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Baassiri A, Ghais A, Kurdi A, Rahal E, Nasr R, Shirinian M. The molecular signature of BCR::ABLP210 and BCR::ABLT315I in a Drosophila melanogaster chronic myeloid leukemia model. iScience 2024; 27:109538. [PMID: 38585663 PMCID: PMC10995885 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder resulting from a balanced translocation leading to BCR::ABL1 oncogene with increased tyrosine kinase activity. Despite the advancements in the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the T315I gatekeeper point mutation in the BCR::ABL1 gene remains a challenge. We have previously reported in a Drosophila CML model an increased hemocyte count and disruption in sessile hemocyte patterns upon expression of BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I in the hemolymph. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to determine if there is a distinct gene expression that distinguishes BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I. We identified six genes that were consistently upregulated in the fly CML model and validated in adult and pediatric CML patients and in a mouse cell line expressing BCR::ABL1T315I. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of gene signatures in BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I, laying the groundwork for targeted investigations into the role of these genes in CML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Baassiri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ghais
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdallah Kurdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Yang JF, Liao Q, Lu CL. SOX9 promotes the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating the RAP1 signaling pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:421. [PMID: 37919693 PMCID: PMC10623714 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SOX9 has been shown to be related to the metastasis of various cancers. Recently, it has been reported that SOX9 plays a regulatory role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell metastasis, but the specific mechanism remains to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe the effect and mechanism of SOX9 on the invasion and migration of LUAD cells. METHODS RT-qPCR was applied to observe the expression of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and corresponding normal lung tissues collected from LUAD patients. Co-immunoprecipitation and Pearson correlation to analyze the expression correlation of SOX9 with RAP1. To observe the role of SOX9, the invasion and migration levels of LUAD A549 cells in each group were observed by Transwell invasion assay and Scratch migration assay after knocking down or overexpressing SOX9. Besides, the expression levels of RAP1 pathway-related proteins (RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33) were observed by RT-qCPR or western blot. Subsequently, RAP1 was overexpressed and SOX9 was knocked down in A549 cells, and then the cell invasion/migration level and RAP1 pathway activity were assessed. RESULTS The expression levels of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and A549 cells of LUAD patients were significantly increased and positively correlated. Overexpression of SOX9 or RAP1 alone in A549 cells enhanced the invasion and migration ability of cells, as well as up-regulated the expression levels of RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33. However, knocking down SOX9 decreased cell invasion and migration levels and weakened the activity of RAP1 pathway. Notably, overexpressing RAP1 while knocking down SOX9 significantly activated RAP1 pathway and promoted cell invasion and migration. CONCLUSION Overexpression of SOX9 in LUAD can significantly activate the RAP1 signaling pathway and promote cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Lin Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang Y, Xie Y, Sun B, Guo Y, Song L, Mohammednur DE, Zhao C. The degradation of Rap1GAP via E6AP-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is associated with HPV16/18-infection in cervical cancer cells. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:71. [PMID: 34952616 PMCID: PMC8710002 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancers are closely associated with persistent high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR HPV) infection. The main mechanism involves the targeting of tumor suppressors, such as p53 and pRB, for degradation by HR HPV-encoded oncoproteins, thereby leading to tumorigenesis. Rap1GAP, a tumor suppressor gene, is down-regulated in many cancers. Previous studies have revealed that down-regulation of Rap1GAP is correlated with HPV16/18 infection in cervical cancer. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to address the degradation pathway of Rap1GAP in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. METHODS HPV-positive (HeLa and SiHa) and negative (C33A) cervical cancer cells were used to analyze the pathways of Rap1GAP degradation. MG132 (carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-leucine) was used to inhibit protein degradation by proteasome. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) was used to detect the interaction between Rap1GAP and E6AP. siRNA for E6AP was used to silence the expression of E6AP. Rapamycin was used to induce cell autophagy. Western blotting was used to check the levels of proteins. RESULTS Following treatment with MG132, the levels of Rap1GAP were increased in the HR HPV-positive HeLa and SiHa cells, but not in the HPV-negative C33A cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed ubiquitinated Rap1GAP protein in HeLa and SiHa cells, but not in C33A cells. E6-associated protein (E6AP) mediated the ubiquitination of Rap1GAP by binding to it in HeLa and SiHa cells, but not in C33A cells. However, the levels of Rap1GAP were decreased in HeLa and SiHa cells after knocking down E6AP by siRNA. Silencing of E6AP did not affect the levels of Rap1GAP in C33A cells. Autophagy marker p62 was decreased and LC3 II/LC3 I was increased after knocking down E6AP in HeLa cells, but not in C33A cells. The levels of Rap1GAP were decreased after treating the cells with rapamycin to induce cell autophagy in HeLa and C33A cells. CONCLUSION Rap1GAP may be degraded by autophagy in cervical cancer cells, but HPV infection can switch the degradation pathway from autophagy to E6AP-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. E6AP may be a key component of the switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Yihang Xie
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Boxuan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuwei Guo
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ling Song
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Foruth Teaching Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawit Eman Mohammednur
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Chadchan SB, Popli P, Ambati CR, Tycksen E, Han SJ, Bulun SE, Putluri N, Biest SW, Kommagani R. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids protect against the progression of endometriosis. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101224. [PMID: 34593556 PMCID: PMC8500332 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, ∼196 million are afflicted with endometriosis, a painful disease in which endometrial tissue implants and proliferates on abdominal peritoneal surfaces. Theories on the origin of endometriosis remained inconclusive. Whereas up to 90% of women experience retrograde menstruation, only 10% develop endometriosis, suggesting that factors that alter peritoneal environment might contribute to endometriosis. Herein, we report that whereas some gut bacteria promote endometriosis, others protect against endometriosis by fermenting fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids. Specifically, we found that altered gut microbiota drives endometriotic lesion growth and feces from mice with endometriosis contained less of short-chain fatty acid and n-butyrate than feces from mice without endometriosis. Treatment with n-butyrate reduced growth of both mouse endometriotic lesions and human endometriotic lesions in a pre-clinical mouse model. Mechanistic studies revealed that n-butyrate inhibited human endometriotic cell survival and lesion growth through G-protein-coupled receptors, histone deacetylases, and a GTPase activating protein, RAP1GAP. Our findings will enable future studies aimed at developing diagnostic tests, gut bacteria metabolites and treatment strategies, dietary supplements, n-butyrate analogs, or probiotics for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangappa B Chadchan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pooja Popli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Ambati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fienberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott W Biest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA .,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Singh P, Banerjee R, Piao S, Costa de Medeiros M, Bellile E, Liu M, Damodaran Puthiya Veettil D, Schmitd LB, Russo N, Danella E, Inglehart RC, Pineault KM, Wellik DM, Wolf G, D’Silva NJ. Squamous cell carcinoma subverts adjacent histologically normal epithelium to promote lateral invasion. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200944. [PMID: 33835136 PMCID: PMC8042603 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent and new tumors, attributed in part to lateral invasion, are frequent in squamous cell carcinomas and lead to poor survival. We identified a mechanism by which cancer subverts adjacent histologically normal epithelium to enable small clusters of cancer cells to burrow undetected under adjacent histologically normal epithelium. We show that suppression of DMBT1 within cancer promotes aggressive invasion and metastasis in vivo and is associated with metastasis in patients. Cancer cells via TGFβ1 and TNFα also suppress DMBT1 in adjacent histologically normal epithelium, thereby subverting it to promote invasion of a small population of tumor cells. The sufficiency of DMBT1 in this process is demonstrated by significantly higher satellite tumor nests in Dmbt1-/- compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, in patients, invasion of small tumor nests under adjacent histologically normal epithelium is associated with increased risk for recurrence and shorter disease-free survival. This study demonstrates a crucial role of adjacent histologically normal epithelium in invasion and its important role in the tumor microenvironment and opens new possibilities for therapeutic strategies that reduce tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Songlin Piao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marcell Costa de Medeiros
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily Bellile
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ligia B. Schmitd
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nickole Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erika Danella
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ronald C. Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kyriel M. Pineault
