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Ivanina Foureau AV, Foureau DM, McHale CC, Guo F, Farhangfar CJ, Mileham KF. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition to Sensitize Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Pemetrexed: A Double-Edged Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2475. [PMID: 39001537 PMCID: PMC11240499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphosidesterases (PDEs) are key regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling, controlling many hallmarks of cancer and playing a role in resistance to chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of the anti-folate agent pemetrexed (PMX), alone or combined with biochemical inhibitors of PDE5, 8, 9, or 10, against squamous and non-squamous NCSLC cells. Genomic alterations to PDE genes (PDEmut) or PDE biochemical inhibition (PDEi) can sensitize NSCLC to PMX in vitro (observed in 50% NSCLC evaluated). The synergistic activity of PDEi with PMX required microdosing of the anti-folate drug. As single agents, none of the PDEis evaluated have anti-tumor activity. PDE biochemical inhibitors, targeting either cAMP or cGMP signaling (or both), resulted in significant cross-modulation of downstream pathways. The use of PDEi may present a new strategy to overcome PMX resistance of PDEwt NSCLC tumors but comes with important caveats, including the use of subtherapeutic PMX doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Ivanina Foureau
- Translational Research, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - David M Foureau
- Immune Monitoring Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Cody C McHale
- Molecular Targeted Therapeutics Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Fei Guo
- Immune Monitoring Core Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Carol J Farhangfar
- Translational Research, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Kathryn F Mileham
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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Mukherjee P, Bagchi A, Banerjee A, Roy H, Bhattacharya A, Biswas A, Chatterji U. PDE4 inhibitor eliminates breast cancer stem cells via noncanonical activation of mTOR. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1980-1996. [PMID: 36063486 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective cancer treatment is implicated in metastasis, recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and evasion of immune surveillance. All these failures occur due to the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) even after rigorous therapy, thereby rendering them as essential targets for cancer management. Contrary to the quiescent nature of CSCs, a gene profiler array disclosed that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), which is known to be crucial for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, was significantly upregulated in CSCs. Since PI3K is modulated by cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP), analyses of cAMP regulation revealed that breast CSCs expressed increased levels of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) in contrast to normal stem cells. In accordance, the effects of rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, were evaluated on PI3K regulators and signaling. The efficacy of rolipram was compared with paclitaxel, an anticancer drug that is ineffective in obliterating breast CSCs. Analyses of downstream signaling components revealed a switch between cell survival and death, in response to rolipram, specifically of the CSCs. Rolipram-mediated downregulation of PDE4A levels in breast CSCs led to an increase in cAMP levels and protein kinase A (PKA) expression. Subsequently, PKA-mediated upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog antagonized the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and led to cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, direct yet noncanonical activation of mTOR by PKA, circumventing the influence of PI3K and AKT, temporally shifted the fate of CSCs toward apoptosis. Rolipram in combination with paclitaxel indicated synergistic consequences, which effectively obliterated CSCs within a tumor, thereby suggesting combinatorial therapy as a sustainable and effective strategy to abrogate breast CSCs for better patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Mukherjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arka Bagchi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Himansu Roy
- Department of Surgery, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Arunima Biswas
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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3
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Bizzarri M, Giuliani A, Cucina A, Minini M. Redifferentiation therapeutic strategies in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:731-738. [PMID: 32027971 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The widely recognized problems of pharmacological strategies based on killing cancer cells demand a rethink of therapeutic approaches. Tumor reversion strategies that aim to shift cancer cells to a healthy differentiated state are a promising alternative. Although many studies have firmly demonstrated the possibility of reverting cancer to a normal differentiated state, we are still unable (with the exception of retinoic acid in a form of leukemia) to revert cancer cells to a stable differentiated healthy state. Here, we review the main biological bases of redifferentiation strategies and provide a description of the most promising research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; Systems Biology Group Lab, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni', Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni', Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Therapeutic opportunities in colon cancer: Focus on phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Life Sci 2019; 230:150-161. [PMID: 31125564 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite novel technologies, colon cancer remains undiagnosed and 25% of patients are diagnosed with metastatic colon cancer. Resistant to chemotherapeutic agents is one of the major problems associated with treating colon cancer which creates the need to develop novel agents targeting towards newer targets. A phosphodiesterase is a group of isoenzyme, which, hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides and thereby lowers intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP leading to tumorigenic effects. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed increased PDE expression in different types of cancers including colon cancer. cAMP-specific PDE inhibitors increase intracellular cAMP that leads to activation of effector molecules-cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, exchange protein activated by cAMP and cAMP gated ion channels. These molecules regulate cellular responses and exert its anticancer role through different mechanisms including apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, upregulating tumor suppressor genes and suppressing oncogenes. On the other hand, cGMP specific PDE inhibitors exhibit anticancer effects through cGMP dependent protein kinase and cGMP dependent cation channels. Elevation in cGMP works through activation of caspases, suppression of Wnt/b-catenin pathway and TCF transcription leading to inhibition of CDK and survivin. These studies point out towards the fact that PDE inhibition is associated with anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic pathways involved in its anticancer effects in colon cancer. Thus, inhibition of PDE enzymes can be used as a novel approach to treat colon cancer. This review will focus on cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways leading to tumorigenesis and the use of PDE inhibitors in colon cancer.
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2-Oxoadenosine induces cytotoxicity through intracellular accumulation of 2-oxo-ATP and depletion of ATP but not via the p38 MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6528. [PMID: 28747712 PMCID: PMC5529524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Oxoadenosine (2-oxo-Ado), an oxidized form of adenosine, is cytotoxic and induces growth arrest and cell death, which has potential as an anti-cancer drug. However, it is not well understood how 2-oxo-Ado exerts its cytotoxicity. We examined the effects of 2-oxo-Ado on non-tumour cells, namely immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast lines, and investigated mechanisms by which 2-oxo-Ado exerts its cytotoxicity. We found that cell death induced by 2-oxo-Ado is classical caspase-dependent apoptosis, and requires its sequential intracellular phosphorylation catalysed by adenosine kinase (ADK) and adenylate kinase 2, resulting in intracellular accumulation of 2-oxo-ATP accompanied by accumulation of 2-oxo-Ado in RNA and depletion of ATP. Moreover, we showed that overexpression of MTH1, an oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphatase, prevents 2-oxo-Ado-induced cytotoxicity accompanied by suppression of accumulation of both intracellular 2-oxo-ATP and 2-oxo-Ado in RNA and recovery of ATP levels. We also found that 2-oxo-Ado activates the p38 MAPK pathway. However, siRNAs against Mkk3 and Mkk6, or treatment with several p38 MAPK inhibitors, except SB203580, did not prevent the cytotoxicity. SB203580 prevented intracellular phosphorylation of 2-oxo-Ado to 2-oxo-AMP, and an in vitro ADK assay revealed that SB203580 directly inhibits ADK activity, suggesting that some of the effects of SB203580 may depend on ADK inhibition.
