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Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, Atfi A. Cancer-Mediated Muscle Cachexia: Etiology and Clinical Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:382-402. [PMID: 33888422 PMCID: PMC8102392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cachexia has a major detrimental impact on cancer patients, being responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths. It is characterized by a debilitating loss in muscle mass and function, which ultimately deteriorates patients' quality of life and dampens therapeutic treatment efficacy. Muscle cachexia stems from widespread alterations in whole-body metabolism as well as immunity and neuroendocrine functions and these global defects often culminate in aberrant signaling within skeletal muscle, causing muscle protein breakdown and attendant muscle atrophy. This review summarizes recent landmark discoveries that significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer-driven muscle cachexia and further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches seeking to simultaneously target those newly discovered mechanisms to efficiently curb this lethal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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2
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Pin F, Novinger LJ, Huot JR, Harris RA, Couch ME, O'Connell TM, Bonetto A. PDK4 drives metabolic alterations and muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. FASEB J 2019; 33:7778-7790. [PMID: 30894018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802799r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia is frequently accompanied by severe metabolic derangements, although the mechanisms responsible for this debilitating condition remain unclear. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)4, a critical regulator of cellular energetic metabolism, was found elevated in experimental models of cancer, starvation, diabetes, and sepsis. Here we aimed to investigate the link between PDK4 and the changes in muscle size in cancer cachexia. High PDK4 and abnormal energetic metabolism were found in the skeletal muscle of colon-26 tumor hosts, as well as in mice fed a diet enriched in Pirinixic acid, previously shown to increase PDK4 levels. Viral-mediated PDK4 overexpression in myotube cultures was sufficient to promote myofiber shrinkage, consistent with enhanced protein catabolism and mitochondrial abnormalities. On the contrary, blockade of PDK4 was sufficient to restore myotube size in C2C12 cultures exposed to tumor media. Our data support, for the first time, a direct role for PDK4 in promoting cancer-associated muscle metabolic alterations and skeletal muscle atrophy.-Pin, F., Novinger, L. J., Huot, J. R., Harris, R. A., Couch, M. E., O'Connell, T. M., Bonetto, A. PDK4 drives metabolic alterations and muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Leah J Novinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua R Huot
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marion E Couch
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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3
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Ogawa M, Kanda T, Higuchi T, Takahashi H, Kaneko T, Matsumoto N, Nirei K, Yamagami H, Matsuoka S, Kuroda K, Moriyama M. Possible association of arrestin domain-containing protein 3 and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:909-921. [PMID: 31341404 PMCID: PMC6643132 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing worldwide. Several effective drugs for these diseases are now in development and under clinical trials. It is important to reveal the mechanism of the development of NAFLD and NASH. We investigated the role of arrestin domain-containing protein 3 (ARRDC3), which is linked to obesity in men and regulates body mass, adiposity and energy expenditure, in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. We performed knockdown of endogenous ARRDC3 in human hepatocytes and examined the inflammasome-associated gene expression by real-time PCR-based array. We also examined the effect of conditioned medium from endogenous ARRDC3-knockdown-hepatocytes on the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. We observed that free acids enhanced the expression of ARRDC3 in hepatocytes. Knockdown of ARRDC3 could lead to the inhibition of inflammasome-associated gene expression in hepatocytes. We also observed that conditioned medium from endogenous ARRDC3-knockdown-hepatocytes enhances the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. ARRDC3 has a role in the progression of NAFLD and NASH and is one of the targets for the development of the effective treatment of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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4
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Gorjao R, Dos Santos CMM, Serdan TDA, Diniz VLS, Alba-Loureiro TC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Hatanaka E, Levada-Pires AC, Sato FT, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Curi R, Hirabara SM. New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 196:117-134. [PMID: 30521881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gorjao
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Takeo Sato
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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van der Ende M, Grefte S, Plas R, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Keijer J, van Norren K. Mitochondrial dynamics in cancer-induced cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:137-150. [PMID: 30059724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced cachexia has a negative impact on quality of life and adversely affects therapeutic outcomes and survival rates. It is characterized by, often severe, loss of muscle, with or without loss of fat mass. Insight in the pathophysiology of this complex metabolic syndrome and direct treatment options are still limited, which creates a research demand. Results from recent studies point towards a significant involvement of muscle mitochondrial networks. However, data are scattered and a comprehensive overview is lacking. This paper aims to fill existing knowledge gaps by integrating published data sets on muscle protein or gene expression from cancer-induced cachexia animal models. To this end, a database was compiled from 94 research papers, comprising 11 different rodent models. This was combined with four genome-wide transcriptome datasets of cancer-induced cachexia rodent models. Analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion, fission, ATP production and mitochondrial density is decreased, while that of genes involved ROS detoxification and mitophagy is increased. Our results underline the relevance of including post-translational modifications of key proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning in future studies on cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Ende