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Deneen M. Wellik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Greg Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nisha J. D’Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Hasegawa T, Nakashiro KI, Fukumoto C, Hyodo T, Sawatani Y, Shimura M, Kamimura R, Kuribayashi N, Fujita A, Uchida D, Kawamata H. Oral squamous cell carcinoma may originate from bone marrow-derived stem cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:170. [PMID: 33552287 PMCID: PMC7798092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules that demonstrate a clear association with the aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have not yet been identified. The current study hypothesized that tumor cells in OSCC have three different origins: Epithelial stem cells, oral tissue stem cells from the salivary gland and bone marrow (BM) stem cells. It was also hypothesized that carcinomas derived from less-differentiated stem cells have a greater malignancy. In the present study, sex chromosome analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or microdissection PCR was performed in patients with OSCC that developed after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from the opposite sex. OSCC from 3 male patients among the 6 total transplanted patients were considered to originate from donor-derived BM cells. A total of 2/3 patients had distant metastasis, resulting in a poor prognosis. In a female patient with oral potentially malignant disorder who underwent HSCT, there were 10.7% Y-containing cells in epithelial cells, suggesting that some epithelial cells were from the donor. Subsequently, gene expression patterns in patients with possible BM stem cell-derived OSCC were compared with those in patients with normally developed OSCC by microarray analysis. A total of 3 patients with BM stem cell-derived OSCC exhibited a specific pattern of gene expression. Following cluster analysis by the probes identified on BM stem cell-derived OSCC, 2 patients with normally developed OSCC were included in the cluster of BM stem cell-derived OSCC. If the genes that could discriminate the origin of OSCC were identified, OSCCs were classified into the three aforementioned categories. If diagnosis can be performed based on the origin of the cancer cells, a more specific therapeutic strategy may be implemented to improve prognosis. This would be a paradigm shift in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nakashiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Chonji Fukumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiki Hyodo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yuta Sawatani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Ryouta Kamimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kuribayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kawamata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Looi CK, Hii LW, Ngai SC, Leong CO, Mai CW. The Role of Ras-Associated Protein 1 (Rap1) in Cancer: Bad Actor or Good Player? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090334. [PMID: 32906721 PMCID: PMC7555474 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is known as the most life-threatening event in cancer patients. In principle, the immune system can prevent tumor development. However, dysfunctional T cells may fail to eliminate the tumor cells effectively and provide additional survival advantages for tumor proliferation and metastasis. Constitutive activation of Ras-associated protein1 (Rap1) has not only led to T cell anergy, but also inhibited autophagy and supported cancer progression through various oncogenic events. Inhibition of Rap1 activity with its negative regulator, Rap1GAP, impairs tumor progression. However, active Rap1 reduces tumor invasion in some cancers, indicating that the pleiotropic effects of Rap1 signaling in cancers could be cancer-specific. All in all, targeting Rap1 signaling and its regulators could potentially control carcinogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and immune evasion. Rap1GAP could be a promising therapeutic target in combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-King Looi
- School of Postgraduate Study, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-K.L.); (L.-W.H.)
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- School of Postgraduate Study, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-K.L.); (L.-W.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia;
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-2731-7596
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Li D, Liu D, Yue D, Gao P, Du C, Liu X, Zhang L. Network pharmacology and RNA sequencing studies on triterpenoid saponins from Bupleurum chinense for the treatment of breast cancer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41088-41098. [PMID: 35540038 PMCID: PMC9076385 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08970e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women, which is frequently associated with adverse side-effects and high metastasis. Bupleurum chinense DC. has been empirically and extensively used as the core prescription for more than half of Chinese formulations for the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer, and its biological activity against breast cancer has been proven by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Saikosaponin compounds are the characteristic constituent of B. chinense, which exhibit significant cytotoxicity toward several cancer cells. However, the specific mechanisms of these compounds in the treatment of breast cancer have not been comprehensively understood. Therefore, we aimed to determine more potentially therapeutic targets and investigate the biological mechanisms of B. chinense. In the present study, we adopted network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis to facilitate this requirement. Consequently, the network analysis revealed that saikosaponin-f (39), saikosaponin-d (14), saikosaponin-c (26), saikosaponin-h (54), saikosaponin-g (41), 3′′,6′′-O-diacetylsaikosaponin-d (20), 11α-methoxy-saikosaponin-f (40), and 6′′-O-acetylsaikosaponin-b1 (48) might play important roles in the treatment of breast cancer. In addition, the apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL-2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5 (DDX5), protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC) were the potential therapeutic targets that exhibited intense interactions. Mechanistically, a gene enrichment analysis revealed that the action of B. chinense against breast cancer was achieved by the regulation of several biological signaling pathways, such as pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, microRNAs in cancer, etc. More importantly, we verified that the predictions involving saikosaponin-d by the cytotoxicity assay, apoptosis analysis, and RNA sequencing methods were partly consistent with those obtained from the network pharmacology prediction. The network pharmacology and RNA sequencing studies were used to explore potential therapeutic targets and biological mechanisms of B. chinense for the treatment of breast cancer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Li
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
| | - Da Liu
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
| | - Dandan Yue
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
| | - Pinyi Gao
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology
- General Hospital of Northern Theater Command
- Shenyang 110016
- PR China
| | - Xuegui Liu
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Institute of Functional Molecules
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Green Functional Molecular Design and Development
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Targeted Pesticides
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang
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9
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Kinouchi M, Izumi S, Nakashiro KI, Haruyama Y, Kobashi G, Uchida D, Hasegawa T, Kawamata H. Determination of the origin of oral squamous cell carcinoma by microarray analysis: Squamous epithelium or minor salivary gland? Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2551-2560. [PMID: 30121960 PMCID: PMC6220885 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of oral cancers are histopathologically squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). According to clinical behavior and histopathological features, we hypothesize that oral SCC can originate from either oral squamous epithelium or minor salivary glands. Here, we examined whether some oral SCCs originate from minor salivary glands, and investigated whether these tumors show particularly aggressive biological behavior. The mRNA expression profiles of samples obtained from six patients with oral floor SCC (five men, one woman; mean age, 62.7 years) were analyzed using a microarray containing 32,878 probes. The six samples were divided into two groups by clustering of expression levels of 845 probes differentially expressed in normal oral squamous epithelium and normal salivary glands. The expression profile in four cases was similar to that of normal oral squamous epithelium, and in two cases was similar to that of normal salivary glands. Furthermore, we identified nine genes that reveal the origin of the oral SCC. Subsequently, we examined the expression levels of these nine marker genes by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to determine the origin of 66 oral SCCs. Twelve of the 66 oral SCCs were considered to originate from minor salivary glands, and these tumors showed high metastatic potential (p = 0.044, Chi‐square test). Furthermore, SCC derived from minor salivary glands showed a poor event‐free survival rate (p = 0.017, Kaplan–Meier analysis). In conclusion, determination of the origin of oral SCC is helpful in planning treatment for patients with oral SCC. What's new? In spite of several past attempts, no distinct factors controlling the biological aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been identified. Determining the origin of the cancer cells could help predict biological aggressiveness, however. Here, the authors provide evidence that oral SCC has two different origins, as mucosal or salivary SCC. Furthermore, they identify nine genes able to reveal the origin of oral SCC. Based on their expression levels, the authors determined that twelve of the 66 oral SCCs in their sample originated from minor salivary glands. Salivary SCC tumors showed high metastatic potential and poor event‐free survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kinouchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Izumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nakashiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuo Haruyama
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Gen Kobashi
- Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kawamata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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10
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Zhao J, Mai C, Weng D, Chen C, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Wang P. Reduced expression of Rap1GAP as a prognostic biomarker for primary gastric cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:375-384. [PMID: 29758923 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rap1GAP, a member of the family of GTPase-activating proteins, is reported to be involved in cancer development and progression. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic value of Rap1GAP in gastric cancer patients. METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to examine Rap1GAP expression in tumorous and matched adjacent non-tumorous gastric tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze Rap1GAP expression in 456 gastric cancer tissues. The correlation between Rap1GAP expression level and clinicopathological features as well as gastric cancer prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS Rap1GAP expression was remarkably decreased in tumor tissues at mRNA (p= 0.012) and protein (p= 0.034) level. Clinicopathological analysis revealed that low Rap1GAP expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (p= 0.033), histological grade (p= 0.034), T classification (p= 0.012), N classification (p= 0.006) and clinical stage (p= 0.005). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed the association between low Rap1GAP expression and poor survival in gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Rap1GAP expression was an independent prognostic factor (p= 0.02). CONCLUSION Rap1GAP may play a significant role in gastric cancer progression and act as a valuable prognostic marker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Mai
