Expression Profile of Inflammation Response Genes and Potential Regulatory Mechanisms in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Retracted: Expression Profile of Inflammation Response Genes and Potential Regulatory Mechanisms in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/1051652.].

Exploring the diagnostic and prognostic value of the C-reactive protein/lymphocyte ratio for dilated cardiomyopathy based on a real-world study

To determine the risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and construct a risk model for predicting HF in patients with DCM, We enrolled a total of 2122 patients, excluding those who did not meet the requirements. A total of 913 patients were included in the analysis (611 males and 302 females) from October 2012 to May 2020, and data on demographic characteristics, blood biochemical markers, and cardiac ultrasound results were collected. Patients were strictly screened for DCM based on the diagnostic criteria. First, these patients were evaluated using propensity score matching (PSM). Next, unconditional logistic regression was used to assess HF risk. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine diagnostic efficiency, and a nomogram was developed to predict HF. Finally, the Kaplan‒Meier survival curve was plotted. Of the initial 2122 patients, the ejection fraction (EF) in males was worse. We included 913 patients after the final DCM diagnosis. The results showed that the levels of NT-proBNP, WBC, PLT, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and CRP/lymphocyte ratio (CLR) were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001-0.009). The nomogram showed that factors such as sex, WBC, neutrophils, PLR, and CLR could predict the risk of worsening cardiac function in patients with DCM before and after PSM (P < 0.05). The ROC curve showed that CLR with an 85.6% area demonstrated higher diagnostic efficacy than the NLR (77.0%) and PLR (76.6%, P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed a higher mortality risk in females with higher CLR levels (P < 0.001-0.009). However, high CLR levels indicated a higher mortality risk (P < 0.001) compared to sex. Male EF is lower in DCM patients. CLR could predict the risk of declined cardiac function in patients with DCM. The mortality in females with higher CLR levels was highest; however, the exact mechanism should be investigated.

Selection of key genes for dilated cardiomyopathy based on machine learning algorithms and assessment of diagnostic accuracy

Background

The mechanisms of the occurrence and progression of dilated cardiomyopathy are still unclear and further exploration is needed. The upgrading of programming languages and the improvement of biological databases have created conditions for us to explore the structural and functional information of biological molecules at the nucleic acid and protein levels, screen key pathogenic genes, and elucidate pathogenic mechanisms. This study aimed to screen key pathogenic genes using machine learning algorithms and explore the correlation between key genes and immune microenvironment through transcriptome sequencing data sets of myocardial samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, providing new ideas for elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease.

Methods

The transcriptome sequencing data sets of heart tissue from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE29819 and GSE21610). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between pathological and normal tissues. The key genes were screened using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and random forest tree algorithms. The diagnostic efficiency of the key genes for the disease was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Compared with the normal heart tissue (control group) samples, there were 213 DEGs in the heart tissue samples of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (treat group), including 101 upregulated and 102 downregulated genes. CCL5 and CTGF were highly expressed in the treat group compared to the control group. The ROC curve showed that the areas under the curve (AUCs) of CCL5 and CTGF were 0.821 and 0.902, respectively (P<0.05). In the treat group samples, CCL5 was positively correlated with the infiltration content of most immune cell subtypes.

Conclusions

CCL5 and CTGF are key disease-causing genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and have good diagnostic efficiency for the disease. CCL5 and CTGF may be related to immune cell enrichment and myocardial fibrosis, respectively.