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Plas
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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6
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Salazar-Degracia A, Busquets S, Argilés JM, Bargalló-Gispert N, López-Soriano FJ, Barreiro E. Effects of the beta 2 agonist formoterol on atrophy signaling, autophagy, and muscle phenotype in respiratory and limb muscles of rats with cancer-induced cachexia. Biochimie 2018; 149:79-91. [PMID: 29654866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass loss and wasting are characteristic features of patients with chronic conditions including cancer. Beta-adrenoceptors attenuate muscle wasting. We hypothesized that specific muscle atrophy signaling pathways and altered metabolism may be attenuated in cancer cachectic animals receiving treatment with the beta2 agonist formoterol. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of tumor-bearing rats (intraperitoneal inoculum, 108 AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells, 7-day study period) with and without treatment with formoterol (0.3 mg/kg body weight/day/7days, subcutaneous), atrophy signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK, FoxO), proteolytic markers (ligases, proteasome, ubiquitination), autophagy markers (p62, beclin-1, LC3), myostatin, apoptosis, muscle metabolism markers, and muscle structure features were analyzed (immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry). In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of cancer cachectic rats, fiber sizes were reduced, levels of structural alterations, atrophy signaling pathways, proteasome content, protein ubiquitination, autophagy, and myostatin were increased, while those of regenerative and metabolic markers (myoD, mTOR, AKT, and PGC-1alpha) were decreased. Formoterol treatment attenuated such alterations in both muscles. Muscle wasting in this rat model of cancer-induced cachexia was characterized by induction of significant structural alterations, atrophy signaling pathways, proteasome activity, apoptotic and autophagy markers, and myostatin, along with a significant decline in the expression of muscle regenerative and metabolic markers. Treatment of the cachectic rats with formoterol partly attenuated the structural alterations and atrophy signaling, while improving other molecular perturbations similarly in both respiratory and limb muscles. The results reported in this study have relevant therapeutic implications as they showed beneficial effects of the beta2 agonist formoterol in the cachectic muscles through several key biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salazar-Degracia
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló-Gispert
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Cai X, Yuan Y, Liao Z, Xing K, Zhu C, Xu Y, Yu L, Wang L, Wang S, Zhu X, Gao P, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Xu P, Shu G. α-Ketoglutarate prevents skeletal muscle protein degradation and muscle atrophy through PHD3/ADRB2 pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:488-499. [PMID: 28939592 PMCID: PMC6266637 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700670r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy due to excessive protein degradation is the main cause for muscle dysfunction, fatigue, and weakening of athletic ability. Endurance exercise is effective to attenuate muscle atrophy, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully investigated. α-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is generated during endurance exercise. Here, we demonstrated that AKG effectively attenuated corticosterone-induced protein degradation and rescued the muscle atrophy and dysfunction in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse model. Interestingly, AKG also inhibited the expression of proline hydroxylase 3 (PHD3), one of the important oxidoreductases expressed under hypoxic conditions. Subsequently, we identified the β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) as a downstream target for PHD3. We found AKG inhibited PHD3/ADRB2 interaction and therefore increased the stability of ADRB2. In addition, combining pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we showed that AKG rescues skeletal muscle atrophy and protein degradation through a PHD3/ADRB2 mediated mechanism. Taken together, these data reveal a mechanism for inhibitory effects of AKG on muscle atrophy and protein degradation. These findings not only provide a molecular basis for the potential use of exercise-generated metabolite AKG in muscle atrophy treatment, but also identify PHD3 as a potential target for the development of therapies for muscle wasting.-Cai, X., Yuan, Y., Liao, Z., Xing, K., Zhu, C., Xu, Y., Yu, L., Wang, L., Wang, S., Zhu, X., Gao, P., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Q., Xu, P., Shu, G. α-Ketoglutarate prevents skeletal muscle protein degradation and muscle atrophy through PHD3/ADRB2 pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ketoglutaric Acids/therapeutic use
- Male
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Protein Stability/drug effects
- Proteolysis/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcai Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yexian Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrui Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kongping Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Fontes-Oliveira CC, Steinz M, Schneiderat P, Mulder H, Durbeej M. Bioenergetic Impairment in Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Type 1A and Leigh Syndrome Muscle Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45272. [PMID: 28367954 PMCID: PMC5377256 DOI: 10.1038/srep45272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has high energy requirement and alterations in metabolism are associated with pathological conditions causing muscle wasting and impaired regeneration. Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is a severe muscle disorder caused by mutations in the LAMA2 gene. Leigh syndrome (LS) is a neurometabolic disease caused by mutations in genes related to mitochondrial function. Skeletal muscle is severely affected in both diseases and a common feature is muscle weakness that leads to hypotonia and respiratory problems. Here, we have investigated the bioenergetic profile in myogenic cells from MDC1A and LS patients. We found dysregulated expression of genes related to energy production, apoptosis and proteasome in myoblasts and myotubes. Moreover, impaired mitochondrial function and a compensatory upregulation of glycolysis were observed when monitored in real-time. Also, alterations in cell cycle populations in myoblasts and enhanced caspase-3 activity in myotubes were observed. Thus, we have for the first time demonstrated an impairment of the bioenergetic status in human MDC1A and LS muscle cells, which could contribute to cell cycle disturbance and increased apoptosis. Our findings suggest that skeletal muscle metabolism might be a promising pharmacological target in order to improve muscle function, energy efficiency and tissue maintenance of MDC1A and LS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibely C Fontes-Oliveira