- Department of Abdominal Oncosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Desheng Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Gao WL, Ye GC, Liu LW, Wei L. The downregulation of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein is associated with a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and may impact on tumor progression. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7661-7668. [PMID: 29725465 PMCID: PMC5920375 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP) has been reported to serve an important role in various types of cancer by specific stimulation as a negative regulator of Rap1 activity. However, the role of Rap1GAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) has yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of Rap1GAP in CRC tissues and to elucidate its clinical significance. The expression of Rap1GAP, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and E-cadherin in 227 CRC tissues and paired para-carcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Associations between Rap1GAP expression and clinicopathological characteristics, and between Rap1GAP expression and prognostic value (OS + DFS) in CRC were investigated. Furthermore, associations between Rap1GAP expression and MMP-9 expression, and between Rap1GAP expression and E-cadherin expression were also investigated. Rap1GAP expression was markedly downregulated in CRC tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues. Decreased expression of Rap1GAP was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and a poor prognosis in patients with CRC following surgery. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that Rap1GAP was an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival. In addition, Rap1GAP expression was negatively associated with MMP-9 and positively associated with E-cadherin in 227 CRC samples. In brief, the results of the present study suggested that Rap1GAP may be involved in tumor progression in CRC and may serve as a potential target for prognostic prediction of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Chao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
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12
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Cai H, Li M, Sun K, Wang J, Liu X, Wang J, Duan X. Low expression of Rap1GAP is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8057-8068. [PMID: 28009991 PMCID: PMC5352382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1GAP is a crucial tumor suppressor, but its role in gastric cancer (GC) is little investigated. In this study, we found that the expression of Rap1GAP was decreased in GC. Low expression of Rap1GAP was positively correlated with advanced pTNM stage, Borrmann types, tumor diameter and poor prognosis in patients with GC. Low expression of Rap1GAP correlated with loss of E-cadherin expression, and anomalous positivity of MMP2 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that low expression of Rap1GAP was an independent prognostic factor. Ectopic expression of Rap1GAP impaired cell migration and invasion, promoted the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of MMP2. These results suggest that Rap1GAP functions as a novel suppressor of EMT and tumor metastasis in GC, and loss of Rap1GAP predicts poor prognosis in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Department III of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yan
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Li
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Sun
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jizhao Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Liu
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyi Duan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Priego N, Arechederra M, Sequera C, Bragado P, Vázquez-Carballo A, Gutiérrez-Uzquiza Á, Martín-Granado V, Ventura JJ, Kazanietz MG, Guerrero C, Porras A. C3G knock-down enhances migration and invasion by increasing Rap1-mediated p38α activation, while it impairs tumor growth through p38α-independent mechanisms. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45060-45078. [PMID: 27286263 PMCID: PMC5216706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C3G, a Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) for Rap1 and R-Ras, has been shown to play important roles in development and cancer. Previous studies determined that C3G regulates cell death through down-regulation of p38α MAPK activity. Here, we found that C3G knock-down in MEFs and HCT116 cells promotes migration and invasion through Rap1-mediated p38α hyper-activation. These effects of C3G were inhibited by Rap1 knock-down or inactivation. The enhanced migration observed in C3G depleted HCT116 cells was associated with reduction in E-cadherin expression, internalization of ZO-1, actin cytoskeleton reorganization and decreased adhesion. We also found that matrix metalloproteases MMP2 and MMP9 are involved in the pro-invasive effect of C3G down-regulation. Additionally, our studies revealed that both C3G and p38α collaborate to promote growth of HCT116 cells in vitro and in vivo, possibly by enhancing cell survival. In fact, knocking-down C3G or p38α individually or together promoted cell death in vitro, although only the double C3G-p38α silencing was able to increase cell death within tumors. Notably, we found that the pro-tumorigenic function of C3G does not depend on p38α or Rap1 activation. Altogether, our studies uncover novel mechanisms by which C3G controls key aspects of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neibla Priego
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Sequera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez-Carballo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Uzquiza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: Department of Cancer Biology, Biomedical Research Building II/III, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Víctor Martín-Granado
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan José Ventura
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Almudena Porras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Zheng LQ, Wang R, Chi SM, Li CX. Matrix metalloproteinase 1: a better biomarker for squamous cell carcinoma by multiple microarray analyses. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 154:327-337. [PMID: 29249121 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to validate MMP1 role in the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by bioinformatics methods. METHODS Gene expression data of 10 GSE series (5 HNSCCs and 5 cSCCs) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RESULTS Higher expression of MMP1 was found rank number one in 9/10 GSE series of SCC. MMP1 was mainly focused on Gene Ontology (GO) terms of collagen catabolic process, extracellular matrix disassembly. The analysis results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways mainly involved Rheumatoid arthritis, Bladder cancer and Pathways in cancer. Also, MMP1 was identified as a hub protein in the PPI network by using Cytoscape software. In addition, others MMPs members of family were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that MMP1 may be pivotal to the transition from normal skin to premalignant lesions to SCC, thus representing a potential therapeutic target gene of diagnosis and prevention in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology, the 251st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Min Chi
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China -
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15
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Wang L, Zhu B, Wang S, Wu Y, Zhan W, Xie S, Shi H, Yu R. Regulation of glioma migration and invasion via modification of Rap2a activity by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2565-2574. [PMID: 28405688 PMCID: PMC5428538 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Νeuronal precursor cell expressed and developmentally downregulated protein (Nedd4-1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with critical roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. Herein, we demonstrated that Nedd4-1 protein was upregulated in glioma tissues vs. that in non-cancerous tissues by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Scratch migration and Transwell chamber assays indicated that downregulation of Nedd4-1 significantly reduced the migration and invasion of the glioma cell lines U251 and U87. Conversely, overexpression of Nedd4-1 obviously enhanced the migratory and invasive capacities in both cell lines. To investigate the role of Nedd4-1 and the intracellular pathways involved, we performed pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and recognized that Nedd4-1, TNIK and Rap2a formed a complex. Moreover, Nedd4-1 selectively ubiquitinated its specific substrates, the wild-type Rap2a (WT-Rap2a) and dominant-active Rap2a (DA-Rap2a) rather than the dominant-negative Rap2a (DN-Rap2a) in the U251 cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that Rap2a was robustly ubiquitinated by Nedd4-1 along with the K63-linked, but not the K48-linked ubiquitin chain, which significantly inhibited GTP-Rap2a activity by GST-RalGDS pull-down assay. To further verify whether the ubiquitination of Rap2a by Nedd4-1 regulated the migration and invasion of glioma cells, Nedd4-1, HA-tagged ubiquitin and its mutants as well as WT-Rap2a were co-transfected in the U251 and U87 cell lines. The results confirmed that Nedd4-1 inhibited GTP-Rap2a activity, and promoted the migration and invasion of glioma cells. In brief, our findings demonstrated the important role of Nedd4-1 in regulating the migration and invasion of glioma cells via the Nedd4-1/Rap2a pathway, which may qualify Nedd4-1 as a viable therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Zhu
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Zhan
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shao Xie
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hengliang Shi
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Insitute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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16
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Rap1GAP inhibits tumor progression in endometrial cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:476-483. [PMID: 28196746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a common endometrial cancer with recent dramatic increases in incidence. Previous findings indicate that Rap1GAP acts as a tumor suppressor inhibiting Ras superfamily protein Rap1 in multiple aggressive carcinomas; however, Rap1GAP expression in EAC has not been investigated. In this study, the tumor suppressing activity of Rap1GAP in EAC was explored. METHODS EAC cell lines were used to examine Rap1GAP levels by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting and the effects of Rap1GAP on cancer cell invasion and migration. Rap1GAP expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for Rap1GAP, E-cadherin in surgically resected tumors of 114 EAC patients scored according to EAC differentiation grade. Prognostic variables such as age, stage, grade, tumor size, and immunostaining for Rap1GAP, E-cadherin were evaluated using Cox regression multivariate analysis. RESULTS Low Rap1GAP expression was detected in poorly differentiated EAC cells. Rap1GAP deficiency significantly accelerated while Rap1 deficiency decreased cancer cell migration and invasion. Patients with higher Rap1GAP, E-cadherin, and especially combined Rap1GAP/E-cadherin levels had better overall survival than EAC patients with no or weak expression. In addition, Rap1GAP expression was an independent prognostic factor in EAC. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Rap1GAP expression increases EAC cell migration and invasion through upregulation of Rap1. Low expression of Rap1GAP correlates with poor EAC differentiation. Our findings suggest that Rap1GAP is an important tumor suppressor with high prognostic value in EAC.