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Ramezani S, Hadjighassem M, Vousooghi N, Parvaresh M, Arbabi F, Amini N, Joghataei MT. The Role of Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway in Anti-Cancer Effect of Rolipram on Glioblastoma Multiforme: An In Vitro Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:325-336. [PMID: 29158883 PMCID: PMC5683690 DOI: 10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The mechanism of putative cytotoxicity of 4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-pyrrolidone (rolipram), a specific phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is almost unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the cytotoxic effect of rolipram on human GBM U87 MG cell line and Tumor-Initiating Cells (TICs) isolated from patient’s GBM specimen. Methods: TICs were characterized by using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. The cells were treated with rolipram at inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) in the presence or absence of SC79 (4μg/mL), a specific AKT activator, for 48 hours. The cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and TUNEL staining, respectively. The relative expression of Phospho-Akt (Ser473), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were detected using Western blotting. Results: The findings showed that rolipram could suppress cell viability in both U87MG and TICs, dose-dependently. Interestingly, the rolipram-induced cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in the presence of SC79. Nevertheless, in rolipram-treated cells, the pretreatment with SC79 significantly led to increase in U87 MG cells and TICs apoptosis and decrease in viability of U87 MG cells but not TICs relative to corresponding control. In U87 MG and TICs, rolipram-induced reduction of Phospho-Akt (Ser473) and MMP2 levels were significantly suppressed by SC79. Conclusion: There is a cell type-specific mechanism of anti-proliferative action of rolipram on GBM cells. The reduction of intracellular level of MMP2 but not VEGFA by rolipram is conducted through the inhibition of Akt signal. Rolipram-induced apoptosis is mediated via Akt dependent/independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramezani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Parvaresh
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Arbabi
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Naser Amini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Pawlikowska M, Jędrzejewski T, Piotrowski J, Kozak W. Fever-range hyperthermia inhibits cells immune response to protein-bound polysaccharides derived from Coriolus versicolor extract. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:50-57. [PMID: 27825050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore whether fever-range hyperthermia (FRH) might enhance the anticancer and immunoregulatory activities of protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP), a class of fungus derived immunomodifiers used in the cancer adjuvant therapy. Blood lymphocytes and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were cultured at 39.5°C in humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 for 2h. After rested at 37°C for 6h, the cells were treated with PBP extract at 100- and 300μg/ml concentration. After indicated time, the proliferative response was analyzed and cytokine mRNA expression assessment was performed by qRT-PCR. In animal model, the FRH was induced by placing rats in the Homeothermic Controller with heating blanket. Animals were heated until Tb reached 39.5°C (±0.2°C) and were maintained at this temperature for 30min. The protein-bound polysaccharides solution was injected i.p. at a dose of 100 mg/kg 6h post FRH. Twenty four hours after treatment, the blood was collected and cytokines expression analysis were performed. The results have shown that fever-range hyperthermia has an inhibitory effect on PBP extract-induced proliferative response of blood lymphocytes, as well as IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression. Moreover, the temperature of 39.5°C blocks PBP-induced cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, which correlates with significant reduction in TNF-α level. Combined treatment of rats (FRH+PBP) results in decrease of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to cells derived from rats treated with protein-bound polysaccharides extract alone. This study demonstrates that fever-range temperature inhibits immunostimulatory as well as anticancer effects mediated by protein-bound polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Jakub Piotrowski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Kozak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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9
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Dicitore A, Grassi ES, Caraglia M, Borghi MO, Gaudenzi G, Hofland LJ, Persani L, Vitale G. The cAMP analogs have potent anti-proliferative effects on medullary thyroid cancer cell lines. Endocrine 2016; 51:101-12. [PMID: 25863490 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic activation of the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene has a main role in the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Several lines of evidence suggest that RET function could be influenced by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We evaluated the in vitro anti-tumor activity of 8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) and PKA type I-selective cAMP analogs [equimolar combination of the 8-piperidinoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-PIP-cAMP) and 8-hexylaminoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-HA-cAMP) in MTC cell lines (TT and MZ-CRC-1)]. 8-Cl-cAMP and the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs showed a potent anti-proliferative effect in both cell lines. In detail, 8-Cl-cAMP blocked significantly the transition of TT cell population from G2/M to G0/G1 phase and from G0/G1 to S phase and of MZ-CRC-1 cells from G0/G1 to S phase. Moreover, 8-Cl-cAMP induced apoptosis in both cell lines, as demonstrated by FACS analysis for annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide, the activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. On the other hand, the only effect induced by PKA I-selective cAMP analogs was a delay in G0/G1-S and S-G2/M progression in TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells, respectively. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that cAMP analogs, particularly 8-Cl-cAMP, significantly suppress in vitro MTC proliferation and provide rationale for a potential clinical use of cAMP analogs in the treatment of advanced MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, 20095, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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SHC1 sensitizes cancer cells to the 8-Cl-cAMP treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:673-8. [PMID: 26043699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Chloro-cyclic AMP (8-Cl-cAMP) is a cyclic AMP analog that induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in a broad spectrum of cancer cells. Previously, we found that 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition is mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). To identify downstream mediators of the 8-Cl-cAMP signaling, we performed co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry using the anti-AMPK or p38 MAPK antibodies. Through this approach, SHC1 was identified as one of the binding partners of p38 MAPK. SHC1 phosphorylation was suppressed by 8-Cl-cAMP in HeLa and MCF7 cancer cells, which was mediated by its metabolites, 8-Cl-adenosine and 8-Cl-ATP; however, 8-Cl-cAMP showed no effect on SHC1 phosphorylation in normal human fibroblasts. SHC1 siRNA induced AMPK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and growth inhibition in cancer cells, and SHC1 overexpression re-sensitized human foreskin fibroblasts to the 8-Cl-cAMP treatment. SHC1 phosphorylation was unaffected by Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), which suggests that SHC1 is upstream of AMPK and p38 MAPK in the 8-Cl-cAMP-stimulated signaling cascade. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that SHC1 functions as a sensor during the 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition in SHC1-overexpressing cancer cells.
