicine Diversity Array Chip with 2,771,835 loci (Applied Biosystems Axiom™). Eight overlapping candidate loci in CCNG2, RP11-445O3.2, NUPL1 and WWOX were finally selected. In silico functional analyses displayed the PPI network, functional enrichment and signal pathways related to CCNG2, NUPL1, WWOX and NRXN1. This study provides data supplements for HAPE susceptibility gene loci and new insights into HAPE susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhao
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changchun Liu
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yijin Qi
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Xue He
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Calderón-Vallejo D, Díaz-Galindo C, Hernández-Jasso I, Olivares-Hernández JD, Ávila-Mendoza J, Epardo D, Balderas-Márquez JE, Urban-Sosa VA, Baltazar-Lara R, Carranza M, Luna M, Arámburo C, Quintanar JL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone act as anti-inflammatory factors improving sensory recovery in female rats with thoracic spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1164044. [PMID: 37360158 PMCID: PMC10288327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1164044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for novel applications of classical hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and growth hormone (GH), to counteract neural harm is based on their demonstrated neurotrophic effects in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models and a growing number of clinical trials. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of GnRH and/or GH on the expression of several proinflammatory and glial activity markers in damaged neural tissues, as well as on sensory recovery, in animals submitted to thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Additionally, the effect of a combined GnRH + GH treatment was examined in comparison with single hormone administration. Spinal cord damage was induced by compression using catheter insufflation at thoracic vertebrae 10 (T10), resulting in significant motor and sensory deficits in the hindlimbs. Following SCI, treatments (GnRH, 60 μg/kg/12 h, IM; GH, 150 μg/kg/24 h, SC; the combination of both; or vehicle) were administered during either 3 or 5 weeks, beginning 24 h after injury onset and ending 24 h before sample collection. Our results indicate that a chronic treatment with GH and/or GnRH significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory (IL6, IL1B, and iNOS) and glial activity (Iba1, CD86, CD206, vimentin, and GFAP) markers in the spinal cord tissue and improved sensory recovery in the lesioned animals. Furthermore, we found that the caudal section of the spinal cord was particularly responsive to GnRH or GH treatment, as well as to their combination. These findings provide evidence of an anti-inflammatory and glial-modulatory effect of GnRH and GH in an experimental model of SCI and suggest that these hormones can modulate the response of microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells in the spinal cord tissue following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guillermo Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Carmen Díaz-Galindo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Irma Hernández-Jasso
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Juan David Olivares-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - José Ávila-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - David Epardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jerusa Elienai Balderas-Márquez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Valeria Alejandra Urban-Sosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Rosario Baltazar-Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - José Luis Quintanar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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Datta A, Saha C, Godse P, Sharma M, Sarmah D, Bhattacharya P. Neuroendocrine regulation in stroke. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:260-277. [PMID: 36922255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system, a crosstalk between the central nervous system and endocrine glands, balances and controls hormone secretion and their functions. Neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms often get dysregulated following stroke, leading to altered hormone secretion and aberrant receptor expression. Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis often led to severe stroke outcomes. Post-stroke complications such as cognitive impairment, depression, infection etc. are directly or indirectly influenced by the altered neuroendocrine activity that plays a crucial role in stroke vulnerability and susceptibility. Therefore, it is imperative to explore various neurohormonal inter-relationships in regulating stroke, its outcome, and prognosis. Here, we review the biology of different hormones associated with stroke and explore their regulation with a view towards prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishika Datta
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Chandrima Saha
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pratiksha Godse
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Muskaan Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India.