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17
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Abstract
Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1), a small GTPase in the Ras-related protein family, is an important regulator of basic cellular functions (e.g., formation and control of cell adhesions and junctions), cellular migration, and polarization. Through its interaction with other proteins, Rap1 plays many roles during cell invasion and metastasis in different cancers. The basic function of Rap1 is straightforward; it acts as a switch during cellular signaling transduction and regulated by its binding to either guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP). However, its remarkably diverse function is rendered by its interplay with a large number of distinct Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and Rap GTPase activating proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Rap1 signaling can regulate cell invasion and metastasis, focusing on its roles in integrin and cadherin regulation, Rho GTPase control, and matrix metalloproteinase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruo-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ken Cheng
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Brian Z Ring
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
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18
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Almahariq M, Mei FC, Cheng X. The pleiotropic role of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) in cancer: implications for therapeutic intervention. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:75-81. [PMID: 26525949 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic second messenger adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) regulates a myriad of biological processes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) mediates the intracellular functions of cAMP by acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras-like Rap small GTPases. Recent studies suggest that EPAC1 plays important roles in immunomodulation, cancer cell migration/metastasis, and metabolism. These results, coupled with the successful development of EPAC-specific small molecule inhibitors, identify EPAC1 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Almahariq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Qiu T, Li D, Li Z, Xu K, Qi X, Cen J, Chen Z. [The effect of up-regulated expression of Rap1GAP on the invasion ability of HL-60 cells in vitro and in vivo]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:570-4. [PMID: 26304080 PMCID: PMC7342645 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of up-regulation of Rap1GAP on the invasion ability of leukemic HL-60 cells in vitro, and to establish leukemia mouse model to verify the effects in vivo. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot methods were used to detect the expression of Rap1GAP in Venus/HL-60 (vehicle control) and Rap1GAP/HL-60 cells (R1 andR2). Transwell method was used to examine the invasion ability in vitro. Quantitative RT-PCR and gelatin zymograph were used to study the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Four-week-old BALB/c nu/nu mice were pre-treated and inoculated with leukemic cells from different groups, several index including survival time were then monitored. RESULTS Rap1GAP mRNA level of R1 and R2 increased about 16-17 folds as compared to the control cells. The invasion rate of R1 and R2 are (55 ± 5)% and (59 ± 4)%, which are significantly higher than (14 ± 4)% of the control cells. The mRNA level of MMP-9 was up-regulated about 12.0 folds in R1 and R2 cells compared to the corresponding control cells. The median survival times of R1 and R2 mice are (32.00 ± 1.85) d and (33.37 ± 2.50) d, respectively, which are shorter than (43.62 ± 2.32) d of the control group. Three mice of R1 and R2 groups showed leukemic cells infiltration in meninges tissue, and the genes of Rap1GAP and MMP-9 were amplified by PCR method. CONCLUSION Up-regulated expression of Rap1GAP increased the invasion ability of HL-60 cells accompanied with enhancement of MMP-9 expression in vitro, and the experiment in mouse model also confirmed that Rap1GAP enhanced the invasion of HL-60 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qiu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Depeng Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiannong Cen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zixing Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Zhang S, Tian L, Ma P, Sun Q, Zhang K, GuanchaoWang, Liu H, Xu B. Potential role of differentially expressed lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1581-7. [PMID: 26276270 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently attracted more attention about the role in a broad range of biological processes and complex cancers. We aimed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs that play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Microarray data GSE25099 consisting of 57 samples from patients with OSCC and 22 normal samples were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs were identified between OSCC samples and control using samr package in R and noncoder software. Co-expression network was constructed for lncRNAs and candidate target DEGs, followed by functional and pathway enrichment analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online tool. OSCC-related genes were screened by Genetic-Association-DB-Database analysis, and then protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction of OSCC-related and co-expressed genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that there were 998 DEGs and 160 differentially expressed lncRNAs between OSCC and normal control. We found LOC100130547, FTH1P3, PDIA3F and GTF2IRD2P1 targeted most of DEGs. Predicted targets-related functional annotation showed significant changes in inflammation-related functions and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. By further conducting PPI network with lncRNA co-expressed DEGs, we found that OSCC-associated genes including MMP1 (matrix metallopeptidase), MMP3, MMP9, PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase) and IL8 (interleukin 8) were targeted by FTH1P3, PDIA3F and GTF2IRD2P1. Our results indicate that lncRNAs FTH1P3, PDIA3F and GTF2IRD2P1 may responsible for progression and metastasis of OSCC via targeting MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, PLAU and IL8 which are key regulators of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchuan Zhang
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - Lili Tian
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - Penghua Ma
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - GuanchaoWang
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China.
| | - Baohua Xu
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029, China
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Jimenez L, Jayakar SK, Ow TJ, Segall JE. Mechanisms of Invasion in Head and Neck Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1334-48. [PMID: 26046491 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0498-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The highly invasive properties demonstrated by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are often associated with locoregional recurrence and lymph node metastasis in patients and is a key factor leading to an expected 5-year survival rate of approximately 50% for patients with advanced disease. It is important to understand the features and mediators of HNSCC invasion so that new treatment approaches can be developed. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the characteristics, mediators, and mechanisms of HNSCC invasion. DATA SOURCES A literature review of peer-reviewed articles in PubMed on HNSCC invasion. CONCLUSIONS Histologic features of HNSCC tumors can help predict prognosis and influence clinical treatment decisions. Cell surface receptors, signaling pathways, proteases, invadopodia function, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, microRNAs, and tumor microenvironment are all involved in the regulation of the invasive behavior of HNSCC cells. Identifying effective HNSCC invasion inhibitors has the potential to improve outcomes for patients by reducing the rate of spread and increasing responsiveness to chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E Segall
- From the Departments of Pathology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Drs Ow and Segall) and Anatomy and Structural Biology (Mss Jimenez and Jayakar, and Dr Segall), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Shin EM, Hay HS, Lee MH, Goh JN, Tan TZ, Sen YP, Lim SW, Yousef EM, Ong HT, Thike AA, Kong X, Wu Z, Mendoz E, Sun W, Salto-Tellez M, Lim CT, Lobie PE, Lim YP, Yap CT, Zeng Q, Sethi G, Lee MB, Tan P, Goh BC, Miller LD, Thiery JP, Zhu T, Gaboury L, Tan PH, Hui KM, Yip GWC, Miyamoto S, Kumar AP, Tergaonkar V. DEAD-box helicase DP103 defines metastatic potential of human breast cancers. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3807-24. [PMID: 25083991 DOI: 10.1172/jci73451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancement in breast cancer treatment, 30% of patients with early breast cancers experience relapse with distant metastasis. It is a challenge to identify patients at risk for relapse; therefore, the identification of markers and therapeutic targets for metastatic breast cancers is imperative. Here, we identified DP103 as a biomarker and metastasis-driving oncogene in human breast cancers and determined that DP103 elevates matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) levels, which are associated with metastasis and invasion through activation of NF-κB. In turn, NF-κB signaling positively activated DP103 expression. Furthermore, DP103 enhanced TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) phosphorylation of NF-κB-activating IκB kinase 2 (IKK2), leading to increased NF-κB activity. Reduction of DP103 expression in invasive breast cancer cells reduced phosphorylation of IKK2, abrogated NF-κB-mediated MMP9 expression, and impeded metastasis in a murine xenograft model. In breast cancer patient tissues, elevated levels of DP103 correlated with enhanced MMP9, reduced overall survival, and reduced survival after relapse. Together, these data indicate that a positive DP103/NF-κB feedback loop promotes constitutive NF-κB activation in invasive breast cancers and activation of this pathway is linked to cancer progression and the acquisition of chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, our results suggest that DP103 has potential as a therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Banerjee R, Russo N, Liu M, Basrur V, Bellile E, Palanisamy N, Scanlon CS, van Tubergen E, Inglehart RC, Metwally T, Mani RS, Yocum A, Nyati MK, Castilho RM, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM, D'Silva NJ. TRIP13 promotes error-prone nonhomologous end joining and induces chemoresistance in head and neck cancer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4527. [PMID: 25078033 PMCID: PMC4130352 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (SCCHN) is a common, aggressive, treatment-resistant cancer with a high recurrence rate and mortality, but the mechanism of treatment-resistance remains unclear. Here we describe a mechanism where the AAA-ATPase TRIP13 promotes treatment-resistance. Overexpression of TRIP13 in non-malignant cells results in malignant transformation. High expression of TRIP13 in SCCHN leads to aggressive, treatment-resistant tumors and enhanced repair of DNA damage. Using mass spectrometry, we identify DNA-PKcs complex proteins that mediate non homologous end joining (NHEJ), as TRIP13 binding partners. Using repair-deficient reporter systems, we show that TRIP13 promotes NHEJ, even when homologous recombination is intact. Importantly, overexpression of TRIP13 sensitizes SCCHN to an inhibitor of DNA-PKcs. Thus, this study defines a new mechanism of treatment resistance in SCCHN and underscores the importance of targeting NHEJ to overcome treatment failure in SCCHN and potentially in other cancers that overexpress TRIP13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nickole Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Emily Bellile
