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Blum L, Vincent D, Boettcher M, Knopf J. Immunological aspects of necrotizing enterocolitis models: a review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434281. [PMID: 39104529 PMCID: PMC11298363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most devasting diseases affecting preterm neonates. However, despite a lot of research, NEC's pathogenesis remains unclear. It is known that the pathogenesis is a multifactorial process, including (1) a pathological microbiome with abnormal bacterial colonization, (2) an immature immune system, (3) enteral feeding, (3) an impairment of microcirculation, and (4) possibly ischemia-reperfusion damage to the intestine. Overall, the immaturity of the mucosal barrier and the increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) within the intestinal epithelium result in an intestinal hyperinflammation reaction. Concurrently, a deficiency in counter-regulatory mediators can be seen. The sum of these processes can ultimately result in intestinal necrosis leading to very high mortality rates of the affected neonates. In the last decade no substantial advances in the treatment of NEC have been made. Thus, NEC animal models as well as in vitro models have been employed to better understand NEC's pathogenesis on a cellular and molecular level. This review will highlight the different models currently in use to study immunological aspects of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Li P, Xu T, Dang X, Shao L, Yan L, Yang X, Lin L, Ren L, Song R. Improving astaxanthin-loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide nanofiber membranes and their application in periodontitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128980. [PMID: 38151084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily driven by host inflammation and plaque-induced immune responses. Controlling the host inflammatory response and improving the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment are crucial to promoting periodontal tissue regeneration. In this study, the blended nanofiber membranes previously prepared by our research group were improved, and we developed multifunctional chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide/astaxanthin coaxial nanofiber membranes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the prepared nanofibers had a smooth surface and a uniform diameter distribution. The mechanical property test results showed that the coaxial nanofiber membranes exhibited higher tensile strength compared to the blended nanofiber membranes, which increased from 4.50 ± 0.32 and 3.70 ± 0.45 MPa to 7.12 ± 0.22 and 5.62 ± 0.79 MPa respectively. Drug release studies indicated that the "shell-core" structure of coaxial nanofibers significantly reduced the initial burst release of astaxanthin (ASTA), with only 13.49 % and 10.71 % release in the first 24 h, and drug release lasted for over a week. Animal experiments confirmed that the coaxial nanofiber membranes loaded with ASTA promoted periodontal bone defect repair while inhibiting periodontal inflammation. In conclusion, the prepared coaxial nanofiber membranes are a promising sustained-release drug system for treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Medicine Huaqiao University, No. 269 Chenghua North Road, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Xuan Dang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lu Shao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Liping Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rong Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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