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Liu Q, Wang J, Ding C, Chu Y, Jiang F, Hu Y, Li H, Wang Q. Sinomenine Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing the PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway, as Demonstrated Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3523-3545. [PMID: 39135759 PMCID: PMC11317229 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s475959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sinomenine (SIN) is commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as a respected remedy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the therapeutic mechanism of SIN in RA remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to delve into the molecular mechanism of SIN in the treatment of RA. Methods The potential targets of SIN were predicted using the TCMSP server, STITCH database, and SwissTarget Prediction. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA were obtained from the GEO database. Enrichment analyses and molecular docking were conducted to explore the potential mechanism of SIN in the treatment of RA. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to validate the intervention effects of SIN on rheumatoid arthritis, as determined through network pharmacology analyses. Results A total of 39 potential targets associated with the therapeutic effects of SIN in RA were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that these potential targets are primarily enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the molecular docking suggests that SIN may act on specific proteins in the pathway. Experimental results have shown that exposure to SIN inhibits cytokine secretion, promotes apoptosis, reduces metastasis and invasion, and blocks the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS). Moreover, SIN treatment alleviated arthritis-related symptoms and regulated the differentiation of CD4+ T cells in the spleen of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Conclusion By utilizing network pharmacology, molecular modeling, and in vitro/in vivo validation, this study demonstrates that SIN can alleviate RA by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These findings enhance the understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of SIN in RA, offering a stronger theoretical foundation for its future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengying Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Ran H, Hui S, Qian L. Effects of sinomenine on a rat orthotopic liver carcinoma model. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:795-804. [PMID: 38084512 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver carcinoma is a common malignant tumor. In this study, an orthotopic liver carcinoma model was established by B-ultrasound, and the therapeutic effect of sinomenine (Sin) on the disease was investigated. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into control, Sin, Sorafenib (Sor), and combination (Sin+Sor) groups (n=8). An orthotopic liver carcinoma model was established by inoculating N1-S1 cells into the rat liver by B-ultrasound-guided, and tumor volume was monitored three times by B-ultrasound after inoculation. After drug treatment, the tumor tissues were stained with HE and TUNEL, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, ALT and AST were detected by ELISA. The numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets were detected. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of Ki-67, CD44, VEGF and CD31. The levels of cell cycle, apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. RESULTS B-ultrasound monitoring found that Sin reduced tumor volume. Moreover, Sin improved tissue lesions, and promoted cancer cell apoptosis. Sin decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, AST and ALT, and decreased the numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Simultaneously, the expressions of Ki-67, CD44, VEGF and CD31 were decreased in the Sin group. Furthermore, Sin decreased the Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 and Survivin levels, but increased Bax, Cleaved-caspase3/pro-caspase3, P21 and P27 levels. More importantly, the combination of Sin and Sor treatment was more effective than treatment alone. CONCLUSION A rat orthotopic liver carcinoma model was established under the guidance of B-ultrasound, and Sin had a therapeutic effect on orthotopic liver carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongmei Ran
- Department of Ultrasonography, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Hui
- Department of Ultrasonography, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Liping Qian
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Hou W, Huang L, Huang H, Liu S, Dai W, Tang J, Chen X, Lu X, Zheng Q, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Lan J. Bioactivities and Mechanisms of Action of Sinomenine and Its Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:540. [PMID: 38276618 PMCID: PMC10818773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine, an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the roots and stems of Sinomenium acutum, has been extensively studied for its derivatives as bioactive agents. This review concentrates on the research advancements in the biological activities and action mechanisms of sinomenine-related compounds until November 2023. The findings indicate a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antitumor, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, and immunosuppressive properties. These compounds are notably effective against breast, lung, liver, and prostate cancers, exhibiting IC50 values of approximately 121.4 nM against PC-3 and DU-145 cells, primarily through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Additionally, they manifest anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects predominantly via the NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Utilized in treating rheumatic arthritis, these alkaloids also play a significant role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, as well as organ protection through the NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. This review concludes with perspectives and insights on this topic, highlighting the potential of sinomenine-related compounds in clinical applications and the development of medications derived from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lejun Huang
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China;
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shenglan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wei Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jianhong Tang
- Laboratory Animal Engineering Research Center of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China;
| | - Xiangzhao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaolu Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhinuo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (W.H.); (H.H.); (S.L.); (W.D.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinxia Lan