- Center for Cancer Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Christina S Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth van Tubergen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tarek Metwally
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ram-Shankar Mani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anastasia Yocum
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mukesh K Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- 1] Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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24
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Nuclear SIPA1 activates integrin β1 promoter and promotes invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Burduk PK, Bodnar M, Sawicki P, Szylberg Ł, Wiśniewska E, Kaźmierczak W, Martyńska M, Marszałek A. Expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitors 1 and 2 as predictors of lymph node metastases in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2014; 37:418-22. [PMID: 24436008 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) can decompose extracellular matrix (ECM) components and brake down basement membranes and, thus, promote tumor local invasion and metastasis. METHODS We studied 41 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx who underwent surgical treatment. Material was diagnosed by routine procedure and examined by immunohistochemical analysis and dot blot technique. We searched for correlations between expressions of MMPs, such as MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and treatment outcome. RESULTS We found cytoplasmic expression of analyzed proteins, both in cancer cells and tumor stroma. The expression of analyzed antigens was higher in patients with lymph node metastases comparing patients without lymph node involvement. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that microenvironment changes are one of key factors in tumor progression. Divergent expression of MMPs and their inhibitors might be used as prognostic factor of oropharyngeal carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Burduk
- Department of Otolaryngology and Clinical Oncology Chair and Clinic of Otolaryngology and Department of Pathophysiology of Hearing and Balance System Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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26
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Banerjee R, Van Tubergen EA, Scanlon CS, Vander Broek R, Lints JP, Liu M, Russo N, Inglehart RC, Wang Y, Polverini PJ, Kirkwood KL, D'Silva NJ. The G protein-coupled receptor GALR2 promotes angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1323-33. [PMID: 24568968 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is an aggressive disease with poor patient survival. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that induces aggressive tumor growth in SCCHN. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which GALR2 promotes angiogenesis, a critical oncogenic phenotype required for tumor growth. The impact of GALR2 expression on secretion of proangiogenic cytokines in multiple SCCHN cell lines was investigated by ELISA and in vitro angiogenesis assays. Chemical inhibitor and genetic knockdown strategies were used to understand the key regulators. The in vivo impact of GALR2 on angiogenesis was investigated in mouse xenograft, chick chorioallantoic membrane, and the clinically relevant mouse orthotopic floor-of-mouth models. GALR2 induced angiogenesis via p38-MAPK-mediated secretion of proangiogenic cytokines, VEGF, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, GALR2 activated small-GTP-protein, RAP1B, thereby inducing p38-mediated inactivation of tristetraprolin (TTP), which functions to destabilize cytokine transcripts. This resulted in enhanced secretion of proangiogenic cytokines and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In SCCHN cells overexpressing GALR2, inactivation of TTP increased secretion of IL-6 and VEGF, whereas inhibition of p38 activated TTP and decreased cytokine secretion. Here, we report that GALR2 stimulates tumor angiogenesis in SCCHN via p38-mediated inhibition of TTP with resultant enhanced cytokine secretion. Given that p38 inhibitors are in clinical use for inflammatory disorders, GALR2/p38-mediated cytokine secretion may be an excellent target for new adjuvant therapy in SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Banerjee
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Craniofacial Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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27
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Wang L, Zhan W, Xie S, Hu J, Shi Q, Zhou X, Wu Y, Wang S, Fei Z, Yu R. Over-expression of Rap2a inhibits glioma migration and invasion by down-regulating p-AKT. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:326-34. [PMID: 24293123 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras-oncogenic pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various tumours in humans, in which mutations of three canonical genes including H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras are the most common events. Dysregulation of Ras signalling can be tumourigenic, especially gliomas of the central nervous system. Rap proteins are members of the small GTPase superfamily that involved in many biological processes. However, it remains largely unclear as to whether and how Rap proteins are involved in the development of multiple gliomas. We found that the levels of the protein Rap2a and the activity of Rap2a (GTP-Rap2a) were weakly expressed in glioma tissues. Overexpressed Rap2a significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells with an increase of GTP-Rap2a. Overexpression of the dominant-active (DA-Rap2a), but not the dominant-negative (DN-Rap2a) form of Rap2a, also similarly inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells by reducing the phosphorylation level of AKT. In contrast, downregulation of Rap2a promoted glioma migration and invasion, and raised the phosphorylation level of AKT, whereas these effects were inhibited by PI3K-specific inhibitor, LY294002. Thus unlike the other family members of Ras, Rab2a probably serves as a tumour suppressor in the pathogenesis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, 221002, China
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Scanlon CS, Van Tubergen EA, Chen LC, Elahi SF, Kuo S, Feinberg S, Mycek MA, D'Silva NJ. Characterization of squamous cell carcinoma in an organotypic culture via subsurface non-linear optical molecular imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1233-41. [PMID: 24085785 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213502628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein which downregulates multiple cytokines that mediate progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We previously showed that HNSCC cells with shRNA-mediated knockdown of TTP are more invasive than controls. In this study, we use control and TTP-deficient cells to present a novel subsurface non-linear optical molecular imaging method using a three-dimensional (3D) organotypic construct, and compare the live cell imaging data to histology of fixed tissue specimens. This manuscript describes how to prepare and image the novel organotypic system that closely mimics HNSCC in a clinical setting. The oral cancer equivalent (OCE) system allows HNSCC cells to stratify and invade beyond the basement membrane into underlying connective tissue prepared from decellularized human dermal tissue. The OCE model was inspired by tissue engineering strategies to prepare autologous transplants from human keratinocytes. Advantages of this method over previously used in vitro cancer models include the simulation of the basement membrane and complex connective tissue in the construct, in addition to the ability to track the 3D movement of live invading cells and quantify matrix destruction over time. The OCE model and novel live cell imaging strategy may be applied to study other types of 3D tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous number of studies of prognostic molecular markers in cancer, only a few such markers have entered clinical practise. The lack of clinical prognostic markers clearly reflects limitations in or an inappropriate approach to prognostic studies. This situation should be of great concern for the research community, clinicians and patients. In the present review, we evaluate immunohistochemical prognostic marker studies in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) from 2006 to 2012. We comment upon general issues such as study design, assay methods and statistical methods, applicable to prognostic marker studies irrespective of cancer type. The three most frequently studied markers in OSCC are reviewed. Our analysis revealed that most new molecular markers are reported only once. To draw conclusions of clinical relevance based on the few markers that appeared in more than one study was problematic due to between-study heterogeneity. Currently, much valuable tissue material, time and money are wasted on irrelevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo