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11
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The role of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways in cancer: targets for prevention and treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:436-58. [PMID: 24577242 PMCID: PMC3980602 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than four decades, the cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) have been recognized as important signaling molecules within cells. Under normal physiological conditions, cyclic nucleotides regulate a myriad of biological processes such as cell growth and adhesion, energy homeostasis, neuronal signaling, and muscle relaxation. In addition, altered cyclic nucleotide signaling has been observed in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. While the distinct molecular alterations responsible for these effects vary depending on the specific cancer type, several studies have demonstrated that activation of cyclic nucleotide signaling through one of three mechanisms-induction of cyclic nucleotide synthesis, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide degradation, or activation of cyclic nucleotide receptors-is sufficient to inhibit proliferation and activate apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. These findings suggest that targeting cyclic nucleotide signaling can provide a strategy for the discovery of novel agents for the prevention and/or treatment of selected cancers.
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Han YY, Zhou Z, Cao JX, Jin YQ, Li SY, Ni JH, An GS, Zhang YX, Jia HT. E2F1-mediated DNA damage is implicated in 8-Cl-adenosine-induced chromosome missegregation and apoptosis in human lung cancer H1299 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:187-96. [PMID: 24037421 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although E2F1-mediated DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and tetraploid have been extensively studied, the role of E2F1 in mitotic catastrophe is still unknown. We have previously shown that 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) induces DNA DSBs and aberrant mitosis in human lung cancer cells, followed by delayed apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that E2F1-mediated DNA damage is implicated in 8-Cl-Ado-induced chromosome missegregation and apoptosis in lung cancer H1299 cells. We showed that E2F1 was accumulated upon 8-Cl-Ado-induced DNA DSBs. Induction of E2F1 by 8-Cl-Ado caused DNA damage in cycling cells including M cells. In contrast, silencing of E2F1 expression decreased 8-Cl-Ado-induced DNA DSBs, particularly eliminated E2F1-mediated mitotic DNA damage. Over-expression of E2F1 and/or 8-Cl-Ado exposure resulted in aberrant mitotic spindles and chromosome segregation errors. Furthermore, over-expression of E2F1 expression enhanced 8-Cl-Ado-induced apoptosis. Together, our data indicate that E2F1-mediated DNA damage, in particular mitotic DNA damage, is an important fraction of 8-Cl-Ado-induced DNA damage, which is implicated in 8-Cl-Ado-induced mitotic catastrophe and delayed apoptosis. Induction of E2F1 by 8-Cl-Ado may contribute at least partly to the drug-inhibited proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University, You An Men 8, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
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13
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Choi KY, Ahn YH, Ahn HW, Cho YJ, Hong SH. Involvement of Akt2/protein kinase B β (PKBβ) in the 8-Cl-cAMP-induced cancer cell growth inhibition. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:890-902. [PMID: 23018889 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-chloro-cyclic AMP (8-Cl-cAMP), which induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in various cancer cells, has been investigated as a putative anti-cancer drug. However, the exact mechanism of 8-Cl-cAMP functioning in cancer cells is not fully understood. Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) genes (Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3) encode enzymes belonging to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family. It has been suggested that Akt/PKB enhances cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis. Recently, we showed that 8-Cl-cAMP and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) inhibited cancer cell growth through the activation of AMPK and p38 MAPK. Therefore, we anticipated that the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB would be decreased upon treatment with 8-Cl-cAMP. However, treatment with 8-Cl-cAMP and AICAR induced the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, which was inhibited by ABT702 (an adenosine kinase inhibitor) and NBTI (an adenosine transporter inhibitor). Furthermore, whereas Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), AMPK-DN (AMPK-dominant negative) mutant, and SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) did not block the 8-Cl-cAMP-induced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, TCN (an Akt1/2/3 specific inhibitor) and an Akt2/PKBβ-targeted siRNA inhibited the 8-Cl-cAMP- and AICAR-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK. TCN also reversed the growth inhibition mediated by 8-Cl-cAMP and AICAR. Moreover, an Akt1/PKBα-targeted siRNA did not reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK after treatment with 8-Cl-cAMP. These results suggest that Akt2/PKBβ activation promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK during the 8-Cl-cAMP- and AICAR-induced growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Hirahara N, Edamatsu T, Fujieda A, Fujioka M, Wada T, Tajima Y. Protein-bound polysaccharide-K induces apoptosis via mitochondria and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways in HL-60 promyelomonocytic leukemia cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:99-104. [PMID: 23604455 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is extracted from Coriolus versicolor (CM101). PSK is a biological response modifier (BRM), and its mechanism of action is partly mediated by modulating host immune systems; however, recent studies showed antiproliferative activity of PSK. Therefore, we examined the mechanism underlying the antiproliferative activity of PSK using seven different human malignant cell lines (WiDr, HT29, SW480, KATOIII, AGS, HL-60 and U937), and PSK was found to inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells most profoundly. Therefore, HL-60 cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of the antiproliferative activity. Western blotting was performed to detect phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, was used to examine the roles in PSK-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition. Flow cytometry was performed for mitochondrial membrane potential detection. PSK activated caspase-3 and induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Co-treatment with SB203580 blocked PSK-induced apoptosis, caspase-3 activation and growth inhibition. PSK induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. The depolarization of mitochondria induced by PSK was reversed by co-treatment with SB203580. The present study revealed that PSK induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells via a mitochondrial and p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hirahara
- Department of Digestive and General Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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15
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Duan HY, Cao JX, Qi JJ, Wu GS, Li SY, An GS, Jia HT, Cai WW, Ni JH. E2F1 enhances 8-chloro-adenosine-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:261-9. [PMID: 22803943 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The E2F1 transcription factor is a well known regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its role in response to DNA damage is less clear. 8-Chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado), a nucleoside analog, can inhibit proliferation in a variety of human tumor cells. However, it is still elusive how the agent acts on tumors. Here we show that A549 and H1299 cells formed DNA double-strand breaks after 8-Cl-Ado exposure, accompanied by E2F1 upregulation at protein level. Overexpressed wild-type (E2F1-wt) colocalized with double-strand break marker γ-H2AX and promoted G2/M arrest in 8-Cl-Ado-exposed A549 and H1299, while expressed S31A mutant of E2F1 (E2F1-mu) significantly reduced ability to accumulate at sites of DNA damage and G2/M arrest, suggesting that E2F1 is required for activating G2/M checkpoint pathway upon DNA damage. Transfection of either E2F1-wt or E2F1-mu plasmid promoted apoptosis in 8-Cl-Ado-exposed cells, indicating that 8-Cl-Ado may induce apoptosis in E2F1-dependent and E2F1-independent ways. These findings demonstrate that E2F1 plays a crucial role in 8-Cl-Ado-induced G2/M arrest but is dispensable for 8-Cl-Ado-induced apoptosis. These data also suggest that the mechanism of 8-Cl-Ado action is complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
