Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer via MicroRNA-126-PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway

Ginsenosides Inhibit the Proliferation of Lung Cancer Cells and Suppress the Rate of Metastasis by Modulating EGFR/VEGF Signaling Pathways

Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rg5 obtained from Panax (ginseng) have shown significant anticancer activity via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This study evaluated the anticancer and antimetastatic effects of a combination of Rg3 and Rg5 on lung cancer cells. A combination of Rg3 and Rg5 was treated for lung cancer cell line A549 and human lung tumor xenograft mouse model, and anti-metastatic effects on Matrigel plug implantation in mice. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 showed potent antiproliferative effects on A549 cells with IC50 values of 44.6 and 36.0 μM for Rg3 and Rg5 respectively. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 (30 µM each) showed 48% cell viability as compared to Rg3 (72% viability) and Rg5 (64% viability) at 30 µM concentrations. The combination of Rg3 and Rg5 induced apoptosis in A549 cells characterized by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP, as well as suppression of the autophagic marker LC3A/B. The antitumoral potentials of the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 were ascertained in a lung tumor xenograft mouse model with high efficacy as compared to individual ginsenosides. The metastasislimiting properties of the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 were assessed in Matrigel plug implantation in mice which showed the potent efficacy of the combination as compared to individual ginsenoside. Mechanistically, the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 inhibited the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and EGFR/VEGF signaling pathways in lung cancer cells. Results suggest that the combination of Rg3 and Rg5 suppressed the tumor cell proliferation in lung cancer cells and limited the rate of metastasis which further suggest that the combination has a significant effect as compared to the administration of single ginsenoside.

Retracted: Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer via MicroRNA-126-PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/1244836.].

Combination of chemical profiling and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules in the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions

Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules (LZXP) are effective for treating gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the active compounds of LZXP and their potential therapeutic mechanism in GPL remained unclarified. The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and potential targets of LZXP. Based on the accurate masses, ion fragments, and literature data, a total of 128 compounds were identified in the LZXP sample using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes, and 28 of these compounds were exactly determined by comparison with authentic reference standards. Meanwhile, 11 typical components were quantified via UPLC during a 24 min period. The linearity, accuracy, stability and recovery of the method were all proven. Through the network pharmacological analysis, six chemicals (quercetin, 4'-hydroxywogonin, sinensetin, 5, 7, 8, 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavanone, 8-gingerdione and quercetin) were identified as the active ingredients, and five LZXP targets (AKT1, CYP1B1, PTGS2, MMP9 and EGFR) were found to be the crucial molecules in the treatment of GPL. This study provides a systematic and applicable method for the rapid screening and identification of the chemical constituents from LZXP, and an effective understanding the mechanism of LZXP in the treatment of GPL.

Anti-cancer effect and potential microRNAs targets of ginsenosides against breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumor, the incidence of which has increased worldwide in recent years. Ginsenosides are the main active components of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that ginsenosides have significant anti-cancer activity, including BC. It is reported that ginsenosides can induce BC cells apoptosis, inhibit BC cells proliferation, migration, invasion, as well as autophagy and angiogenesis, thereby suppress the procession of BC. In this review, the therapeutic effects and the molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides on BC will be summarized. And the combination strategy of ginsenosides with other drugs on BC will also be discussed. In addition, epigenetic changes, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) targeted by ginsenosides in the treatment of BC are clarified.