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maarten Steinz
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Schneiderat
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Unit of Muscle Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Cholewa JM, Dardevet D, Lima-Soares F, de Araújo Pessôa K, Oliveira PH, Dos Santos Pinho JR, Nicastro H, Xia Z, Cabido CET, Zanchi NE. Dietary proteins and amino acids in the control of the muscle mass during immobilization and aging: role of the MPS response. Amino Acids 2017; 49:811-820. [PMID: 28175999 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins/essential amino acids (EAAs) are nutrients with anabolic properties that may increase muscle mass or attenuate muscle loss during immobilization and aging via the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). An EAA's anabolic threshold, capable to maximize the stimulation of MPS has been hypothesized, but during certain conditions associated with muscle loss, this anabolic threshold seems to increase which reduces the efficacy of dietary EAAs to stimulate MPS. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that acute ingestion of dietary proteins/EAA (with a sufficient amount of leucine) was capable to restore the postprandial MPS during bed rest, immobilization or aging; however, whether these improvements translate into chronic increases (or attenuates loss) of muscle mass is equivocal. For example, although free leucine supplementation acutely increases MPS and muscle mass in some chronic studies, other studies have reported no increases in muscle mass following chronic leucine supplementation. In contrast, chronically increasing leucine intake via the consumption of an overall increase in dietary protein appears to be the most effective dietary intervention toward increasing or attenuating lean mass during aging; however, more research investigating the optimal dose and timing of protein ingestion is necessary. Several studies have demonstrated that decreases in postprandial MPS as a result of increased circulating oxidative and inflammatory are more responsible than muscle protein breakdown for the decreases in muscle mass during disuse and health aging. Therefore, nutritional interventions that reduce oxidation or inflammation in conjunction with higher protein intakes that overcome the anabolic resistance may enhance the MPS response to feeding and either increase muscle mass or attenuate loss. In preliminary studies, antioxidant vitamins and amino acids with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties show potential to restore the anabolic response associated with protein ingestion. More research, however, is required to investigate if these nutrients translate to increases in MPS and, ultimately, increased lean mass in aging humans. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of protein/EAA intake to enhance postprandial MPS during conditions associated with muscle loss, and bring new perspectives and challenges associated nutritional interventions aimed to optimize the anabolic effects of dietary protein/EAAs ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, USA
| | | | - Fernanda Lima-Soares
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Kassiana de Araújo Pessôa
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Oliveira
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Dos Santos Pinho
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Humberto Nicastro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
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10
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Wang J, Wang F, Zhang P, Liu H, He J, Zhang C, Fan M, Chen X. PGC-1α over-expression suppresses the skeletal muscle atrophy and myofiber-type composition during hindlimb unloading. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:500-513. [PMID: 27869526 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1254531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Disuse leads to severe muscle atrophy and a slow-to-fast myofiber-type transition. PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α) is documented to play an important role in muscle atrophy and slow-twitch myofiber determination. Transcription of atrophy-related Atrogin-1 by FoxO3 can be reduced by PGC-1α. While Smad3 augments FoxO3-induced Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 promoter activity. So PGC-1α, as a transcription co-activator, may regulate hindlimb unloading (HU)-induced myofiber-type transition and muscle atrophy through Smad3. Our results showed that transgenic PGC-1α mice resisted HU-induced muscle loss, atrophy-related genes expression, and slow-to-fast myofiber-type transition. Furthermore, over-expression of PGC-1α resisted the increase in pSmad3 during muscle atrophy in vivo and in vitro. And, PGC-1α over-expression inhibited the expression of atrogenes via suppressing the phosphorylation of Smad3 in vitro. Thus, PGC-1α is effective in regulating myofiber-type transition during HU, and it alleviates skeletal muscle atrophy partially through suppressing the activation of Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- a Department of Neurobiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Fei Wang
- b National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- c State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China
| | - Hongju Liu
- c State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China
| | - Jian He
- c State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- d State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ming Fan
- a Department of Neurobiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- b National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , China
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11
