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He Z, Zhao C, He Y, Liu Z, Fan G, Zhu K, Wang Y, Zhang N, Fu Y, Hu X. Enterogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia migrates to the mammary gland to induce mastitis by activating the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 38124149 PMCID: PMC10731779 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that has serious economic impacts on the dairy industry and endangers food safety. Our previous study found that the body has a gut/rumen-mammary gland axis and that disturbance of the gut/rumen microbiota could result in 'gastroenterogenic mastitis'. However, the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Recently, we found that long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet induced mastitis in dairy cows, and the abundance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) was significantly increased in both the rumen and milk microbiota. Accordingly, we hypothesized that 'gastroenterogenic mastitis' can be induced by the migration of endogenous gut bacteria to the mammary gland. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism by which enterogenic S. maltophilia induces mastitis. RESULTS First, S. maltophilia was labelled with superfolder GFP and administered to mice via gavage. The results showed that treatment with S. maltophilia promoted the occurrence of mastitis and increased the permeability of the blood-milk barrier, leading to intestinal inflammation and intestinal leakage. Furthermore, tracking of ingested S. maltophilia revealed that S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland and induce mastitis. Subsequently, mammary gland transcriptome analysis showed that the calcium and AMPK signalling pathways were significantly upregulated in mice treated with S. maltophilia. Then, using mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), we verified that S. maltophilia induces mastitis through activation of the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results showed that enterogenic S. maltophilia could migrate from the gut to the mammary gland via the gut-mammary axis and activate the calcium-ROS-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway to induce mastitis. Targeting the gut-mammary gland axis may also be an effective method to treat mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guyue Fan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Yang N, Zhang Q, Mao R, Hao Y, Ma X, Teng D, Fan H, Wang J. Effect of NZ2114 against Streptococcus dysgalactiae biofilms and its application in murine mastitis model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1010148. [PMID: 36187987 PMCID: PMC9521165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) is usually treated with antibiotics, which may potentially increase drug resistance as the abuse. NZ2114, a variant of fungal defensin plectasin, displayed a potent antibacterial activity against S. dysgalactiae. The inhibition/eradication effect of the antimicrobial peptide NZ2114 on the early/mature biofilm of S. dysgalactiae CVCC 3938 was evaluated, as well as the elimination of bacteria in mature biofilms. In this study, NZ2114 displayed potent antibacterial activity against S. dysgalactiae CVCC 3938 and three clinical isolated S. dysgalactiae strains (0.11-0.45 μM). The early biofilm inhibition of S. dysgalactiae CVCC 3938 was 55.5–85.9% after treatment with NZ2114 at concentrations of 1–16 × MIC, which was better than that of vancomycin at the same concentration. The mature biofilm eradication rate was up to 92.7–97.6% with the increasing concentration (2–16 × MIC) of NZ2114, and the eradication rate did not change significantly with further increase of NZ2114 concentration, while the biofilm eradication rate of vancomycin-treated group at the same concentration remained at 92.5%. NZ2114 reduced the number of persister bacteria in biofilm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) further demonstrated that NZ2114 could effectively reduce the biofilm thickness and bacterial number of S. dysgalactiae CVCC 3938. In vivo therapeutic effect of NZ2114 on murine mastitis model showed that NZ2114 was better than vancomycin in alleviating mammary gland inflammation by regulating cytokines production, inhibiting bacterial proliferation, and reducing the number of mammary gland bacteria. These data suggested that NZ2114 is a potential peptide candidate for the treatment of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjuan Zhang
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Da Teng
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Da Teng,
| | - Huan Fan
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
- Huan Fan,
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Team of AMP & Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Jianhua Wang, , ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4048-6055
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Nrf2 Pathway and Autophagy Crosstalk: New Insights into Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Cerebral Vascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091747. [PMID: 36139821 PMCID: PMC9495910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is highly prevalent and has a complex etiology and variable pathophysiological activities. It thus poses a serious threat to human life and health. Currently, pathophysiological research on cerebrovascular diseases is gradually improving, and oxidative stress and autophagy have been identified as important pathophysiological activities that are gradually attracting increasing attention. Many studies have found some effects of oxidative stress and autophagy on cerebrovascular diseases, and studies on the crosstalk between the two in cerebrovascular diseases have made modest progress. However, further, more detailed studies are needed to determine the specific mechanisms. This review discusses nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) molecules, which are closely associated with oxidative stress and autophagy, and the crosstalk between them, with the aim of providing clues for studying the two important pathophysiological changes and their crosstalk in cerebrovascular diseases as well as exploring new target treatments.
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