Sequences of acetyl CoA carboxylase promoter for tumour necrosis factor action

Molecular cloning and characterization of P113, a mouse SNF2/SWI2-related transcription factor

A full-length cDNA encoding a 113-kDa transcription factor, named P113, was cloned from mouse preadipocyte line 30A5. P113 binds to a 7-bp consensus TNF-response element and a 30-bp fragment from mouse PAI-1 promoter (-88/-59). Sequence analysis indicates that the P113 is highly homologous to HIP116/HLTF (human) and RUSH-1alpha (rabbit). The sequence homology and the fact that P113 contains seven motifs conserved in many DNA-dependent helicases/ATPases indicate that it is a new member of the SNF2/SWI2 protein family. A cysteine-rich motif, called RING finger, was found close to the C-terminus of P113. The expression pattern of P113 mRNA in rat tissues is significantly different from that of HLTF in human tissues. Affinity-purified P113 has an ATPase activity that is activated by DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Using Northern blot analysis and the PAI-1 promoter/luciferase system, we demonstrated that P113 is a transcription factor that activates the transcription of the PAI-1 gene in 30A5 cells.

Regulation of mammalian acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase

Long-chain fatty acids are involved in all aspects of cellular structure and function. For controlling amounts of fatty acids, cells are endowed with two acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) systems. ACC-alpha is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, and ACC-beta is believed to control mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These two isoforms of ACC control the amount of fatty acids in the cells. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ACC-alpha cause enzyme inactivation and activation, respectively, and serve as the enzyme's short-term regulatory mechanism. Covalently modified enzymes become more sensitive toward cellular metabolites. In addition, many hormones and nutrients affect gene expression. The gene products formed are heterogeneous and tissue specific. The ACC-beta gene is located on human chromosome 12; the cDNA for this gene has just been cloned. The gene for the alpha-isoform is located on human chromosome 17. The catalytic core of the beta-isoform is homologous to that of the alpha-isoform, except for an additional peptide of about 150 amino acids at the N terminus. This extra peptide sequence makes the beta-form about 10,000 daltons larger, and it is thought to be involved in the unique role that has been assigned to this enzyme. The detailed control mechanisms for the beta-isoform are not known.