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16
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Cheng YM, Zhu Q, Yao YY, Tang Y, Wang MM, Zou LF. 8-Chloroadenosine 3',5'-monophosphate induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through multiple mechanisms. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:1384-1388. [PMID: 23226809 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of 8-chloroadenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) in the inhibition of the growth and induction of apoptosis of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Two MM-derived cell lines, RPMI-8226 and U266, were used. Cell viability, apoptosis induction and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were determined and the expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins (Cdk2, cyclin E, p27 and c-myc) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein were detected. Following treatment with 8-Cl-cAMP, the percentage of apoptotic cells increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapsed to reveal typical apoptotic features. Our data further demonstrated that 8-Cl-cAMP induced progressive phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and that the expression levels of p27 proteins in the MM cells were increased whereas those of c-myc were significantly decreased. Notably, the proapoptotic effect of 8-Cl-cAMP was largely prevented by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Furthermore, knockdown of p27 was able to decrease the 8-Cl-cAMP-induced apoptosis in the MM cells. These results indicate that 8-Cl-cAMP induced p27-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the MM cells, which demonstrates the potential of cAMP-modulating agents for use in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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17
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Zhang H, Chen GG, Zhang Z, Chun S, Leung BCS, Lai PBS. Induction of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by SB203580 requires activation of AMPK and DAPK but not p38 MAPK. Apoptosis 2012; 17:325-34. [PMID: 22170404 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SB203580 is a well-known inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, it can suppress cell proliferation in a p38 MAPK independent manner. The inhibitory mechanism remains unknown. Here, we showed that SB203580 induced autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. SB203580 increased GFP-LC3-positive cells with GFP-LC3 dots, induced accumulation of autophagosomes, and elevated the levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 and Beclin 1. It stimulated the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p53, but inhibited the phosphorylation of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK). Inhibition of AMPK, p53, or DAPK attenuated SB203580-induced autophagy. AMPK activation appeared to predate the DAPK signal. The activation of both AMPK and DAPK prompted the phosphorylation of p53 and enhanced Beclin 1 expression. Neither the downregulation of p38 MAPK by its siRNA or chemical inhibitor nor the upregulation of p38 MAPK by p38 MAPK DNA transfection affected B203580-induced autophagy. Collectively, the findings demonstrate a novel function of SB203580 to induce autophagy via activating AMPK and DAPK but independent of p38 MAPK. The induction of autophagy can thus account for the antiproliferative effect of SB203580 in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, China
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18
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Pigazzi M, Manara E, Beghin A, Baron E, Tregnago C, Basso G. ICER evokes Dusp1-p38 pathway enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity in myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:742-52. [PMID: 21325296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The inducible cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) early repressor (ICER) is found downregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), failing to control cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) transcriptional activity, recently demonstrated to mediate AML progression. We aimed to characterize ICER's role in drug sensitivity by treating myeloid cell lines and primary AML with chemotherapics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects on CREB target genes induced by ICER restoration and drug treatment were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were performed. Possible ICER-evoked pathways were investigated in vitro. The mechanism involved in enhanced drug sensitivity was described in primary AML cultures by silencing ICER main target genes. RESULTS AML cell lines reduced cell growth and enhanced apoptotic behavior after chemotherapy treatment if ICER was expressed. A significantly lowered expression of CREB target genes involved in cell cycle control (CyA1, B1, D1), and in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway (ERK, AKT, DUSP1/4), was found after Etoposide treatment. The dual-specificity phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP4, directly repressed by ICER, activated the p38 pathway, which triggered enhanced caspase-dependent apoptosis. The silencing of DUSP1/4 in HL60 confirmed the same enhanced drug sensitivity induced by ICER. Primary AML cultures, silenced for DUSP1 as well as restored of ICER expression, showed DUSP1 downregulation and p38 activation. CONCLUSION ICER mediates chemotherapy anticancer activity through DUSP1-p38 pathway activation and drives the cell program from survival to apoptosis. ICER restoration or DUSP1 inhibition might be possible strategies to sensitize AML cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy and to inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pigazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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19
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8-Chloro-cyclic AMP and protein kinase A I-selective cyclic AMP analogs inhibit cancer cell growth through different mechanisms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20785. [PMID: 21695205 PMCID: PMC3112188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) inhibits the proliferation of several tumor cells. We previously reported an antiproliferative effect of PKA I-selective cAMP analogs (8-PIP-cAMP and 8-HA-cAMP) on two human cancer cell lines of different origin. 8-Cl-cAMP, another cAMP analog with known antiproliferative properties, has been investigated as a potential anticancer drug. Here, we compared the antiproliferative effect of 8-Cl-cAMP and the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs in three human cancer cell lines (ARO, NPA and WRO). 8-Cl-cAMP and the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs had similarly potent antiproliferative effects on the BRAF-positive ARO and NPA cells, but not on the BRAF-negative WRO cells, in which only 8-Cl-cAMP consistently inhibited cell growth. While treatment with the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs was associated with growth arrest, 8-Cl-cAMP induced apoptosis. To further investigate the actions of 8-Cl-cAMP and the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs, we analyzed their effects on signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs, but not 8-Cl-cAMP, inhibited ERK phosphorylation, whereas 8-Cl-cAMP alone induced a progressive phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), via activation of AMPK by its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine. Importantly, the pro-apoptotic effect of 8-Cl-cAMP could be largely prevented by pharmacological inhibition of the p38 MAPK. Altogether, these data suggest that 8-Cl-cAMP and the PKA I-selective cAMP analogs, though of comparable antiproliferative potency, act through different mechanisms. PKA I-selective cAMP analogs induce growth arrest in cells carrying the BRAF oncogene, whereas 8-Cl-cAMP induce apoptosis, apparently through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway.