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Travan S, Li F, D'Silva NJ, Slate EH, Kirkwood KL. Differential expression of mitogen activating protein kinases in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:757-64. [PMID: 23742695 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Following toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can stimulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines thus activating the innate immune response. The production of inflammatory cytokines results, in part, from the activation of kinase-induced signalling cascades and transcriptional factors. Of the four distinct classes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) described in mammals, p38, c-Jun N-terminal activated kinases (JNK1-3) and extracellular activated kinases (ERK1,2) are the best studied. Previous data have established that p38 MAPK signalling is required for inflammation and bone loss in periodontal disease pre-clinical animal models. MATERIALS & METHODS In this study, we obtained healthy and diseased periodontal tissues along with clinical parameters and microbiological parameters. Excised fixed tissues were immunostained with total and phospho-specific antibodies against p38, JNK and ERK kinases. RESULTS Intensity scoring from immunostained tissues was correlated with clinical periodontal parameters. Rank correlations with clinical indices were statistically significantly positive (p-value < 0.05) for total p38 (correlations ranging 0.49-0.68), phospho-p38 (range 0.44-0.56), and total ERK (range 0.52-0.59) levels, and correlations with JNK levels also supported association (range 0.42-0.59). Phospho-JNK and phospho-ERK showed no significant positive correlation with clinical parameters of disease. CONCLUSION These data strongly implicate p38 MAPK as a major MAPK involved in human periodontal inflammation and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Travan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The Histone Methyltransferase EZH2 Mediates Tumor Progression on the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay, a Novel Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:273-81. [PMID: 23730406 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current in vivo models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have limitations in simulating some essential tumorigenic phenotypes, such as invasion. Most mouse models of human HNSCC are inadequate because tumor cells are injected directly into the connective tissue, thereby bypassing the basement membrane of the surface epithelium, the first barrier to invasion. In this manuscript, we establish the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as an in vivomodel of human HNSCC tumor progression. Using the CAM model of HNSCC, we investigated the role of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase, in multiple aspects of HNSCC tumor progression. We found that knockdown of EZH2 reduced tumor size, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumors produced by grafting human HNSCC cells onto the CAM. In addition, we demonstrate that EZH2 expression mediates a mesenchymal phenotype in HNSCC cell lines and mouse tumors. These findings demonstrate the advantages of the newly proposed CAM model of human HNSCC and highlight the emerging role of EZH2 in HSNCC tumor progression.
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Alemayehu M, Dragan M, Pape C, Siddiqui I, Sacks DB, Di Guglielmo GM, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. β-Arrestin2 regulates lysophosphatidic acid-induced human breast tumor cell migration and invasion via Rap1 and IQGAP1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56174. [PMID: 23405264 PMCID: PMC3566084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins play critical roles in chemotaxis and cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of several receptor types, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targets for greater than 50% of all pharmaceuticals. Among them, receptors for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), namely LPA(1) are overexpressed in breast cancer and promote metastatic spread. We have recently reported that β-arrestin2 regulates LPA(1)-mediated breast cancer cell migration and invasion, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. We show here that LPA induces activity of the small G protein, Rap1 in breast cancer cells in a β-arrestin2-dependent manner, but fails to activate Rap1 in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. We found that Rap1A mRNA levels are higher in human breast tumors compared to healthy patient samples and Rap1A is robustly expressed in human ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors, in contrast to the normal mammary ducts. Rap1A protein expression is also higher in aggressive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t) relative to the weakly invasive MCF-7 cells or non-malignant MCF10A mammary cells. Depletion of Rap1A expression significantly impaired LPA-stimulated migration of breast cancer cells and invasiveness in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures. Furthermore, we found that β-arrestin2 associates with the actin binding protein IQGAP1 in breast cancer cells, and is necessary for the recruitment of IQGAP1 to the leading edge of migratory cells. Depletion of IQGAP1 blocked LPA-stimulated breast cancer cell invasion. Finally, we have identified that LPA enhances the binding of endogenous Rap1A to β-arrestin2, and also stimulates Rap1A and IQGAP1 to associate with LPA(1). Thus our data establish novel roles for Rap1A and IQGAP1 as critical regulators of LPA-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arrestins/genetics
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Shelterin Complex
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Telomere-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Telomere-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- beta-Arrestins
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- ras GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistre Alemayehu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magdalena Dragan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Van Tubergen EA, Banerjee R, Liu M, Vander Broek R, Light E, Kuo S, Feinberg SE, Willis AL, Wolf G, Carey T, Bradford C, Prince M, Worden FP, Kirkwood KL, D'Silva NJ. Inactivation or loss of TTP promotes invasion in head and neck cancer via transcript stabilization and secretion of MMP9, MMP2, and IL-6. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1169-79. [PMID: 23349315 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasion is the critical step in progression of a precancerous lesion to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). Invasion is regulated by multiple proinflammatory mediators. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an mRNA-degrading protein that regulates multiple proinflammatory mediators. TTP may serve as an excellent treatment target. Rap1 is a ras-like oncoprotein that induces critical signaling pathways. In this study, the role of rap1 in TTP-mediated invasion was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using complementary approaches, we modulated TTP and altered expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2/9, which were quantified by ELISA and zymogram. Invasion was evaluated in vitro using the oral-cancer-equivalent (OCE) three-dimensional model and in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The role of rap1 and p38 were established using knockdown strategies. RESULTS Downregulation of TTP significantly increased invasion via secretion of MMP9/2 and IL-6. In the novel OCE and CAM invasion models of HNSCC, cells with downregulated TTP destroyed the basement membrane to invade the underlying connective tissue. Rap1 induces p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38)-mediated inactivation of TTP. Inactive TTP enhances transcript stability via binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). High IL-6 and MMP9 are prognostic for poor clinical outcomes in patients with HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the rap1-p38-TTP cascade is an attractive novel treatment strategy in HNSCC to concurrently suppress multiple mediators of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Van Tubergen
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Chen CH, Chuang HC, Huang CC, Fang FM, Huang HY, Tsai HT, Su LJ, Shiu LY, Leu S, Chien CY. Overexpression of Rap-1A indicates a poor prognosis for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and promotes tumor cell invasion via Aurora-A modulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:516-28. [PMID: 23219753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The functions of Rap-1A in oral carcinogenesis are largely unexplored. In this study, we examined the expression of Rap-1A at different malignant stages of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Semiquantitative RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting were used to evaluate Rap-1A mRNA and protein expressions, respectively, in paired OCSCC patient specimens. To determine the possible correlation between Rap-1A expression and various clinical characteristics, 256 samples from patients with OCSCC were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Strong Rap-1A expression was a significant prognostic marker and predictor of aggressive OCSCC. The overall and disease-specific 5-year survival rates were significantly correlated with strong expression of Rap-1A (P < 0.001). Functionally, overexpressed Rap-1A could promote oral cancer cell migration and invasion by Transwell chambers and wound healing assay. Conversely, the suppression of Rap-1A expression using Rap-1A-mediated siRNA was sufficient to decrease cell motility. Furthermore, our data also illustrated that Aurora-A could not only induce mRNA and protein expressions of Rap-1A for enhancing cancer cell motility but also co-localize and form a complex with Rap-1A in the oral cancer cell line. Finally, immunohistochemical staining, indirect immunofluorescence, and Western blotting analysis of human aggressive OCSCC specimens revealed a significantly positive correlation between Rap-1A and Aurora-A expression. Taken together, our results suggest that the Aurora-A/Rap-1A pathway is associated with survival, tumor progression, and metastasis of OCSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Han Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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Russo N, Wang X, Liu M, Banerjee R, Goto M, Scanlon C, Metwally T, Inglehart RC, Tsodikov A, Duffy S, Van Tubergen E, Bradford C, Carey T, Wolf G, Chinnaiyan AM, D'Silva NJ. A novel approach to biomarker discovery in head and neck cancer using an autoantibody signature. Oncogene 2012; 32:5026-37. [PMID: 23160375 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the dismal prognosis for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), there have been no novel treatments in over 40 years. Identification of novel tumor antigens in SCCHN will facilitate the identification of potential novel treatment targets. Tumor antigens are proteins selectively expressed by tumor cells and recognized by the host immune system. Phage-displayed tumor antigens were enriched by biopanning with