Diagnostic Test to Identify Parkinson's Disease from the Blood Sera of Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Biological Function Analysis of MicroRNAs and Proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by alpha-synuclein aggregation into Lewy bodies in the neurons. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered the most suited source for investigating PD pathogenesis and identifying biomarkers. While microRNA (miRNA) profiling can aid in the investigation of post-transcriptional regulation in neurodegenerative diseases, information on miRNAs in the CSF of patients with PD remains limited. This review combines miRNA analysis with proteomic profiling to explore the collective impact of CSF miRNAs on the neurodegenerative mechanisms in PD. We constructed separate networks for altered miRNAs and proteomes using a bioinformatics method. Altered miRNAs were poorly linked to biological functions owing to limited information; however, changes in protein expression were strongly associated with biological functions. Subsequently, the networks were integrated for further analysis. In silico prediction from the integrated network revealed relationships between miRNAs and proteins, highlighting increased reactive oxygen species generation, neuronal loss, and neurodegeneration and suppressed ATP synthesis, mitochondrial function, and neurotransmitter release in PD. The approach suggests the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for critical mechanisms underlying PD. The combined strategy could enhance our understanding of the complex biochemical networks of miRNAs in PD and support the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for precision medicine.

Exosomal microRNAs in Parkinson's disease: insights into biomarker potential and disease pathology

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting the elderly population. Despite its high incidence in aged individuals, there are no reliable blood-based biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of PD and early screening of susceptible individuals. Recent studies have revealed the significance of exosomes in mediating cell-to-cell communications by transferring bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (including miRNAs), lipids, and metabolites, between cells. Due to their ability to carry diverse molecular cargo and their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, exosomes have gained significant attention as potential disease biomarkers. Notably, exosomes have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and as a result, they can be found in circulating body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and plasma. Therefore, the identification of PD-specific exosomes in blood samples could be a promising avenue with biomarker potential for advancing clinical diagnosis and planning therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the current understanding of exosomal miRNAs in PD pathology, emphasising their potential for clinical utility as biomarkers even though several challenges may have to be overcome to precisely utilize exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers specific to PD.

Exosomes for neurodegenerative diseases: diagnosis and targeted therapy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Neurodegenerative diseases are still challenging clinical issues, with no curative interventions available and early, accurate diagnosis remaining difficult. Finding solutions to them is of great importance. In this review, we discuss possible exosomal diagnostic biomarkers and explore current explorations in exosome-targeted therapy for some common neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into the clinical transformation of exosomes in this field.

RECENT FINDINGS

The burgeoning research on exosomes has shed light on their potential applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. As a type of extracellular vesicles, exosomes are capable of crossing the blood - brain barrier and exist in various body fluids, whose components can reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain. In addition, they can deliver specific drugs to brain tissue, and even possess certain therapeutic effects themselves. And the recent advancements in engineering modification technology have further enabled exosomes to selectively target specific sites, facilitating the possibility of targeted therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The unique properties of exosomes give them great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and provide novel ideas for dealing with such diseases.

Extracellular vesicles from bodily fluids for the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and related disorders: A systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis

Parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are often misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms and the absence of precise biomarkers. Furthermore, there are no current methods to ascertain the progression and conversion of prodromal conditions such as REM behaviour disorder (RBD). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing a mixture of biomolecules, have emerged as potential sources for parkinsonian diagnostics. However, inconsistencies in previous studies have left their diagnostic potential unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of general EVs isolated from various bodily fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, serum, urine or saliva, in differentiating patients with parkinsonian disorders from healthy controls (HCs). The meta-analysis included 21 studies encompassing 1285 patients with PD, 24 with MSA, 105 with DLB, 99 with PSP, 101 with RBD and 783 HCs. Further analyses were conducted only for patients with PD versus HCs, given the limited number for other comparisons. Using bivariate and hierarchal receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) models, the meta-analysis revealed moderate diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with PD from HCs, with substantial heterogeneity and publication bias. The trim-and-fill method revealed at least two missing studies with null or low diagnostic accuracy. CSF-EVs showed better overall diagnostic accuracy, while plasma-EVs had the lowest performance. General EVs demonstrated higher diagnostic accuracy compared to CNS-originating EVs, which are more time-consuming, labour- and cost-intensive to isolate. In conclusion, while holding promise, utilizing biomarkers in general EVs for PD diagnosis remains unfeasible due to existing challenges. The focus should shift toward harmonizing the field through standardization, collaboration, and rigorous validation. Current efforts by the International Society For Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) aim to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of EV-related research through rigor and standardization, aiming to bridge the gap between theory and practical clinical application.

MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis

Current clinical tests for Parkinson's disease (PD) provide insufficient diagnostic accuracy leading to an urgent need for improved diagnostic biomarkers. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising biomarkers of various diseases, including PD, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of biofluid miRNAs in PD. All studies reporting data on miRNAs expression in PD patients compared to controls were included. Gene targets and significant pathways associated with miRNAs expressed in more than 3 biofluid studies with the same direction of change were analyzed using target prediction and enrichment analysis. A bivariate model was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio. While miR-24-3p and miR-214-3p were the most reported miRNA (7 each), miR-331-5p was found to be consistently up regulated in 4 different biofluids. Importantly, miR-19b-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-221-3p were reported in multiple studies without conflicting directions of change in serum and bioinformatic analysis found the targets of these miRNAs to be associated with pathways important in PD pathology. Of the 102 studies from the systematic review, 15 studies reported sensitivity and specificity data on combinations of miRNAs and were pooled for meta-analysis. Studies (17) reporting sensitivity and specificity data on single microRNA were pooled in a separate meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the combinations of miRNAs (15 studies) showed that biofluid miRNAs can discriminate between PD patients and controls with good diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity = 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.87; specificity = 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.84; AUC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.89). However, we found multiple studies included more males with PD than any other group therefore possibly introducing a sex-related selection bias. Overall, our study captures key miRNAs which may represent a point of focus for future studies and the development of diagnostic panels whilst also highlighting the importance of appropriate study design to develop representative biomarker panels for the diagnosis of PD.

Extracellular vesicles in the study of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Methodologies applied from cells to biofluids

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased importance in fundamental research as key players in disease pathogenic mechanisms, but also in translational and clinical research due to their value in biomarker discovery, either for diagnostics and/or therapeutics. In the first research scenario, the study of EVs isolated from neuronal models mimicking neurodegenerative diseases can open new avenues to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying these conditions or to identify novel molecular targets for diagnosis and/or therapeutics. In the second research scenario, the easy availability of EVs in body fluids and the specificity of their cargo, which can reflect the cell of origin or disease profiles, turn these into attractive diagnostic tools. EVs with exosome-like characteristics, circulating in the bloodstream and other peripheral biofluids, constitute a non-invasive and rapid alternative to study several conditions, including brain-related disorders. In both cases, several EVs isolation methods are already available, but each neuronal model or biofluid presents its own challenges. Herein, a literature overview on EVs isolation methodologies from distinct neuronal models (cellular culture and brain tissue) and body fluids (serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva) was carried out. Focus was given to approaches employed in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and the main research findings discussed. The topics here revised will facilitate the choice of EVs isolation methodologies and potentially prompt new discoveries in EVs research and in the neurodegenerative diseases field.

Identification of Differentially Expressed microRNAs Associated with Ischemic Stroke by Integrated Bioinformatics Approaches

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. This study aims to find the crucial exosomal miRNAs associated with IS by using bioinformatics methods, reveal potential biomarkers for IS, and investigate the association between the identified biomarker and immune cell pattern in the peripheral blood of IS patients. In this study, 3 up-regulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-184, and hsa-miR-16-5p) miRNAs in the serum exosomes between IS patients and healthy controls from GEO database (GSE199942) and 25 down-regulated genes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IS patients from GSE22255 were obtained with the help of the R software. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the 25 down-regulated genes were associated with coenzyme metabolic process and were mainly enriched in the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, we performed the LASSO algorithm to narrow down the above 25 intersected genes, and identified 8 key genes which had a good diagnostic value in discriminating IS patients from the healthy controls analyzed with ROC curve. CIBERSORT algorithm indicated that the abundance of M0 macrophages and resting mast cells was significantly lower than that of the control group. The spearman correlation analysis showed that STT3A was negatively correlated with the proportion of follicular helper T cells, activated NK cells and resting dendritic cells. Finally, GSE117064 showed that has-miR-16-5p was more advantageous for diagnosing stroke. In conclusion, hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-184, and hsa-miR-16-5p are identified as specific related exosomal miRNAs for IS patients. These genes may provide new targets for the early identification of IS.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease: Recent Advancement

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative aging disorder that manifests as motor and non-motor symptoms, and its etiopathogenesis is influenced by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Signal pathway and gene sequence studies have proposed that alteration of ncRNAs is relevant to the occurrence and development of PD. Furthermore, many studies on brain tissues and body fluids from patients with PD indicate that variations in ncRNAs and their target genes could trigger or exacerbate neurodegenerative pathogenesis and serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers of PD. Numerous ncRNAs have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-syn misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in PD etiology, and evidence is mounting for the determination of the role of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms in disease development. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of ncRNAs as well as ceRNA networks in PD pathogenesis, focusing on microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs to increase the understanding of the disease and propose potential target identification and treatment in the early stages of PD.