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20
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Ligumsky H, Wolf I, Israeli S, Haimsohn M, Ferber S, Karasik A, Kaufman B, Rubinek T. The peptide-hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 activates cAMP and inhibits growth of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:449-61. [PMID: 21638053 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is secreted from intestinal L cells in response to food intake, and promotes insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Reduced GLP-1 levels are observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with reduced insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. GLP-1 mediates its activities through activation of a G-protein coupled receptor, which is expressed in the pancreas, as well as other tissues. Long-acting GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, such as exendin-4, are currently approved for the treatment of T2DM. As obesity and T2DM are associated with increased risk of breast cancer, we aimed to explore the effects of GLP-1 and exendin-4, on breast cancer cells. Treatment with GLP-1 or exendin-4 reduced viability and enhanced apoptosis of breast cancer cells but did not affect viability of nontumorigenic cells. Moreover, exendin-4 attenuated tumor formation by breast cancer cells in athymic mice. Treatment with either GLP-1 or exendin-4 elevated cAMP levels, activated the down-stream target CREB, and enhanced CRE promoter transcription, in breast cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of exendin-4-induced adenylate cyclase activation restored cell viability, thus suggesting cAMP as a principle mediator of exendin-4 anti-tumorigenic activity. While the pancreatic form of the GLP-1R could not be detected in breast cancer cells, several lines of evidence indicated the existence of an alternative GLP-1R in mammary cells. Thus, internalization of GLP-1 into MCF-7 cells was evidenced, infection of MCF-7 cells with the pancreatic receptor enhanced proliferation, and treatment with exendin-(9-39), a GLP-1R antagonist, further increased cAMP levels. Our studies indicate the incretin hormone GLP-1 as a potent inducer of cAMP and an inhibitor of breast cancer cell proliferation. Reduced GLP-1 levels may, therefore, serve as a novel link between obesity, diabetes mellitus, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Ligumsky
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Ramat-Gan, Israel
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21
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Sengupta R, Sun T, Warrington NM, Rubin JB. Treating brain tumors with PDE4 inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:337-44. [PMID: 21450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Speculation regarding dysregulation of cAMP metabolism in oncogenesis has existed since the discovery of cAMP more than 50 years ago. Recent data confirm the relevance of disordered cAMP metabolism to the genesis of multiple cancers and suggest that the mechanism might involve altered expression and activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These discoveries coincide with the rapid development and clinical evaluation of PDE inhibitors for non-cancer indications. Thus, the time is ripe to evaluate PDE inhibitors as cancer chemotherapeutics. Here we highlight recent evidence that abnormal regulation of cAMP levels might be a determinant of brain tumorigenesis and that altered PDE expression is one the mechanisms of its dysregulation. Recent preclinical and clinical experience with inhibitors of PDE4 indicates that this might be a promising approach to brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sengupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Ave, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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22
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Abstract
8-Aminoadenosine (8-NH(2)-Ado), a ribosyl nucleoside analog, in preclinical models of multiple myeloma inhibits phosphorylation of proteins in multiple growth and survival pathways, including Akt. Given that Akt controls the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), we hypothesized that 8-NH(2)-Ado would be active in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a hematological malignancy clinically responsive to mTOR inhibitors. In the current study, the preclinical efficacy of 8-NH(2)-Ado and its resulting effects on Akt/mTOR and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signaling were evaluated using 4 MCL cell lines, primary MCL cells, and normal lymphocytes from healthy donors. For all MCL cell lines, 8-NH(2)-Ado inhibited growth and promoted cell death as shown by reduction of thymidine incorporation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage. The efficacy of 8-NH(2)-Ado was highly associated with intracellular accumulation of 8-NH(2)-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and loss of endogenous ATP. Formation of 8-NH(2)-ATP was also associated with inhibition of transcription and translation accompanied by loss of phosphorylated (p-)Akt, p-mTOR, p-Erk1/2, p-phosphoprotein (p)38, p-S6, and p-4E-binding protein 1. While normal lymphocytes accumulated 8-NH(2)-ATP but maintained their viability with 8-NH(2)-Ado treatment, primary lymphoma cells accumulated higher concentrations of 8-NH(2)-ATP, had increased loss of ATP, and underwent apoptosis. We conclude that 8-NH(2)-Ado is efficacious in preclinical models of MCL and inhibits signaling of Akt/mTOR and Erk pathways.