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Penna F, Pin F, Ballarò R, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Novel investigational drugs mimicking exercise for the treatment of cachexia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:63-72. [PMID: 26560328 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by body weight loss, muscle wasting and metabolic abnormalities, that frequently complicates the management of people affected by chronic diseases. No effective therapy is actually available, although several drugs are under clinical evaluation. Altered energy metabolism markedly contributes to the pathogenesis of cachexia; it can be improved by exercise, which is able to both induce anabolism and inhibit catabolism. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on exercise mimetics and their potential inclusion in combined protocols to treat cachexia. The authors pay with particular reference to the cancer-associated cachexia. EXPERT OPINION Even though exercise improves muscle phenotype, most patients retain sedentary habits which are quite difficult to disrupt. Moreover, they frequently present with chronic fatigue and comorbidities that reduce exercise tolerance. For these reasons, drugs mimicking exercise could be beneficial to those who are unable to comply with the practice of physical activity. Since some exercise mimetics may exert serious side effects, further investigations should focus on treatments which maintain their effectiveness on muscle phenotype while remaining tolerable at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F Pin
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - R Ballarò
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F M Baccino
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - P Costelli
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
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12
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Op den Kamp CM, Gosker HR, Lagarde S, Tan DY, Snepvangers FJ, Dingemans AMC, Langen RCJ, Schols AMWJ. Preserved muscle oxidative metabolic phenotype in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:164-73. [PMID: 26136192 PMCID: PMC4458082 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia augments cancer-related mortality and has devastating effects on quality of life. Pre-clinical studies indicate that systemic inflammation-induced loss of muscle oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN) stimulates cancer-induced muscle wasting. The aim of the current proof of concept study is to validate the presence of muscle OXPHEN loss in newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer, especially in those with cachexia. METHODS Quadriceps muscle biopsies of comprehensively phenotyped pre-cachectic (n = 10) and cachectic (n = 16) patients with non-small cell lung cancer prior to treatment were compared with healthy age-matched controls (n = 22). OXPHEN was determined by assessing muscle fibre type distribution (immunohistochemistry), enzyme activity (spectrophotometry), and protein expression levels of mitochondrial complexes (western blot) as well as transcript levels of (regulatory) oxidative genes (quantitative real-time PCR). Additionally, muscle fibre cross-sectional area (immunohistochemistry) and systemic inflammation (multiplex analysis) were assessed. RESULTS Muscle fibre cross-sectional area was smaller, and plasma levels of interleukin 6 were significantly higher in cachectic patients compared with non-cachectic patients and healthy controls. No differences in muscle fibre type distribution or oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities were observed between the groups. Mitochondrial protein expression and gene expression levels of their regulators were also not different. CONCLUSION Muscle OXPHEN is preserved in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer and therefore not a primary trigger of cachexia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine M Op den Kamp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry R Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lagarde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Y Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Snepvangers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C Dingemans
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Mondello P, Mian M, Aloisi C, Famà F, Mondello S, Pitini V. Cancer Cachexia Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and New Therapeutic Options. Nutr Cancer 2014; 67:12-26. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.976318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Argilés JM, Busquets S, Stemmler B, López-Soriano FJ. Cancer cachexia: understanding the molecular basis. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:754-62. [PMID: 25291291 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a devastating, multifactorial and often irreversible syndrome that affects around 50-80% of cancer patients, depending on the tumour type, and that leads to substantial weight loss, primarily from loss of skeletal muscle and body fat. Since cachexia may account for up to 20% of cancer deaths, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is essential. The occurrence of cachexia in cancer patients is dependent on the patient response to tumour progression, including the activation of the inflammatory response and energetic inefficiency involving the mitochondria. Interestingly, crosstalk between different cell types ultimately seems to result in muscle wasting. Some of the recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cachexia may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Fontes-Oliveira CC, Busquets S, Fuster G, Ametller E, Figueras M, Olivan M, Toledo M, López-Soriano FJ, Qu X, Demuth J, Stevens P, Varbanov A, Wang F, Isfort RJ, Argilés JM. A differential pattern of gene expression in skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing rats reveals dysregulation of excitation-contraction coupling together with additional muscle alterations. Muscle Nerve 2013; 49:233-48. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cibely Cristine Fontes-Oliveira
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Elisabet Ametller
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Maite Figueras
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Francisco J. López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Jeffrey Demuth
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Paula Stevens
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Alex Varbanov
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Robert J. Isfort
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Josep M. Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Joassard OR, Durieux AC, Freyssenet DG. β2-Adrenergic agonists and the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting disorders. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2309-21. [PMID: 23845739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
