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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Summers JL, Taper HS. Reactivation of nucleases with peroxidation damages induced by a menadione: ascorbate combination devastates human prostate carcinomas: ultrastructural aspects. Ultrastruct Pathol 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39105605 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2024.2379300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xenografts of androgen-independent human DU145 prostate metastatic carcinomas implanted in nu/nu male mice have revealed a significant survival after a prooxidant anticancer treatment consisting of a combination of menadione bisulfite and sodium ascorbate (VK3:VC). METHODS Implanted samples of diaphragm carcinomas from longest survived mice from either oral, intraperitoneal (IP), or both oral and IP treatment groups were assessed with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy to analyze morphologic damages. RESULTS Compared with previous fine structure data of in vitro untreated carcinomas, the changes induced by oral, IP, and oral with IP VK3:VC treatment dismantled those xenografts with autoschizis, and necrotic atrophy was accomplished by cell's oxidative stress whose injuries were consequent to reactivated deoxyribonucleases and ribonucleases. Tumor destructions resulted from irreversible damages of nucleus components, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria there. Other alterations included those of the cytoskeleton that resulted in characteristic self-excisions named " autoschizis." All these injuries lead resilient cancer cells to necrotic cell death. CONCLUSION The fine structure damages caused by VK3:VC prooxidant combination in the human DU145 prostate xenografts confirmed those shown in vitro and of other cell lines with histochemistry and biomolecular investigations. These devastations incurred without damage to normal tissues; thus, our data brought support for the above combination to assist in the treatment of prostate cancers and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University International School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, NEOMed (NEOUCOM), Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - James M Jamison
- Department of Urology, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio, USA
- St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Fondation, Akron Ohio, USA
| | - Jack L Summers
- Department of Urology, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio, USA
- St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Fondation, Akron Ohio, USA
| | - Henryk S Taper
- Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Pharmacocinétique, Métabolisme, Nutrition et Toxicologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Wang X, Meng F, Mao J. Progress of natural sesquiterpenoids in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1445222. [PMID: 39081717 PMCID: PMC11286475 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1445222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the common malignant tumors of digestive tract, which seriously threatens the life of patients due to its high incidence rate, strong invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. At present, the main methods for preventing and treating HCC include medication, surgery, and intervention, but patients frequently encounter with specific adverse reactions or side effects. Many Traditional Chinese medicine can improve liver function, reduce liver cancer recurrence and have unique advantages in the treatment of HCC because of their acting mode of multi-target, multi-pathway, multi-component, and multi-level. Sesquiterpenoids, a class of natural products which are widely present in nature and exhibit good anti-tumor activity, and many of them possess good potential for the treatment of HCC. This article reviewed the anti-tumor activities, natural resources, pharmacological mechanism of natural sesquiterpenoids against HCC, providing the theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of HCC and a comprehensive understanding of their potential for development of new clinical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxin Mao
- Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Jiang L, He H, Tang Y, Li J, Reilly S, Xin H, Li Z, Cai H, Zhang X. Activation of BK channels prevents diabetes-induced osteopenia by regulating mitochondrial Ca 2+ and SLC25A5/ANT2-PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitophagy. Autophagy 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38873928 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2367184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are among the most common metabolic bone diseases and represent major public health problems, with sufferers having an increased fracture risk. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases contributing to osteopenia and osteoporosis. However, the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced osteopenia and osteoporosis remain unclear. Bone reconstruction, including bone formation and absorption, is a dynamic process. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK channels) regulate the function of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Our previous studies revealed the relationship between BK channels and the function of osteoblasts via various pathways under physiological conditions. In this study, we reported a decrease in the expression of BK channels in mice with diabetes-induced osteopenia. BK deficiency enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ and activated classical PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1)-PRKN/Parkin (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)-dependent mitophagy, whereas the upregulation of BK channels inhibited mitophagy in osteoblasts. Moreover, SLC25A5/ANT2 (solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5), a critical inner mitochondrial membrane protein participating in PINK1-PRKN-dependent mitophagy, was also regulated by BK channels. Overall, these data identified a novel role of BK channels in regulating mitophagy in osteoblasts, which might be a potential target for diabetes-induced bone diseases.Abbreviations: AGE, advanced glycation end products; Baf A1, bafilomycin A1; BK channels, big-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BSA, bovine serum albumin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; ITPR1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1; MAM, mitochondria-associated ER membrane; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; PINK1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PPID/CyP-D, peptidylprolyl isomerase D (cyclophilin D); PRKN/PARK2, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLC25A5/ANT2, solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5; STZ, streptozotocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Svetlana Reilly