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23
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Warrington NM, Gianino SM, Jackson E, Goldhoff P, Garbow JR, Piwnica-Worms D, Gutmann DH, Rubin JB. Cyclic AMP suppression is sufficient to induce gliomagenesis in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis-1. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5717-27. [PMID: 20551058 PMCID: PMC2905483 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current models of oncogenesis incorporate the contributions of chronic inflammation and aging to the patterns of tumor formation. These oncogenic pathways, involving leukocytes and fibroblasts, are not readily applicable to brain tumors (glioma), and other mechanisms must account for microenvironmental influences on central nervous system tumorigenesis. Previous studies from our laboratories have used neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models to understand the spatial restriction of glioma formation to the optic pathway of young children. Based on our initial findings, we hypothesize that brain region-specific differences in cAMP levels account for the pattern of NF1 gliomagenesis. To provide evidence that low levels of cAMP promote glioma formation in NF1, we generated foci of decreased cAMP in brain regions where gliomas rarely form in children with NF1. Focal cAMP reduction was achieved by forced expression of phosphodiesterase 4A1 (PDE4A1) in the cortex of Nf1 GEM strains. Ectopic PDE4A1 expression produced hypercellular lesions with features of human NF1-associated glioma. Conversely, pharmacologic elevation of cAMP with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram dramatically inhibited optic glioma growth and tumor size in Nf1 GEM in vivo. Together, these results indicate that low levels of cAMP in a susceptible Nf1 mouse strain are sufficient to promote gliomagenesis, and justify the implementation of cAMP-based stroma-targeted therapies for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Warrington
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Scott M. Gianino
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Erin Jackson
- Department of Molecular Imaging Center, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Patricia Goldhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Department of Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Molecular Imaging Center, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David H. Gutmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Joshua B. Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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24
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Tinsley HN, Gary BD, Keeton AB, Zhang W, Abadi AH, Reynolds RC, Piazza GA. Sulindac sulfide selectively inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human breast tumor cells by phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition, elevation of cyclic GMP, and activation of protein kinase G. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 8:3331-40. [PMID: 19996273 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulindac displays promising antineoplastic activity, but toxicities from cyclooxygenase inhibition limit its use for chemoprevention. Previous reports suggest that its anticancer properties may be attributed to a cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism, although alternative targets have not been well defined. Here, we show that sulindac sulfide (SS) induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of human breast tumor cells with IC50 values of 60 to 85 micromol/L. Within the same concentration range, SS inhibited cyclic GMP (cGMP) hydrolysis in tumor cell lysates but did not affect cyclic AMP hydrolysis. SS did not induce apoptosis of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) nor did it inhibit phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in HMEC lysates. SS increased intracellular cGMP levels and activated protein kinase G in breast tumor cells but not HMEC. The guanylyl cyclase (GC) activator, NOR-3, and cGMP PDE inhibitors, trequinsin and MY5445, displayed similar growth-inhibitory activity as SS, but the adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, and other PDE inhibitors had no effect. Moreover, GC activation increased the sensitivity of tumor cells to SS, whereas GC inhibition reduced sensitivity. By comparing PDE isozyme profiles in breast tumor cells with HMEC and determining the sensitivity of recombinant PDE isozymes to SS, PDE5 was found to be overexpressed in breast tumor cells and selectively inhibited by SS. The mechanism of SS binding to the catalytic domain of PDE5 was revealed by molecular modeling. These data suggest that PDE5 inhibition is responsible for the breast tumor cell growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activity of SS and may contribute to the chemopreventive properties of sulindac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Tinsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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25
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Han JH, Ahn YH, Choi KY, Hong SH. Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:104-12. [PMID: 18756496 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
8-Cl-cAMP (8-chloro-cyclic AMP), which induces differentiation, growth inhibition and apoptosis in various cancer cells, has been investigated as a putative anti-cancer drug. Although we reported that 8-Cl-cAMP induces growth inhibition via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and a metabolite of 8-Cl-cAMP, 8-Cl-adenosine mediates this process, the action mechanism of 8-Cl-cAMP is still uncertain. In this study, it was found that 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition is mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). 8-Cl-cAMP was shown to activate AMPK, which was also dependent on the metabolic degradation of 8-Cl-cAMP. A potent agonist of AMPK, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) could also induce growth inhibition and apoptosis. To further delineate the role of AMPK in 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis, we used two approaches: pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme with compound C and expression of a dominant negative mutant (a kinase-dead form of AMPKalpha2, KD-AMPK). AICAR was able to activate p38 MAPK and pre-treatment with AMPK inhibitor or expression of KD-AMPK blocked this p38 MAPK activation. Cell growth inhibition was also attenuated. Furthermore, p38 MAPK inhibitor attenuated 8-Cl-cAMP- or AICAR-induced growth inhibition but had no effect on AMPK activation. These results demonstrate that 8-Cl-cAMP induced growth inhibition through AMPK activation and p38 MAPK acts downstream of AMPK in this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hae Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Jia XZ, Yang SY, Zhou J, Li SY, Ni JH, An GS, Jia HT. Inhibition of CHK1 kinase by Gö6976 converts 8-chloro-adenosine-induced G2/M arrest into S arrest in human myelocytic leukemia K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:770-80. [PMID: 19059218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
8-Chloro-cAMP (8-Cl-cAMP) and its metabolite 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) inhibit cell growth by 8-Cl-Ado-converted 8-Cl-ATP that targets cell-cycle control and RNA metabolism. However, the cell-cycle checkpoint pathways remain to be identified. Recent studies have shown that 8-Cl-cAMP administration and 8-Cl-Ado exposure may damage chromosomal DNA in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate that 8-Cl-Ado-induced DNA damage activates G2/M phase checkpoint, which is associated with ATM-activated CHK1-CDC25C-CDC2 pathway joined by BRCA1-CHK1 branch in apoptosis-resistant human myelocytic leukemia K562 (p53-null) cells. Inhibition of CHK1 kinase by Gö6976, an inhibitor of CHK1 activity, can promote DNA damage and lead to the activation of CHK2, converting G2/M checkpoint into intra-S-phase checkpoint in which two parallel branches, the ATM-CHK2-CDC25A-CDK2 and the ATM-NBS1/SMC1 cascades, are involved. These observations may provide aid in better understanding of the mechanisms of 8-Cl-cAMP and 8-Cl-Ado actions and in potential design of the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Yang SY, Jia XZ, Feng LY, Li SY, An GS, Ni JH, Jia HT. Inhibition of topoisomerase II by 8-chloro-adenosine triphosphate induces DNA double-stranded breaks in 8-chloro-adenosine-exposed human myelocytic leukemia K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:433-43. [PMID: 19014910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
8-Chloro-cAMP and 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) are known to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells by converting 8-Cl-Ado into an ATP analog, 8-chloro-ATP (8-Cl-ATP). Because type II topoisomerases (Topo II) are ATP-dependent, we infer that 8-Cl-Ado exposure might interfere with Topo II activities and DNA metabolism in cells. We found that 8-Cl-Ado exposure inhibited Topo II-catalytic activities in K562 cells, as revealed by decreased relaxation of the supercoiled pUC19 DNA and inhibited decatenation of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). In vitro assays showed that 8-Cl-ATP, but not 8-Cl-Ado, could directly inhibit Topo IIalpha-catalyzed relaxation and decatenation of substrate DNA. Furthermore, 8-Cl-ATP inhibited Topo II-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis and increased salt-stabilized closed clamp. In addition, 8-Cl-Ado exposure decreased bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into DNA and led to enhanced DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and to increased formation of gamma-H2AX nuclear foci in exposed K562 cells. Together, 8-Cl-Ado/8-Cl-ATP can inhibit Topo II activities in cells, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing DNA DSBs, which may contribute to 8-Cl-Ado-inhibited proliferation of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100083, PR China
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The combination of gamma ionizing radiation and 8-Cl-cAMP induces synergistic cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2007; 26:309-17. [PMID: 18060599 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and cytotoxic potential of the nucleotide analog 8-Cl-cAMP was tested in PC-3 and DU145 metastatic human prostate cancer cells. The drug was examined as the only therapeutic agent and in combination with ionizing irradiation (IR). Highly synergistic effects of IR and 8-Cl-cAMP were observed in both cell lines when examined by the MTT viability and BrdU proliferation assays. The combination of IR and 8-Cl-cAMP at clinically relevant doses exerted substantial growth inhibition. The combination of IR and 8-Cl-cAMP caused a significant disturbance in the distribution of cell cycle phases. Cell cycle arrest in the sub-G0/G1 phase predominated in both cell lines. The most striking observation was a significant increase in apoptotic PC-3 and DU145 cells. The DU145 cells were three times more sensitive to the combined treatment than PC-3 cells. The initial resistance to IR-induced apoptosis in these p53-deficient prostate cancer cell lines was overcome through an alternative proapoptotic pathway induced by 8-Cl-cAMP. Considering the low effective doses of treatments, improved tumor eradication rates and minimal undesirable side effects, the combination of IR and 8-Cl-cAMP could be the therapy of choice in treating prostate cancer.
