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Jiang Z, Wei J, Liang J, Huang W, Ouyang F, Chen C, Li P, Cao S, Cai Y, Li J, Huang B, Zeng J, Chen Y. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Alleviates Secondary Brain Damage and Improves Working Memory After Stroke in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Stroke 2024; 55:725-734. [PMID: 38406851 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.045037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote secondary neurodegeneration is associated with poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) improves PSCI clinically. However, whether it ameliorates PSCI by alleviating secondary neurodegeneration remains uncertain. Nonhuman primates provide more relevant models than rodents for human stroke and PSCI. This study investigated the effects of NBP on PSCI and secondary neurodegeneration in cynomolgus monkeys after permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Thirteen adult male cynomolgus monkeys were randomly assigned to sham (n=4), MCAO+placebo (n=5), and MCAO+NBP groups (n=4). The MCAO+placebo and MCAO+NBP groups received saline and NBP injections intravenously, respectively, starting at 6-hour postsurgery for 2 weeks, followed by soybean oil and NBP orally, respectively, for 10 weeks after MCAO. Infarct size was assessed at week 4 by magnetic resonance imaging. Working memory and executive function were evaluated dynamically using the delayed response task and object retrieval detour task, respectively. Neuron loss, glia proliferation, and neuroinflammation in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus were analyzed by immunostaining 12 weeks after MCAO. RESULTS Infarcts were located in the left middle cerebral artery region, apart from the ipsilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, or hippocampus, with no significant difference between the MCAO+placebo and MCAO+NBP group. Higher success in delayed response task was achieved at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after NBP compared with placebo treatments (P<0.05), but not in the object retrieval detour task (all P>0.05). More neurons and less microglia, astrocytes, CD68-positive microglia, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inducible NO synthase were observed in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus after 12 weeks of NBP treatment (P<0.05), but not in the hippocampus (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that NBP improves working memory by alleviating remote secondary neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the ipsilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus after MCAO in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Jiang
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Jiating Wei
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Weixian Huang
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Fubing Ouyang
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Chunyong Chen
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, China (C.C., P.L., B.H.)
| | - Pingping Li
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, China (C.C., P.L., B.H.)
| | - Suhan Cao
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Yuangui Cai
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Jianle Li
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Baozi Huang
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, China (C.C., P.L., B.H.)
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
| | - Yicong Chen
- Section II, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (Y. Chen), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
- National Key Clinical Department, Key Discipline of Neurology; Guangzhou, China (Z.J., J.W., J. Liang, W.H., F.O., C.C., P.L., S.C., Y. Cai, J. Li, B.H., J.Z., Y. Chen)
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Zhang Z, Zou Y, Song C, Cao K, Cai K, Chen S, Wu Y, Geng D, Sun G, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Advances in the study of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00402-2. [PMID: 38123019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death worldwide for many years. In recent years, exosomes have gained extensive attention in the cardiovascular system due to their excellent biocompatibility. Studies have extensively researched miRNAs in exosomes and found that they play critical roles in various physiological and pathological processes in the cardiovascular system. These processes include promoting or inhibiting inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis, participating in cell proliferation and migration, and promoting pathological progression such as fibrosis. AIM OF REVIEW This systematic review examines the role of exosomes in various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure and cardiomyopathy. It also presents the latest treatment and prevention methods utilizing exosomes. The study aims to provide new insights and approaches for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases by exploring the relationship between exosomes and these conditions. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the potential clinical use of exosomes as biomarkers for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles surrounded by lipid bilayers that are secreted by most cells in the body. They are heterogeneous, varying in size and composition, with a diameter typically ranging from 40 to 160 nm. Exosomes serve as a means of information communication between cells, carrying various biologically active substances, including lipids, proteins, and small RNAs such as miRNAs and lncRNAs. As a result, they participate in both physiological and pathological processes within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Song
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danxi Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine, China Medical University, National Health Commission, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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