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Atlanta Veteran Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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He W, Sun Z, Tong G, Zeng L, He W, Chen X, Zhen C, Chen P, Tan N, He P. FUNDC1 alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by restoring mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum contacts and blocked autophagic flux. Theranostics 2024; 14:3719-3738. [PMID: 38948070 PMCID: PMC11209712 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Autophagy dysregulation is known to be a mechanism of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Mitochondrial-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts (MERCs) are where autophagy initiates and autophagosomes form. However, the role of MERCs in autophagy dysregulation in DIC remains elusive. FUNDC1 is a tethering protein of MERCs. We aim to investigate the effect of DOX on MERCs in cardiomyocytes and explore whether it is involved in the dysregulated autophagy in DIC. Methods: We employed confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assess MERCs structure. Autophagic flux was analyzed using the mCherry-EGFP-LC3B fluorescence assay and western blotting for LC3BII. Mitophagy was studied through the mCherry-EGFP-FIS1 fluorescence assay and colocalization analysis between LC3B and mitochondria. A total dose of 18 mg/kg of doxorubicin was administrated in mice to construct a DIC model in vivo. Additionally, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) to cardiac-specifically overexpress FUNDC1. Cardiac function and remodeling were evaluated by echocardiography and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Results: DOX blocked autophagic flux by inhibiting autophagosome biogenesis, which could be attributed to the downregulation of FUNDC1 and disruption of MERCs structures. FUNDC1 overexpression restored the blocked autophagosome biogenesis by maintaining MERCs structure and facilitating ATG5-ATG12/ATG16L1 complex formation without altering mitophagy. Furthermore, FUNDC1 alleviated DOX-induced oxidative stress and cardiomyocytes deaths in an autophagy-dependent manner. Notably, cardiac-specific overexpression of FUNDC1 protected DOX-treated mice against adverse cardiac remodeling and improved cardiac function. Conclusions: In summary, our study identified that FUNDC1-meditated MERCs exerted a cardioprotective effect against DIC by restoring the blocked autophagosome biogenesis. Importantly, this research reveals a novel role of FUNDC1 in enhancing macroautophagy via restoring MERCs structure and autophagosome biogenesis in the DIC model, beyond its previously known regulatory role as an mitophagy receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongchan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Tong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical university, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Cien Zhen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, 510080 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Heyuan People's Hospital, 517000 Heyuan, China
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Hu Y, Luo NJ, Gan L, Xue HY, Luo KY, Zhang JJ, Wang XZ. Heat stress upregulates arachidonic acid to trigger autophagy in sertoli cells via dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory chain function. J Transl Med 2024; 22:501. [PMID: 38797842 PMCID: PMC11129461 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As a key factor in determining testis size and sperm number, sertoli cells (SCs) play a crucial role in male infertility. Heat stress (HS) reduces SCs counts, negatively impacting nutrient transport and supply to germ cells, and leading to spermatogenesis failure in humans and animals. However, how HS affects the number of SCs remains unclear. We hypothesized that changes in SC metabolism contribute to the adverse effects of HS. In this study, we first observed an upregulation of arachidonic acid (AA), an unsaturated fatty acid after HS exposure by LC-MS/MS metabolome detection. By increasing ROS levels, expression of KEAP1 and NRF2 proteins as well as LC3 and LAMP2, 100 µM AA induced autophagy in SCs by activating oxidative stress (OS). We observed adverse effects of AA on mitochondria under HS with a decrease of mitochondrial number and an increase of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We also found that AA alternated the oxygen transport and absorption function of mitochondria by increasing glycolysis flux and decreasing oxygen consumption rate as well as the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) proteins Complex I, II, V. However, pretreatment with 5 mM NAC (ROS inhibitor) and 2 µM Rotenone (mitochondrial ETC inhibitor) reversed the autophagy induced by AA. In summary, AA modulates autophagy in SCs during HS by disrupting mitochondrial ETC function, inferring that the release of AA is a switch-like response, and providing insight into the underlying mechanism of high temperatures causing male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 563000, Zunyi, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei, China
| | - Nan Jian Luo
- Department of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, 563000, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei, China
| | - Hong Yan Xue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei, China
| | - Ke Yan Luo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 563000, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiao Jiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei, China.
| | - Xian Zhong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, Beibei, China.