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Abstract
G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks. The four classes of G proteins, defined by the G(s), G(i), G(q) and G(12) families, regulate ERK1/2, JNK, p38MAPK, ERK5 and ERK6 modules by different mechanisms. The alpha- as well as betagamma-subunits are involved in the regulation of these MAPK modules in a context-specific manner. While the alpha- and betagamma-subunits primarily regulate the MAPK pathways via their respective effector-mediated signaling pathways, recent studies have unraveled several novel signaling intermediates including receptor tyrosine kinases and small GTPases through which these G-protein subunits positively as well as negatively regulate specific MAPK modules. Multiple mechanisms together with specific scaffold proteins that can link G-protein-coupled receptors or G proteins to distinct MAPK modules contribute to the context-specific and spatio-temporal regulation of mitogen-activated protein signaling networks by G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Goldsmith
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Ahn YH, Han JH, Hong SH. Rap1 and p38 MAPK mediate 8-chloro-cAMP-induced growth inhibition in mouse fibroblast DT cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:1039-45. [PMID: 16972264 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
8-Cl-cAMP, which is known to induce differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in various cancer cells, has been investigated as a putative anti-cancer drug. Previously, we reported that 8-Cl-cAMP and its metabolite 8-Cl-adenosine induce growth inhibition and apoptosis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. To further investigate the signal mechanisms that regulate the cellular effects of 8-Cl-cAMP, we focused on a small GTPase Rap1 that is known to be involved in growth inhibition and reverse-transformation. 8-Cl-cAMP and 8-Cl-adenosine could increase Rap1 activity, which was blocked by ABT702-an adenosine kinase inhibitor. This suggests that 8-Cl-cAMP-induced Rap1 activation is also dependent on the metabolic degradation of 8-Cl-cAMP. Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant form of Rap1 (Rap1V12) attenuated cellular growth and soft-agar colony formation, which was basically the same effect as that observed with the 8-Cl-cAMP treatment. Furthermore, the Rap1V12 transfectant showed a high level of p38 MAPK activation. However, 8-Cl-cAMP-induced Rap1 activation was not diminished by SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, suggesting that Rap1 activation might act upstream of p38 MAPK activation during 8-Cl-cAMP-induced growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Ahn
- School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lu D, Chen J, Hai T. The regulation of ATF3 gene expression by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Biochem J 2007; 401:559-67. [PMID: 17014422 PMCID: PMC1820813 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) gene encodes a member of the ATF/CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) family of transcription factors. Its expression is induced by a wide range of signals, including stress signals and signals that promote cell proliferation and motility. Thus the ATF3 gene can be characterized as an 'adaptive response' gene for the cells to cope with extra- and/or intra-cellular changes. In the present study, we demonstrate that the p38 signalling pathway is involved in the induction of ATF3 by stress signals. Ectopic expression of CA (constitutively active) MKK6 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinase 6], a kinase upstream of p38, indicated that activation of the p38 pathway is sufficient to induce the expression of the ATF3 gene. Inhibition of the pathway indicated that the p38 pathway is necessary for various signals to induce ATF3, including anisomycin, IL-1beta (interleukin 1beta), TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha) and H2O2. Analysis of the endogenous ATF3 gene indicates that the regulation is at least in part at the transcription level. Specifically, CREB, a transcription factor known to be phosphorylated by p38, plays a role in this induction. Interestingly, the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)/SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways are neither necessary nor sufficient to induce ATF3 in the anisomycin stress paradigm. Furthermore, analysis of caspase 3 activation indicated that knocking down ATF3 reduced the ability of MKK6(CA) to exert its pro-apoptotic effect. Taken together, our results indicate that a major signalling pathway, the p38 pathway, plays a critical role in the induction of ATF3 by stress signals, and that ATF3 is functionally important to mediate the pro-apoptotic effects of p38.