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Wei HP, Peng ZF, Shao KM, Zhang PH, Chen L, Hu JA, Chai H, Liu JM. cPKCγ Inhibits Caspase-9-Initiated Neuronal Apoptosis in an Ischemia Reperfusion Model In Vitro Through p38 MAPK-p90RSK-Bad Pathway. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:362-374. [PMID: 36152136 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Strokes are one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Previously we have found that conventional protein kinase Cγ (cPKCγ) plays neuroprotective role in ischemic strokes. Further, we found that cPKCγ knockdown increased the level of cleaved (cl)-Caspase-3. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cPKCγ-mediated neuronal death remain unclear. To this end, a model incorporating 1 h oxygen-glucose deprivation/24 h reoxygenation (1 h OGD/24 h R) was established in cortical neurons. We found that cPKCγ knockdown remarkably increased neuronal death after OGD. We also found that cPKCγ knockdown increased the level of cl-Caspase-3 through the upstream initiators Capsases-9 (not Caspase-8/12) in OGD-treated neurons. Overexpression of cPKCγ could decrease neuronal death and cl-Caspase-3 and -9 levels. Moreover, cPKCγ knockdown further reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, p90RSK, and Bad. In addition, the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were decreased after cPKCγ knockdown, whereas that of Bax was increased. In conclusion, our results suggest that cPKCγ partly alleviates ischemic injury through activating the p38 MAPK-p90RSK-Bad pathway and inhibiting Caspase-9 initiated apoptosis. This may have potential as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Wei
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Xingyun Street, Pingcheng District, Datong, 037009, Shanxi, China
| | - Kang-Mei Shao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Pei-Hao Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-An Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Chai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-Mei Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Street, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
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Growth Hormone (GH) Crosses the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) and Induces Neuroprotective Effects in the Embryonic Chicken Cerebellum after a Hypoxic Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911546. [PMID: 36232848 PMCID: PMC9570246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunctions are associated with neural lesions occurring after a hypoxic injury (HI) in preterm infants. Growth hormone (GH) expression is upregulated in several brain areas when exposed to HI conditions, suggesting actions as a local neurotrophic factor. It is known that GH, either exogenous and/or locally expressed, exerts neuroprotective and regenerative actions in cerebellar neurons in response to HI. However, it is still controversial whether GH can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and if its effects are exerted directly or if they are mediated by other neurotrophic factors. Here, we found that in ovo microinjection of Cy3-labeled chicken GH resulted in a wide distribution of fluorescence within several brain areas in the chicken embryo (choroid plexus, cortex, hypothalamus, periventricular areas, hippocampus, and cerebellum) in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In the cerebellum, Cy3-GH and GH receptor (GHR) co-localized in the granular and Purkinje layers and in deep cerebellar nuclei under hypoxic conditions, suggesting direct actions. Histological analysis showed that hypoxia provoked a significant modification in the size and organization of cerebellar layers; however, GH administration restored the width of external granular layer (EGL) and molecular layer (ML) and improved the Purkinje and granular neurons survival. Additionally, GH treatment provoked a significant reduction in apoptosis and lipoperoxidation; decreased the mRNA expression of the inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS); and upregulated the expression of several neurotrophic factors (IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF). Interestingly, we also found an upregulation of cerebellar GH and GHR mRNA expression, which suggests the existence of an endogenous protective mechanism in response to hypoxia. Overall, the results demonstrate that, in the chicken embryo exposed to hypoxia, GH crosses the BBB and reaches the cerebellum, where it exerts antiapoptotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative actions.
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Neuroprotective and Regenerative Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) in the Embryonic Chicken Cerebral Pallium Exposed to Hypoxic-Ischemic (HI) Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169054. [PMID: 36012320 PMCID: PMC9409292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxic−ischemic (HI) injury inflicts severe damage on the developing brain provoked by a pathophysiological response that leads to neural structural lesions, synaptic loss, and neuronal death, which may result in a high risk of permanent neurological deficits or even newborn decease. It is known that growth hormone (GH) can act as a neurotrophic factor inducing neuroprotection, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis after HI injury. In this study we used the chicken embryo to develop both in vitro and in vivo models of prenatal HI injury in the cerebral pallium, which is the equivalent of brain cortex in mammals, to examine whether GH exerts neuroprotective and regenerative effects in this tissue and the putative mechanisms involved in these actions. For the in vitro experiments, pallial cell cultures obtained from chick embryos were incubated under HI conditions (<5% O2, 1 g/L glucose) for 24 h and treated with 10 nM GH, and then collected for analysis. For the in vivo experiments, chicken embryos (ED14) were injected in ovo with GH (2.25 µg), exposed to hypoxia (12% O2) for 6 h, and later the pallial tissue was obtained to perform the studies. Results show that GH exerted a clear anti-apoptotic effect and promoted cell survival and proliferation in HI-injured pallial neurons, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Neuroprotective actions of GH were associated with the activation of ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Remarkably, GH protected mature neurons that were particularly harmed by HI injury, but was also capable of stimulating neural precursors. In addition, GH stimulated restorative processes such as the number and length of neurite outgrowth and branching in HI-injured pallial neurons, and these effects were blocked by a specific GH antibody, thus indicating a direct action of GH. Furthermore, it was found that the local expression of several synaptogenic markers (NRXN1, NRXN3, GAP-43, and NLG1) and neurotrophic factors (GH, BDNF, NT-3, IGF-1, and BMP4) were increased after GH treatment during HI damage. Together, these results provide novel evidence supporting that GH exerts protective and restorative effects in brain pallium during prenatal HI injury, and these actions could be the result of a joint effect between GH and endogenous neurotrophic factors. Also, they encourage further research on the potential role of GH as a therapeutic complement in HI encephalopathy treatments.