normal and then SCCHN-specific serum. Ninety-six phage clones were sequenced for identification, and 21 clones were validated using Luminex. One of these proteins, L23, a novel tumor antigen in SCCHN, was validated as an oncogene. L23 is upregulated in SCCHN compared with normal keratinocytes. Knockdown of L23 inhibited proliferation, invasion and cell survival. Overexpression of L23 had the reverse effect. Overexpression of L23 in non malignant cells led to transformation. Injection of SCCHN cells with knockdown of L23 in mice, induced tumors that were significantly smaller than control tumors. In conclusion, the immunomic screen yielded a panel of antigens specific to SCCHN; one of these proteins, L23, is a novel oncogene in SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Scanlon CS, Van Tubergen EA, Inglehart RC, D'Silva NJ. Biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Res 2012; 92:114-21. [PMID: 23128109 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512467352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the process by which tumor cells destroy the basement membrane of the surface epithelium, invade, and metastasize is essential to the development of novel treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In recent years, there has been increased interest in the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in invasion. EMT is a process that describes the development of motile, mesenchymal-like cells from non-motile parent epithelial cells. There are 3 known types of EMT that mediate development, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes studies of known EMT biomarkers in the context of HNSCC progression. The biomarkers discussed come from a wide range of proteins, including cell-surface proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Integrins), cytoskeletal proteins (α-Smooth Muscle Actin, Vimentin, and β-catenin), extracellular matrix proteins (Collagens, Fibronectin, and Laminin), and transcription factors (SNAIL1, SNAIL2, TWIST, and LEF-1). Overall, the findings of these studies suggest that EMT mediates HNSCC progression. The mechanistic role of the EMT markers that have been associated with HNSCC should be more clearly defined if new anti-HNSCC therapies to block EMT progression are to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Scanlon
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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37
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You TK, Kim KM, Noh SJ, Bae JS, Jang KY, Chung MJ, Moon WS, Kang MJ, Lee DG, Park HS. Expressions of E-cadherin, Cortactin and MMP-9 in Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Their Relationships with Clinicopathologic Factors and Prognostic Implication. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 46:331-40. [PMID: 23110025 PMCID: PMC3479816 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2012.46.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cadherin, cortactin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 have roles in tumor development or progression, but their expression has not been fully investigated in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. METHODS We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin, cortactin, and MMP-9 in 29 cases of PEH and 97 cases of SCC. Additionally, we evaluated their relationship with clinicopathologic factors and prognostic implications in SCC. RESULTS Thirty-five cases of SCC showed reduced expression of E-cadherin, whereas none of the PEH did. A total of 20 cases and 11 cases of SCC were immunoreactive for cortactin and MMP-9, respectively, whereas none of the PEH did. In SCC, reduced expression of E-cadherin was correlated with cortactin expression and invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with differentiation, T classification, and recurrence and/or metastasis. MMP-9 expression was correlated with invasion depth. Cortactin expression was correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival and it was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS The reduced expression of E-cadherin and the expression of cortactin may be helpful for the differential diagnosis of PEH and SCC. Furthermore, cortactin expression in association with reduced E-cadherin expression is correlated with poor prognosis in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tack Kune You
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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38
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Dong X, Tang W, Stopenski S, Brose MS, Korch C, Meinkoth JL. RAP1GAP inhibits cytoskeletal remodeling and motility in thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:575-88. [PMID: 22696507 PMCID: PMC3531979 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional significance of decreased RAP1GAP protein expression in human tumors is unclear. To identify targets of RAP1GAP downregulation in the thyroid gland, RAP1 and RAP2 protein expression in human thyroid cells and in primary thyroid tumors were analyzed. RAP1GAP and RAP2 were co-expressed in normal thyroid follicular cells. Intriguingly, RAP1 was not detected in normal thyroid cells, although it was detected in papillary thyroid carcinomas, which also expressed RAP2. Both RAP proteins were detected at the membrane in papillary thyroid tumors, suggesting that they are activated when RAP1GAP is downregulated. To explore the functional significance of RAP1GAP depletion, RAP1GAP was transiently expressed at the lowest level that is sufficient to block endogenous RAP2 activity in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines. RAP1GAP impaired the ability of cells to spread and migrate on collagen. Although RAP1GAP had no effect on protein tyrosine phosphorylation in growing cells, RAP1GAP impaired phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin at sites phosphorylated by SRC in cells acutely plated on collagen. SRC activity was increased in suspended cells, where it was inhibited by RAP1GAP. Inhibition of SRC kinase activity impaired cell spreading and motility. These findings identify SRC as a target of RAP1GAP depletion and suggest that the downregulation of RAP1GAP in thyroid tumors enhances SRC-dependent signals that regulate cellular architecture and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Dong
- Department of Pharmacology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRB II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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39
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Wang K, Li J, Guo H, Xu X, Xiong G, Guan X, Liu B, Li J, Chen X, Yang K, Bai Y. MiR-196a binding-site SNP regulates RAP1A expression contributing to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2147-54. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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40
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Banerjee R, Russo N, Liu M, Van Tubergen E, D'Silva NJ. Rap1 and its regulatory proteins: the tumor suppressor, oncogene, tumor suppressor gene axis in head and neck cancer. Small GTPases 2012; 3:192-7. [PMID: 22684501 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth most common cancer, globally. Previously, we showed that Rap1GAP is a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits tumor growth, but promotes invasion in SCCHN. In this work, we discuss the role of Rap1 and Rap1GAP in SCCHN progression in the context of a microRNA-oncogene-tumor suppressor gene axis, and investigate the role of Rap1GAP in EZH2-mediated invasion. Loss of expression of microRNA-101 in SCCHN leads to upregulation of EZH2, a histone methyltransferase. Overexpression of EZH2 silences Rap1GAP via methylation, thereby promoting activation of its target, Rap1. This microRNA-controlled activation of Rap1, via EZH2-mediated silencing of Rap1GAP, is a novel mechanism of Rap1 regulation. In two independent SCCHN cell lines, downregulation of EZH2 inhibits proliferation and invasion. In both cell lines, stable knockdown of EZH2 (shEZH2) recovers Rap1GAP expression and inhibits proliferation. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rap1GAP in these cells rescues proliferation but not invasion. Thus, EZH2 promotes proliferation and invasion via Rap1GAP-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. Although the studies presented here are in the context of SCCHN, our results may have broader implications, given that Rap1GAP acts as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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41
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Shen ZJ, Braun RK, Hu J, Xie Q, Chu H, Love RB, Stodola LA, Rosenthal LA, Szakaly RJ, Sorkness RL, Malter JS. Pin1 protein regulates Smad protein signaling and pulmonary fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23294-305. [PMID: 22613712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is caused by the excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by Fb in response to TGF-β1. Here, we show that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates the production of many pro- and antifibrogenic cytokines and ECM. After acute, bleomycin injury, Pin1(-/-) mice showed reduced, pulmonary expression of collagens, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and fibrogenic cytokines but increased matrix metalloproteinases, compared with WT mice, despite similar levels of inflammation. In primary fibroblasts, Pin1 was required for TGF-β-induced phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of Smad3. In Pin1(-/-) cells, inhibitory Smad6 was found in the cytoplasm rather than nucleus. Smad6 knockdown in Pin1(-/-) fibroblasts restored TGF-β-induced Smad3 activation, translocation, and target gene expression. Therefore, Pin1 is essential for normal Smad6 function and ECM production in response to injury or TGF-β and thus may be an attractive therapeutic target to prevent excess scarring in diverse lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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42
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Qiu T, Qi X, Cen J, Chen Z. Rap1GAP alters leukemia cell differentiation, apoptosis and invasion in vitro. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:622-8. [PMID: 22614916 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1GAP which regulates the GTP-GDP form switch of Rap1 is a member of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) family and has recently received substantial attention. Rap1GAP is thought of as a putative tumor suppressor gene and plays an important role in human tumor progression including pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer and melanoma. In the current study, we found that the expression of Rap1GAP was lower in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients compared to non-malignant blood disease patients. The expression of Rap1GAP was also low in HL-60, NB4, U937 and SHI-1 myeloid leukemia cell lines. Upregulated Rap1GAP in NB4 and HL-60 cells promoted cell differentiation induced by ATRA or TPA compared to the empty vector control cells. Furthermore, Rap1GAP-transfected cells also showed a higher rate of apoptosis in response to arsenic trioxide compared to the control counterpart cells. In addition, we found that increased expression of Rap1GAP promoted leukemia cell invasion may be due to matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that Rap1GAP promoted leukemia cell differentiation and apoptosis, but increased leukemia cell invasion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qiu