β2-Agonists are traditionally used for the treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma and the treatment of symptomatic patients with COPD. However, β2-agonists are also powerful anabolic agents that trigger skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Investigating the effects of β2-agonists in skeletal muscle over the past 30 years in different animal models has led to the identification of potential therapeutic applications in several muscle wasting disorders, including neuromuscular diseases, cancer cachexia, sepsis or thermal injury. In these conditions, numerous studies indicate that β2-agonists can attenuate and/or reverse the decrease in skeletal muscle mass and associated weakness in animal models of muscle wasting but also in human patients. The purpose of this review is to present the biological and clinical significance of β2-agonists for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting. After the description of the molecular mechanisms involved in the hypertrophy and anti-atrophy effect of β2-agonists, we will review the anti-atrophy effects of β2-agonist administration in several animal models and human pathologies associated with or leading to skeletal muscle wasting. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier R Joassard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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17
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Tzika AA, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Shestov AA, Constantinou C, Psychogios N, Righi V, Mintzopoulos D, Busquets S, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Milot S, Lepine F, Mindrinos MN, Rahme LG, Argiles JM. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling in a murine cancer cachexia model. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:886-94. [PMID: 23817738 PMCID: PMC6903904 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all cancer patients present with cachexia, a condition in which disease-associated metabolic changes lead to a severe loss of skeletal muscle mass. Working toward an integrated and mechanistic view of cancer cachexia, we investigated the hypothesis that cancer promotes mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle. We subjected mice to in vivo phosphorous-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy and subjected murine skeletal muscle samples to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mice used in both experiments were Lewis lung carcinoma models of cancer cachexia. A novel ‘fragmented mass isotopomer’ approach was used in our dynamic analysis of 13C mass isotopomer data. Our 31P NMR and GC/MS results indicated that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rate and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux were reduced by 49% and 22%, respectively, in the cancer-bearing mice (p<0.008; t-test vs. controls). The ratio of ATP synthesis rate to the TCA cycle flux (an index of mitochondrial coupling) was reduced by 32% in the cancer-bearing mice (p=0.036; t-test vs. controls). Genomic analysis revealed aberrant expression levels for key regulatory genes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the muscle fiber, consistent with the presence of abnormal, giant mitochondria. Taken together, these data suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling occurs in cancer cachexia and thus point to the mitochondria as a potential pharmaceutical target for the treatment of cachexia. These findings may prove relevant to elucidating the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle wasting observed in other chronic diseases, as well as in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aria Tzika
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Burn Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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18
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Castillero E, Alamdari N, Aversa Z, Gurav A, Hasselgren PO. PPARβ/δ regulates glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced FOXO1 activation and muscle wasting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59726. [PMID: 23555761 PMCID: PMC3605288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO1 is involved in glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced muscle wasting, in part reflecting regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Mechanisms influencing FOXO1 expression in muscle wasting are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) upregulates muscle FOXO1 expression and activity with a downstream upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression during sepsis and glucocorticoid treatment and that inhibition of PPARβ/δ activity can prevent muscle wasting. We found that activation of PPARβ/δ in cultured myotubes increased FOXO1 activity, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression, protein degradation and myotube atrophy. Treatment of myotubes with dexamethasone increased PPARβ/δ expression and activity. Dexamethasone-induced FOXO1 activation and atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression, protein degradation, and myotube atrophy were inhibited by PPARβ/δ blocker or siRNA. Importantly, muscle wasting induced in rats by dexamethasone or sepsis was prevented by treatment with a PPARβ/δ inhibitor. The present results suggest that PPARβ/δ regulates FOXO1 activation in glucocorticoid- and sepsis-induced muscle wasting and that treatment with a PPARβ/δ inhibitor may ameliorate loss of muscle mass in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Castillero
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nima Alamdari
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zaira Aversa
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aniket Gurav
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Per-Olof Hasselgren
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Quanjun Y, Genjin Y, Lili W, Bin L, Jin L, Qi Y, Yan L, Yonglong H, Cheng G, Junping Z. Serum metabolic profiles reveal the effect of formoterol on cachexia in tumor-bearing mice. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:3015-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Busquets S, Serpe R, Toledo M, Betancourt A, Marmonti E, Orpí M, Pin F, Capdevila E, Madeddu C, López-Soriano FJ, Mantovani G, Macciò A, Argilés JM. L-Carnitine: an adequate supplement for a multi-targeted anti-wasting therapy in cancer. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:889-95. [PMID: 22608917 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumour growth is associated with weight loss resulting from both adipose and muscle wasting. METHODS Administration of L-carnitine (1 g/kg body weight) to rats bearing the AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma, a highly cachectic rat tumour. RESULTS The treatment results in a significant improvement of food intake and in muscle weight (gastrocnemius, EDL and soleus). These beneficial effects are directly related to improved physical performance (total physical activity, mean movement velocity and total travelled distance). Administration of L-carnitine decreases proteasome activity and the expression of genes related with this activity, such as ubiquitin, C8 proteasome subunit and MuRF-1. Interestingly, L-carnitine treatment also decreases caspase-3 mRNA content therefore suggesting a modulation of apoptosis. Moreover, addition of 50 μM of L-carnitine to isolated EDL muscles results in a significant decrease in the proteolytic rate suggesting a direct effect. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that L-carnitine supplementation may be a good approach for a multi-targeted therapy for the treatment of cancer-related cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