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Klepper S, Jung S, Dittmann L, Geppert CI, Hartmann A, Beier N, Trollmann R. Further Evidence of Neuroprotective Effects of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin and Growth Hormone in Hypoxic Brain Injury in Neonatal Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158693. [PMID: 35955834 PMCID: PMC9368903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental in vivo data have recently shown complementary neuroprotective actions of rhEPO and growth hormone (rhGH) in a neonatal murine model of hypoxic brain injury. Here, we hypothesized that rhGH and rhEPO mediate stabilization of the blood−brain barrier (BBB) and regenerative vascular effects in hypoxic injury to the developing brain. Using an established model of neonatal hypoxia, neonatal mice (P7) were treated i.p. with rhGH (4000 µg/kg) or rhEPO (5000 IU/kg) 0/12/24 h after hypoxic exposure. After a regeneration period of 48 h or 7 d, cerebral mRNA expression of Vegf-A, its receptors and co-receptors, and selected tight junction proteins were determined using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Vessel structures were assessed by Pecam-1 and occludin (Ocln) IHC. While Vegf-A expression increased significantly with rhGH treatment (p < 0.01), expression of the Vegfr and TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie-2) system remained unchanged. RhEPO increased Vegf-A (p < 0.05) and Angpt-2 (p < 0.05) expression. While hypoxia reduced the mean vessel area in the parietal cortex compared to controls (p < 0.05), rhGH and rhEPO prevented this reduction after 48 h of regeneration. Hypoxia significantly reduced the Ocln+ fraction of cortical vascular endothelial cells. Ocln signal intensity increased in the cortex in response to rhGH (p < 0.05) and in the cortex and hippocampus in response to rhEPO (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that rhGH and rhEPO have protective effects on hypoxia-induced BBB disruption and regenerative vascular effects during the post-hypoxic period in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klepper
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susan Jung
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lara Dittmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol I. Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Beier
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8533753; Fax: +49-9131-8533389
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Design and Fabrication of Nanofibrous Dura Mater with Antifibrosis and Neuroprotection Effects on SH-SY5Y Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091882. [PMID: 35567051 PMCID: PMC9099771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and treatment of some diseases, such as large-area cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, brain tumor, and craniocerebral trauma, which may involve the injury of the dura mater, elicit the need to repair this membrane by dural grafts. However, common dural grafts tend to result in dural adhesions and scar tissue and have no further neuroprotective effects. In order to reduce or avoid the complications of dural repair, we used PLGA, tetramethylpyrazine, and chitosan as raw materials to prepare a nanofibrous dura mater (NDM) with excellent biocompatibility and adequate mechanical characteristics, which can play a neuroprotective role and have an antifibrotic effect. We fabricated PLGA NDM by electrospinning, and then chitosan was grafted on the nanofibrous dura mater by the EDC-NHS cross-linking method to obtain PLGA/CS NDM. Then, we also prepared PLGA/TMP/CS NDM by coaxial electrospinning. Our study shows that the PLGA/TMP/CS NDM can inhibit the excessive proliferation of fibroblasts, as well as provide a sustained protective effect on the SH-SY5Y cells treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). In conclusion, our study may provide a new alternative to dural grafts in undesirable cases of dural injuries.
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