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Key Words
- activating transcription factor 3 (atf3)
- mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk)
- mapk kinase (mkk)
- p38
- stress kinase
- stress response
- atf, activating transcription factor
- c/ebp, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein
- ca, constitutively active
- chop10, c/ebp-homologous protein 10
- cre, camp-response element
- creb, cre-binding protein
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- dn, dominant negative
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- gadd153, growth-arrest and dna-damage-inducible protein 153
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- ha, haemagglutinin
- hek-293 cells, human embryonic kidney 293 cells
- il-1β, interleukin 1β
- ip–kinase, immunoprecipitation coupled with kinase
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mek1, mapk/erk kinase 1
- mkk, mapk kinase
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- rt, reverse transcriptase
- sapk, stress-activated protein kinase
- shrna, small-hairpin rna
- teto, tet operator
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β
- tnfα, tumour necrosis factor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Jingchun Chen
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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Morjaria S, Deleuze-Masquefa C, Lafont V, Gayraud S, Bompart J, Bonnet PA, Dornand J. Impairment of TNF-alpha production and action by imidazo[1,2- alpha] quinoxalines, a derivative family which displays potential anti-inflammatory properties. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:525-38. [PMID: 17026837 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we analysed the synthesis and properties of a series of imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines designed in our laboratory as possible imiquimod analogues. We found that these imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines were in fact potent inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 enzymes (PDE4). PDE4 inhibition normally results in an increase in intracellular cAMP which, in PBMC, induces the suppression of TNF-alpha mRNA transcription and thus cytokine synthesis. Such an effect is antagonistic to that of imiquimod. Furthermore, some TNF-alpha-induced activity, such as cell apoptosis which is dependent on the intracellular cAMP levels might also be affected. Therefore, by counteracting the properties of TNF-alpha and/or its production, the imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines could be considered as potential anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study was performed to confirm or refute this hypothesis. For this, we characterized the effects of imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines both on TNF-alpha activity and synthesis in regard to their ability to act as inhibitors of PDE4 (IPDE4). We found that the imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines dose-dependently prevented the TNF-alpha-triggered death of L929 cells, with the 8-series (-NHCH3 in R4) being the most potent. Moreover, when the effect of the 8-series on TNF-alpha production was investigated using gamma9delta2 T cells, it was observed that these compounds impaired the TCR:CD3-triggered TNF-alpha production. Structure-activity analysis revealed that these properties of the drugs did not coincide with their IPDE4 properties. This prompted further exploration into other signalling mechanisms possibly involved in TNF-alpha action and production, notably the p38 MAPK and the PI3K pathway. We demonstrate here that the imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines targeted these pathways in a different way: they activated the p38 MAPK pathway whilst inhibiting the PI3K pathway. Such effects on cell signalling could account for the imidazo[1,2-alpha]quinoxalines effects on 1) action and 2) production of TNF-alpha, which define these drugs as potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morjaria
- INSERM U431, University of Montpellier, France
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Fryknäs M, Rickardson L, Wickström M, Dhar S, Lövborg H, Gullbo J, Nygren P, Gustafsson MG, Isaksson A, Larsson R. Phenotype-based screening of mechanistically annotated compounds in combination with gene expression and pathway analysis identifies candidate drug targets in a human squamous carcinoma cell model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:457-68. [PMID: 16928983 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106288048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The squamous cell carcinoma HeLa cell line and an epithelial cell line hTERT-RPE with a nonmalignant phenotype were interrogated for HeLa cell selectivity in response to 1267 annotated compounds representing 56 pharmacological classes. Selective cytotoxic activity was observed for 14 of these compounds dominated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, which tended to span a representation of the chemical descriptor space of the library. The PDE inhibitors induced delayed cell death with features compatible with classical apoptosis. The PDE inhibitors were largely inactive when tested against a cell line panel consisting of hematological and nonsquamous epithelial phenotypes. In a genome-wide DNA microarray analysis, PDE3A and PDE2A were found to be significantly increased in HeLa cells compared to the other cell lines. The pathway analysis software PathwayAssist was subsequently used to extract a list of proteins and small molecules retrieved from Medline abstracts associated with the hit compounds. The resulting list consisted of major parts of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway linking to ERK, P38, and AKT. This molecular network may provide a basis for further exploitation of novel candidate targets for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhou Y, Wang Q, Evers BM, Chung DH. Oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis is mediated by p38 MAPK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:860-5. [PMID: 17034759 PMCID: PMC2708970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Free oxygen radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants. The stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been implicated in gut injury. Here, we found that phosphorylated p38 was detected primarily in the villus tips of normal intestine, whereas it was expressed in the entire mucosa in NEC. H(2)O(2) treatment resulted in a rapid phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and subsequent apoptosis of rat intestinal epithelial (RIE)-1 cells; this induction was attenuated by treatment with SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, or transfection with p38alpha siRNA. Moreover, SB203580 also blocked H(2)O(2)-induced PKC activation. In contrast, the PKC inhibitor (GF109203x) did not affect p38 activation, indicating that p38 MAPK activation occurs upstream of PKC activation in H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis. H(2)O(2) treatment also decreased mitochondrial membrane potential; pretreatment with SB203580 attenuated this response. Our study demonstrates that the p38 MAPK/PKC pathway plays an important role as a pro-apoptotic cellular signaling during oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Qingding Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Gu YY, Zhang HY, Zhang HJ, Li SY, Ni JH, Jia HT. 8-Chloro-adenosine inhibits growth at least partly by interfering with actin polymerization in cultured human lung cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:541-50. [PMID: 16844099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of actin is its ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP. 8-Chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado), which can be phosphorylated to the moiety of 8-Cl-ATP in living cells, inhibits tumor cell proliferation. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that 8-Cl-Ado can interfere with the dynamic state of actin polymerization. We found that 8-Cl-Ado inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cell line A549 and H1299 in culture, and arrested the target cells in G2/M phase evidenced by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Immunocytochemistry showed that the normal organization of microfilaments was disrupted in 8-Cl-Ado-exposed cells, which is accompanied by the decrease of cell size and the alteration of cell shape, and by aberrant mitosis and apoptosis in targeted cells. Furthermore, in vitro light scattering assays revealed that 8-Cl-ATP could directly inhibit the transition of G-actin to F-actin. DNase I inhibition assays showed that the G/F-actin ratio, a surrogate marker of actin polymerization status in living cells, was significantly increased in 8-Cl-Ado-exposed A549 and H1299 cells, compared to the G/F-actin ratio in unexposed cells. Taken together, these results indicate that 8-Cl-Ado exposure can alter the dynamic properties of actin polymerization, disrupt the dynamic instability or the rearrangement ability of actin filaments. Therefore, our data suggest that 8-Cl-Ado may exert its cytotoxicity at least partly by interfering with the dynamic instability of microfilaments, which may correlate with its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100083, PR China
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