- College of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y, Yang L. Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2023; 21:686. [PMID: 37784157 PMCID: PMC10546755 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby compromising the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The reciprocal communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is observed, with the TME providing a supportive niche for CSC survival and self-renewal, while CSCs, in turn, influence the polarization and persistence of the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive state. Consequently, these interactions hinder the efficacy of current cancer therapies, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to modulate the TME and target CSCs. In this review, we highlight the intricate strategies employed by CSCs to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to therapies. Furthermore, we examine the dynamic interplay between CSCs and the TME, shedding light on how this interaction impacts cancer progression. Moreover, we provide an overview of advanced therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and the TME, which hold promise for future clinical and translational studies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Zhu J, Zhu H, Gao J. The anti-tumor potential of sinomenine: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:2393-2404. [PMID: 37859743 PMCID: PMC10583013 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Currently, chemotherapy is the main treatment for most tumors. However, drug resistance and many adverse reactions associated with chemotherapy greatly limit its use. Therefore, an increasing number of researchers have shifted the research focus the anti-tumor activity of traditional Chinese medicine. The objective of this article is to review the anti-tumor mechanism of sinomenine and its derivatives to provide a reference for further study and clinical transformation. Methods In this study, we searched for relevant articles on the anti-tumor mechanism of Sinomenium using databases such as PubMed and Medline. Key Content and Findings Sinomenine is a monomer alkaloid component extracted from the rhizome of Sinomenium acuturn. A number of basic studies have proven that sinomenine and its derivatives show significant anti-tumor activity in breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, osteosarcoma and other tumors. They can induce apoptosis and autophagic death of tumor cells, inhibit proliferation, migration and invasion of tumor cells, increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and reverse the drug resistance through various molecular mechanisms. In addition, sinomenine can effectively relieve osteolysis and bone pain in tumor patients. At present, anti-tumor research on sinomenine remains in the basic experimental stage. Conclusions Sinomenine and its derivatives are rich in substances with high anti-tumor potential. This analysis provides a review of the anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of sinomenine, with the hope of further exploring the medical value of sinomenine in anti-tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
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H. Al-Zuaini H, Rafiq Zahid K, Xiao X, Raza U, Huang Q, Zeng T. Hypoxia-driven ncRNAs in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1207253. [PMID: 37583933 PMCID: PMC10424730 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1207253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen tension, or hypoxia is the driving force behind tumor aggressiveness, leading to therapy resistance, metastasis, and stemness in solid cancers including breast cancer, which now stands as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. With the great advancements in exploring the regulatory roles of the non-coding genome in recent years, the wide spectrum of hypoxia-responsive genome is not limited to just protein-coding genes but also includes multiple types of non-coding RNAs, such as micro RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Over the years, these hypoxia-responsive non-coding molecules have been greatly implicated in breast cancer. Hypoxia drives the expression of these non-coding RNAs as upstream modulators and downstream effectors of hypoxia inducible factor signaling in the favor of breast cancer through a myriad of molecular mechanisms. These non-coding RNAs then contribute in orchestrating aggressive hypoxic tumor environment and regulate cancer associated cellular processes such as proliferation, evasion of apoptotic death, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, therapy resistance, stemness, and evasion of the immune system in breast cancer. In addition, the interplay between hypoxia-driven non-coding RNAs as well as feedback and feedforward loops between these ncRNAs and HIFs further contribute to breast cancer progression. Although the current clinical implications of hypoxia-driven non-coding RNAs are limited to prognostics and diagnostics in breast cancer, extensive explorations have established some of these hypoxia-driven non-coding RNAs as promising targets to treat aggressive breast cancers, and future scientific endeavors hold great promise in targeting hypoxia-driven ncRNAs at clinics to treat breast cancer and limit global cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kashif Rafiq Zahid
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiangyan Xiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Qiyuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Luo S, Jiang Y, Anfu Zheng, Zhao Y, Wu X, Li M, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Chen M, Li W, Li X, Gu L, Sun Y, Xiao Z, Shen J. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors for breast cancer therapy: A narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1064661. [PMID: 36532768 PMCID: PMC9751339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1064661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), central regulators for cells to adapt to low cellular oxygen levels, are often overexpressed and activated in breast cancer. HIFs modulate the primary transcriptional response of downstream pathways and target genes in response to hypoxia, including glycolysis, angiogenesis and metastasis. They can promote the development of breast cancer and are associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients by regulating cancer processes closely related to tumor invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, specific targeting of HIFs may improve the efficiency of cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the advances in HIF-related molecular mechanisms and clinical and preclinical studies of drugs targeting HIFs in breast cancer. Given the rapid progression in this field and nanotechnology, drug delivery systems (DDSs) for HIF targeting are increasingly being developed. Therefore, we highlight the HIF related DDS, including liposomes, polymers, metal-based or carbon-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People’s Hospital of Jiangyou, Mianyang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Wusheng, Guang’an, China
| | - Anfu Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Cell Therapy and Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
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