Cachexia is a metabolic syndrome that manifests with excessive weight loss and disproportionate muscle wasting. It is related to many different chronic diseases, such as cancer, infections, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiac disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and rheumatoid arthritis. Cachexia is linked with poor outcome for the patients. In this article, we explore the role of the hypothalamus, liver, muscle tissue and adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, particularly concentrating on the role of cytokines, hormones and cell energy-controlling pathways (such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt and mTOR). We also look at possible future directions for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Briggs
- a Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- a Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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22
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Goodman CA, Mayhew DL, Hornberger TA. Recent progress toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1896-906. [PMID: 21821120 PMCID: PMC3744211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of muscle mass is critical for health and issues associated with the quality of life. Over the last decade, extensive progress has been made with regard to our understanding of the molecules that regulate skeletal muscle mass. Not surprisingly, many of these molecules are intimately involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and protein degradation [e.g. the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), eukaryotic initiation factor 3f (eIF3f) and the forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors]. It is also becoming apparent that molecules which sense, or control, the energetic status of the cell play a key role in the regulation of muscle mass [e.g. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC1α)]. In this review we will attempt to summarize the current knowledge of how these molecules regulate skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Goodman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Khamoui AV, Kim JS. Candidate mechanisms underlying effects of contractile activity on muscle morphology and energetics in cancer cachexia. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2011; 21:143-57. [PMID: 21880081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is a prominent pathophysiological feature of cancer cachexia. Recent evidence suggests the manifestation of mitochondrial dysfunction along with a diminished oxidative capacity. These abnormalities have been concurrently observed with impaired muscle force production and the accelerated onset of fatigue in both tumour-bearing animals and cancer patients exhibiting wasting. To address the burden imposed by cachexia, nutritional and pharmacological interventions have been investigated extensively; in contrast, contractile activity-based countermeasures (i.e. exercise training) have been less frequently explored. Although limited, several preclinical studies that implemented contractile activity have reported favourable outcomes such as the retention of muscle mass and the restoration of energetic homeostasis. Even fewer investigations have examined the mechanisms accounting for these protective effects. An experimental approach addressing contractile activity-dependent expression of muscle mass and energy metabolism regulators may yield information that provides mechanistic support for exercise countermeasures. In this review, we present several candidate mechanisms underlying the protective effects of contractile activity as support for exercise countermeasure strategies. Given the limited quantity of data in this area, insights will be derived from studies on contractile activity-dependent modulation of common cellular and molecular events regulating muscle morphology and energetics during other muscle wasting conditions (e.g. sarcopenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Khamoui
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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24
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Abstract
Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with many chronic or end-stage diseases, especially cancer, and is characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. The management of cachexia is a complex challenge that should address the different causes underlying this clinical event with an integrated or multimodal treatment approach targeting the different factors involved in its pathophysiology. The purpose of this article was to review the current medical treatment of cancer-related cachexia, in particular focusing on combination therapy and ongoing research. Among the treatments proposed in the literature for cancer-related cachexia, some proved to be ineffective, namely, cyproheptadine, hydrazine, metoclopramide, and pentoxifylline. Among effective treatments, progestagens are currently considered the best available treatment option for cancer-related cachexia, and they are the only drugs approved in Europe. Drugs with a strong rationale that have failed or have not shown univocal results in clinical trials so far include eicosapentaenoic acid, cannabinoids, bortezomib, and anti-TNF-alpha MoAb. Several emerging drugs have shown promising results but are still under clinical investigation (thalidomide, selective cox-2 inhibitors, ghrelin mimetics, insulin, oxandrolone, and olanzapine). To date, despite several years of coordinated efforts in basic and clinical research, practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cancer-related muscle wasting are lacking, mainly because of the multifactorial pathogenesis of the syndrome. From all the data presented, one can speculate that one single therapy may not be completely successful in the treatment of cachexia. From this point of view, treatments involving different combinations are more likely to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Em Tazi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
