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Clynick M, Holness DL. New causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:51-57. [PMID: 38037883 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) is an important work-related skin disease. Information about the causative agents comes from many sources, including patch test databases, registries, case series and case reports. This review summarizes new information about common causative allergens and diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS Common causes of OACD include rubber components, epoxies and preservatives. New exposure sources for these allergens continue to be described. Often these exposure sources are related to the changing world around us, such as allergens related to smartphones and technology, and personal protective equipment-related exposures during the COVID-19 pandemic. New allergens are also being described, some of which are related to known allergens (e.g. a new epoxy or acrylate component).Accurate diagnosis is critical to effective management of OACD, which may include removing the worker from exposure to the causative allergen. Safety data sheets may not contain complete information and patch testing with specialized series of allergens and workplace materials may be necessary. SUMMARY This review provides current evidence about causes of OACD and important aspects of diagnosis. This is important for clinical practice to ensure cases of OACD are not missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Clynick
- Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto
- Department of Medicine
| | - Dorothy Linn Holness
- Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto
- Department of Medicine
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bonefeld NM, Menné T, Ahrensbøll-Friis U, Gadsbøll ASØ, Wang CW, Theander TG, Masenga EJ, Mavura D, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Contact allergens in African countries: A review of published patch test studies. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:103-109. [PMID: 38086538 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Only few studies on contact allergy in African countries have been published. The aim of the present study was to provide an overview of the most common contact allergens identified by the use of patch tests in African countries based on a review of the existing literature. A total of twenty-four publications from eight African countries were initially identified by search in PubMed. The abstracts and method sections were screened, and 15 studies in which patch tests were actually used to identify the allergen causing the allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) were finally selected. Nickel, cobalt, chromium, fragrance mix and p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin were the dominating contact allergens responsible for 40%-90% of the positive patch test reactions. This study indicates that a targeted effort directed towards prevention, avoidance and regulation of reliably identified contact allergens could reduce the disease burden of ACD considerable in some African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Menné Bonefeld
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Ahrensbøll-Friis
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Østergaard Gadsbøll
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian William Wang
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Grundtvig Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisante John Masenga
- Regional Dermatology Training Centre, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Daudi Mavura
- Regional Dermatology Training Centre, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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