Construction and Validation of a Necroptosis-Related lncRNA Signature in Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment for Glioma

Necroptosis-related lncRNAs: biomarkers for predicting prognosis and immune response in lung adenocarcinoma

Background

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most prevalent types of lung cancer (LC), accounting for 50% of all LC cases. Despite therapeutic advancements, patients suffer from adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, the prognosis of LC patients remains poor. Necroptosis is a novel mode of cell death and is critically involved in regulating immunotherapy in patients. However, the correlation between the necroptosis-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) (necro-related lnc) signature (NecroLncSig) and the response of patients with LUAD to immunotherapy is unclear. This study developed a model using lncRNAs to predict the prognosis of patients with LUAD.

Methods

We obtained the transcriptomic and clinical data of LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Next, we conducted a co-expression analysis to identify the necro-related lnc. In addition, we constructed the NecroLncSig using univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses. Then we evaluated and validated the NecroLncSig using a Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, principal component analysis (PCA), Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, a nomogram, and calibration curves. Finally, we used the NecroLncSig to predict the responses of patients to immunotherapy.

Results

We constructed the NecroLncSig based on seven necro-related lnc. The patients were classified into a high-risk group (HRG) and a low-risk group (LRG). The overall survival (OS) of patients in the HRG was significantly poorer in the training, testing, and entire sets (P<0.05) than that of the patients in the LRG. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that the risk score could predict the OS of patients in an independent manner (P<0.001). Time-dependent ROC analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve values of the NecroLncSig for 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS were 0.689, 0.700, and 0.685, respectively, for the entire set. Furthermore, the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm showed that the response of patients in the HRG to immunotherapy was better than that of patients in the LRG.

Conclusions

Necro-related lnc can affect disease progression and patient prognosis. In addition, these lncRNAs can be used to design therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapy, to treat patients with LUAD.

The fate and function of non-coding RNAs during necroptosis

Necroptosis is a novel form of cell death which is activated when apoptotic cell death signals are disrupted. Accumulating body of observations suggests that noncoding RNAs, which are the lately discovered mystery of the human genome, are significantly associated with necroptotic signaling circuitry. The fate and function of miRNAs have been well documented in human disease, especially cancer. Recently, lncRNAs have gained much attention due to their diverse regulatory functions. Although available studies are currently based on bioinformatic analysis, predicted interactions desires further attention, as these hold significant promise and should not be overlooked. In the light of these, here we comprehensively review and discuss noncoding RNA molecules that play significant roles during execution of necroptotic cell death.

Regulated cell death in glioma: promising targets for natural small-molecule compounds

Gliomas are prevalent malignant tumors in adults, which can be categorized as either localized or diffuse gliomas. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and deadliest form of glioma. Currently, there is no complete cure, and the median survival time is less than one year. The main mechanism of regulated cell death involves organisms coordinating the elimination of damaged cells at risk of tumor transformation or cells hijacked by microorganisms for pathogen replication. This process includes apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, parthanayosis, entosis, lysosome-dependent death, NETosis, oxiptosis, alkaliptosis, and disulfidaptosis. The main goal of clinical oncology is to develop therapies that promote the effective elimination of cancer cells by regulating cell death are the main goal of clinical oncology. Recently, scientists have utilized pertinent regulatory factors and natural small-molecule compounds to induce regulated cell death for the treatment of gliomas. By analyzing the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this paper reviews the research progress on the regulation of cell death and the role of natural small-molecule compounds in glioma. The aim is to provide help for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Necroptosis-related lncRNAs: establishment of a gene module and distinction between the cold and hot tumors in glioma

Background

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system and portend a poor prognosis. The efficacy of emerging and promising immunotherapies varies significantly among individuals. Distinction and transformation of cold and hot tumors may improve the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy.

Methods and Results

In this study, we constructed a necroptosis-related lncRNA module based on public databases. The association of this module with survival was assessed using the Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and nomogram, external validation was also conducted in another public database. Furthermore, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immune checkpoint and tumor microenvironment analysis, and in vitro qRT-PCR validation. Finally, we clustered all samples into 2 clusters based on the expression of model lncRNAs and identified cluster 1 as cold tumors with fewer infiltrating T cells.

Conclusions

Identifying cold and hot tumors by necroptosis-related lncRNAs can help available immunotherapeutic strategies to achieve efficacy in the precise treatment of individuals. Prior treatment failure can be overcome by targeting necroptosis-related lncRNAs.