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Busquets S, Toledo M, Sirisi S, Orpí M, Serpe R, Coutinho J, Martínez R, Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ. Formoterol and cancer muscle wasting in rats: Effects on muscle force and total physical activity. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:731-735. [PMID: 22977567 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia occurs in the majority of cancer patients before death, and it is responsible for the death of 22% of cancer patients. One of the most relevant characteristics of cachexia is that of asthenia, which reflects significant muscle wasting noted in cachectic cancer patients The aim of the present study was to assess whether the β(2)-adrenergic agonist formoterol is associated with an improvement in physiological parameters such as grip force and total physical activity in cachetic rats. Administration of the β(2)-agonist formoterol (0.3 mg/kg for 7 days) in rats bearing Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma tumors, a model which induces a strong loss of both body and muscle weight, resulted in a significant reversal of the muscle wasting process, as reflected by individual muscle weights. The anti-wasting effects of the drug were also observed in terms of total physical activity and grip force, thus resulting in an improvement in physical performance in cachectic tumor-bearing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona
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Sirtuin 1 in skeletal muscle of cachectic tumour-bearing rats: a role in impaired regeneration? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011; 2:57-62. [PMID: 21475674 PMCID: PMC3063873 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In advanced malignant disease, cachexia and muscle wasting appear to be among the most common manifestations. This phenomenon is partially related with a decreased muscle regeneration capacity, as previously described in our laboratory. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats bearing the Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma were used in the experiments. The animals experienced a marked weight loss with decreases in skeletal muscle weights (13% gastrocnemius, 18% extensor digitorum longus, and 12% tibialis muscles). Muscle gene expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle from cachectic tumour-bearing rats is associated with a decreased expression of genes involved in regeneration such as Pax-7 (39%), myogenin (24%), and MyoD (17%). mRNA levels of Sirt1 increased (91%) in cachectic skeletal muscle. The Sirt1 gene has been shown to be associated with changes in muscle myoblast differentiation. Treatment of the tumour-bearing animals with formoterol-a beta2-agonist-normalizes the expression of genes involved in regeneration (i.e., increase of Pax7 (139%)), at the same time as it does with that of Sirt1 (42% decrease). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the lack of muscle regeneration observed during muscle wasting in tumour-bearing animals is linked to the action of Sirt-1, possibly via PGC-1α. These factors may constitute possible targets of pharmacological treatment against muscle loss, thus potentially contributing to the understanding and mitigation of muscle atrophy associated with disease.
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Constantinou C, Fontes de Oliveira CC, Mintzopoulos D, Busquets S, He J, Kesarwani M, Mindrinos M, Rahme LG, Argilés JM, Tzika AA. Nuclear magnetic resonance in conjunction with functional genomics suggests mitochondrial dysfunction in a murine model of cancer cachexia. Int J Mol Med 2010; 27:15-24. [PMID: 21069263 PMCID: PMC3712618 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2010.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients commonly suffer from cachexia, a syndrome in which tumors induce metabolic changes in the host that lead to massive loss in skeletal muscle mass. Using a preclinical mouse model of cancer cachexia, we tested the hypothesis that tumor inoculation causes a reduction in ATP synthesis and genome-wide aberrant expression in skeletal muscle. Mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinomas were examined by in vivo31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We examined ATP synthesis rate and the expression of genes that play key-regulatory roles in skeletal muscle metabolism. Our in vivo NMR results showed reduced ATP synthesis rate in tumor-bearing (TB) mice relative to control (C) mice, and were cross-validated with whole genome transcriptome data showing atypical expression levels of skeletal muscle regulatory genes such as peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor γ coactivator 1 ß (PGC-1ß), a major regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). Aberrant pattern of gene expression was also associated with genes involved in inflammation and immune response, protein and lipid catabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling, and inadequate oxidative stress defenses, and these effects led to cachexia. Our findings suggest that reduced ATP synthesis is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately leading to skeletal muscle wasting and thus advance our understanding of skeletal muscle dysfunction suffered by cancer patients. This study represents a new line of research that can support the development of novel therapeutics in the molecular medicine of skeletal muscle wasting. Such therapeutics would have wide-spread applications not only for cancer patients, but also for many individuals suffering from other chronic or endstage diseases that exhibit muscle wasting, a condition for which only marginally effective treatments are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Constantinou
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Massachusetts General and Shriners Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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D'Agostino B, Polverino M, Cirino G, Lombardi A, Grassi B, Sullo N, Santoriello C, Polverino F, Orlotti D, Matteis M, Rossi F. Exercise capacity and cytochrome oxidase activity in muscle mitochondria of COPD patients. Respir Med 2010; 104:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mantovani G, Madeddu C. Cancer cachexia: medical management. Support Care Cancer 2009; 18:1-9. [PMID: 19688225 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-009-0722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with many chronic or end-stage diseases, especially cancer, and is characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. The management of cachexia is a complex challenge that should address the different causes underlying this clinical event with an integrated or multimodal treatment approach targeting the different factors involved in its pathophysiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The