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Cunha-Oliveira T, Montezinho L, Simões RF, Carvalho M, Ferreiro E, Silva FSG. Mitochondria: A Promising Convergent Target for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:248. [PMID: 38334639 PMCID: PMC10854804 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, for which current treatment options are limited. Recent studies have shed light on the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis, making them an attractive therapeutic intervention target. This review contains a very comprehensive critical description of the involvement of mitochondria and mitochondria-mediated mechanisms in ALS. The review covers several key areas related to mitochondria in ALS, including impaired mitochondrial function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species, metabolic processes and energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, turnover, autophagy and mitophagy, impaired mitochondrial transport, and apoptosis. This review also highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated various mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment. These include strategies to improve mitochondrial function, such as the use of dichloroacetate, ketogenic and high-fat diets, acetyl-carnitine, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Additionally, antiapoptotic agents, like the mPTP-targeting agents minocycline and rasagiline, are discussed. The paper aims to contribute to the identification of effective mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment by synthesizing the current understanding of the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis and reviewing potential convergent therapeutic interventions. The complex interplay between mitochondria and the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS holds promise for the development of novel treatment strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Rui F. Simões
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Carvalho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filomena S. G. Silva
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Mitotag Lda, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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7
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Moon DO. Calcium's Role in Orchestrating Cancer Apoptosis: Mitochondrial-Centric Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108982. [PMID: 37240331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an essential intracellular messenger that plays a vital role in controlling a broad range of cellular processes, including apoptosis. This review offers an in-depth analysis of calcium's multifaceted role in apoptosis regulation, focusing on the associated signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. We will explore calcium's impact on apoptosis through its effects on different cellular compartments, such as the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and discuss the connection between calcium homeostasis and ER stress. Additionally, we will highlight the interplay between calcium and various proteins, including calpains, calmodulin, and Bcl-2 family members, and the role of calcium in regulating caspase activation and pro-apoptotic factor release. By investigating the complex relationship between calcium and apoptosis, this review aims to deepen our comprehension of the fundamental processes, and pinpointing possible treatment options for illnesses associated with imbalanced cell death is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, 201, Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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8
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de Ridder I, Kerkhofs M, Lemos FO, Loncke J, Bultynck G, Parys JB. The ER-mitochondria interface, where Ca 2+ and cell death meet. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102743. [PMID: 37126911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites are crucial to allow Ca2+ flux between them and a plethora of proteins participate in tethering both organelles together. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) play a pivotal role at such contact sites, participating in both ER-mitochondria tethering and as Ca2+-transport system that delivers Ca2+ from the ER towards mitochondria. At the ER-mitochondria contact sites, the IP3Rs function as a multi-protein complex linked to the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) in the outer mitochondrial membrane, via the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75). This IP3R-GRP75-VDAC1 complex supports the efficient transfer of Ca2+ from the ER into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, from which the Ca2+ ions can reach the mitochondrial matrix through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Under physiological conditions, basal Ca2+ oscillations deliver Ca2+ to the mitochondrial matrix, thereby stimulating mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. However, when mitochondrial Ca2+ overload occurs, the increase in [Ca2+] will induce the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, thereby provoking cell death. The IP3R-GRP75-VDAC1 complex forms a hub for several other proteins that stabilize the complex and/or regulate the complex's ability to channel Ca2+ into the mitochondria. These proteins and their mechanisms of action are discussed in the present review with special attention for their role in pathological conditions and potential implication for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian de Ridder
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Martijn Kerkhofs
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Fernanda O Lemos
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Jens Loncke
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.
| | - Jan B Parys
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-1 B-802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.
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