purpose of this article was to review the current medical treatment of cancer-related cachexia, in particular focusing on combination therapy and ongoing research. RESULTS Among the treatments proposed in the literature for cancer-related cachexia, some proved to be ineffective, namely, cyproheptadine, hydrazine, metoclopramide, and pentoxifylline. Among effective treatments, progestagens are currently considered the best available treatment option for cancer-related cachexia, and they are the only drugs approved in Europe. Drugs with a strong rationale that have failed or have not shown univocal results in clinical trials so far include eicosapentaenoic acid, cannabinoids, bortezomib, and anti-TNF-alpha MoAb. Several emerging drugs have shown promising results but are still under clinical investigation (thalidomide, selective cox-2 inhibitors, ghrelin mimetics, insulin, oxandrolone, and olanzapine). CONCLUSIONS To date, despite several years of co-ordinated efforts in basic and clinical research, practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cancer-related muscle wasting are lacking, mainly because of the multifactorial pathogenesis of the syndrome. From all the data presented, one can speculate that one single therapy may not be completely successful in the treatment of cachexia. From this point of view, treatments involving different combinations are more likely to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mantovani
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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30
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Abstract
Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a progressive atrophy of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, called cachexia, resulting in weight loss, a reduced quality of life, and a shortened survival time. Anorexia often accompanies cachexia, but appears not to be responsible for the tissue loss, particularly lean body mass. An increased resting energy expenditure is seen, possibly arising from an increased thermogenesis in skeletal muscle due to an increased expression of uncoupling protein, and increased operation of the Cori cycle. Loss of adipose tissue is due to an increased lipolysis by tumor or host products. Loss of skeletal muscle in cachexia results from a depression in protein synthesis combined with an increase in protein degradation. The increase in protein degradation may include both increased activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and lysosomes. The decrease in protein synthesis is due to a reduced level of the initiation factor 4F, decreased elongation, and decreased binding of methionyl-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit through increased phosphorylation of eIF2 on the alpha-subunit by activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, which also increases expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway through activation of NFkappaB. Tumor factors such as proteolysis-inducing factor and host factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, angiotensin II, and glucocorticoids can all induce muscle atrophy. Knowledge of the mechanisms of tissue destruction in cachexia should improve methods of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tisdale
- Nutritional Biomedicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2008; 2:288-91. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32831d29c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the most relevant recent findings concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in both fat and muscle tissues in cachectic cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS Relevant progress has been made in the mechanism of signalling protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. PI3K has a dual role inhibiting protein degradation by inhibition of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression and facilitating AKT phosphorylation, leading to increased protein synthesis. Interestingly, Caspase-3 activity is intimately associated with myofibrillar protein degradation in muscle tissue. With respect to fat metabolism, increased lipolysis in human cancer cachexia seems to be directly connected to increased hormone-sensitive lipase activity. SUMMARY The results and findings described in this review represent important progress in wasting disease mechanisms and may provide hints for future therapeutic approaches in cancer cachexia.
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Lynch GS, Ryall JG. Role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: implications for muscle wasting and disease. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:729-67. [PMID: 18391178 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart has been well documented, but it is only more recently that we have begun to understand the importance of this signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. There is considerable evidence regarding the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic system with beta-adrenoceptor agonists (beta-agonists). Although traditionally used for treating bronchospasm, it became apparent that some beta-agonists could increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. These so-called "repartitioning effects" proved desirable for the livestock industry trying to improve feed efficiency and meat quality. Studying beta-agonist effects on skeletal muscle has identified potential therapeutic applications for muscle wasting conditions such as sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, denervation, and neuromuscular diseases, aiming to attenuate (or potentially reverse) the muscle wasting and associated muscle weakness, and to enhance muscle growth and repair after injury. Some undesirable cardiovascular side effects of beta-agonists have so far limited their therapeutic potential. This review describes the physiological significance of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle and examines the effects of beta-agonists on skeletal muscle structure and function. In addition, we examine the proposed beneficial effects of beta-agonist administration on skeletal muscle along with some of the less desirable cardiovascular effects. Understanding beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle is important for identifying new therapeutic targets and identifying novel approaches to attenuate the muscle wasting concomitant with many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Appraisal of current and experimental approaches to the treatment of cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2007; 1:312-6. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e3282f3474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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