- Leukemia Research Unit, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China
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43
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Kim WJ, Gersey Z, Daaka Y. Rap1GAP regulates renal cell carcinoma invasion. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:65-71. [PMID: 22266190 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with localized and regional kidney tumors have a high survival rate, incidence of mortality significantly increases for patients with metastatic disease. It is imperative to decipher the molecular mechanisms of kidney tumor migration and invasion in order to develop effective therapies for patients with advanced cancer. Rap1, a small GTPase protein, has been implicated in cancer cell growth and invasion. Here, we profile migratory and invasive properties of commonly used renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines and correlate that with expression and function of the Rap inactivator Rap1GAP. We report that levels of Rap1GAP inversely correlate with invasion but not migration. We also report that forced over-expression of Rap1GAP decreases invasion of RCC cells but does not impact their rate of proliferation. Low expression levels of Rap1GAP in RCC cells are due, at least in part, to promoter hypermethylation. Rescued expression of Rap1GAP with a demethylating drug, decitabine (5-azadC), decreases the RCC SN12C cell invasion of collagen, fibronectin, and Matrigel matrices. RCC cell lines express distinct levels of cell adhesion proteins and the forced over-expression of Rap1GAP attenuated levels of both cadherins and integrins that are known to regulate the cancer cells invasion. These results demonstrate that targeted restoration of Rap1GAP expression may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to reduce metastasis of kidney cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Kim
- Department of Urology, Prostate Disease Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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44
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Inhibitory effects of Rap1GAP overexpression on proliferation and migration of endothelial cells via ERK and Akt pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:721-727. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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45
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Sommer G, Rossa C, Chi AC, Neville BW, Heise T. Implication of RNA-binding protein La in proliferation, migration and invasion of lymph node-metastasized hypopharyngeal SCC cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25402. [PMID: 22016766 PMCID: PMC3189910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-year survival rate for oral cavity cancer is poorer than for breast, colon or prostate cancer, and has improved only slightly in the last three decades. Hence, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Here we demonstrate by tissue micro array analysis for the first time that RNA-binding protein La is significantly overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Within this study we therefore addressed the question whether siRNA-mediated depletion of the La protein may interfere with known tumor-promoting characteristics of head and neck SCC cells. Our studies demonstrate that the La protein promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of lymph node-metastasized hypopharyngeal SCC cells. We also reveal that La is required for the expression of β-catenin as well as matrix metalloproteinase type 2 (MMP-2) within these cells. Taken together these data suggest a so far unknown function of the RNA-binding protein La in promoting tumor progression of head and neck SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Sommer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
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46
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Huang M, Anand S, Murphy EA, Desgrosellier JS, Stupack DG, Shattil SJ, Schlaepfer DD, Cheresh DA. EGFR-dependent pancreatic carcinoma cell metastasis through Rap1 activation. Oncogene 2011; 31:2783-93. [PMID: 21963850 PMCID: PMC3711644 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors play an essential role in various aspects of tumor progression. In particular, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have been implicated in the growth and dissemination of a wide array of human carcinomas. Here, we describe an EGFR-mediated signaling pathway that regulates human pancreatic carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis, yet does not influence the growth of primary tumors. In fact, ligation/activation of EGFR induces Src-dependent phosphorylation of two critical tyrosine residues of p130CAS, leading to assembly of a CAS/Nck1 complex that promotes Rap1 signaling. Importantly, GTP loading of Rap1 is specifically required for pancreatic carcinoma cell migration on vitronectin, but not on collagen. Furthermore, Rap1 activation is required for EGFR-mediated metastasis in vivo without impacting primary tumor growth. These findings identify a molecular pathway that promotes the invasive/metastatic properties of human pancreatic carcinomas driven by EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huang
- Department of Pathology, Moores University of California San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-1503, USA
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47
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Frilot N, Kim JI, Kim WJ, Daaka Y. Prostaglandin E2 regulates renal cell carcinoma invasion through the EP4 receptor-Rap GTPase signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33954-62. [PMID: 21832044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis for patients with early stage kidney cancer has improved, but the treatment options for patients with locally advanced disease and metastasis remain few. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate invasion and metastasis is critical for developing successful therapies to treat these patients. Proinflammatory prostaglandin E(2) plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression via activation of cognate EP receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Here we report that prostaglandin E(2) promotes renal cancer cell invasion through a signal transduction pathway that encompasses EP4 and small GTPase Rap. Inactivation of Rap signaling with Rap1GAP, like inhibition of EP4 signaling with ligand antagonist or knockdown with shRNA, reduces the kidney cancer cell invasion. Human kidney cells evidence increased EP4 and decreased Rap1GAP expression levels in the malignant compared with benign samples. These results support the idea that targeted inhibition of EP4 signaling and restoration of Rap1GAP expression constitute a new strategy to control kidney cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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48
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Banerjee R, Mani RS, Russo N, Scanlon CS, Tsodikov A, Jing X, Cao Q, Palanisamy N, Metwally T, Inglehart RC, Tomlins S, Bradford C, Carey T, Wolf G, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Chinnaiyan AM, Varambally S, D'Silva NJ. The tumor suppressor gene rap1GAP is silenced by miR-101-mediated EZH2 overexpression in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2011; 30:4339-49. [PMID: 21532618 PMCID: PMC3154567 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rap1GAP is a critical tumor suppressor gene that is downregulated in multiple aggressive cancers, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanistic basis of rap1GAP downregulation in cancers is poorly understood. By employing an integrative approach, we demonstrate polycomb-mediated repression of rap1GAP that involves Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase in head and neck cancers. We further demonstrate that the loss of miR-101 expression correlates with EZH2 upregulation, and the concomitant downregulation of rap1GAP in head and neck cancers. EZH2 represses rap1GAP by facilitating the trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 27, a mark of gene repression, and also hypermethylation of rap1GAP promoter. These results provide a conceptual framework involving a microRNA-oncogene-tumor suppressor axis to understand head and neck cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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S100A14 regulates the invasive potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma derived cell-lines in vitro by modulating expression of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP1 and MMP9. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Banerjee R, Henson BS, Russo N, Tsodikov A, D'Silva NJ. Rap1 mediates galanin receptor 2-induced proliferation and survival in squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1110-8. [PMID: 21345369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously we showed that galanin, a neuropeptide, is secreted by human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in which it exhibits an autocrine mitogenic effect. We also showed that rap1, a ras-like signaling protein, is a critical mediator of SCCHN progression. Given the emerging importance of the galanin cascade in regulating proliferation and survival, we investigated the effect of GAL on SCCHN progression via induction of galanin receptor 2 (GALR2)-mediated rap1 activation. Studies were performed in multiple SCCHN cell lines by inducing endogenous GALR2, by stably overexpressing GALR2 and by downregulating endogenous GALR2 with siGALR2. Cell proliferation and survival, mediated by the ERK and AKT signaling cascades, respectively, were evaluated by functional and immunoblot analysis. The role of rap1 in GALR2-mediated proliferation and survival was evaluated by modulating expression. Finally, the effect of GALR2 on tumor growth was determined. GALR2 stimulated proliferation and survival via ERK and AKT activation, respectively. Knockdown or inactivation of rap1 inhibited GALR2-induced, AKT and ERK-mediated survival and proliferation. Overexpression of GALR2 promoted tumor growth in vivo. GALR2 promotes proliferation and survival in vitro, and promotes tumor growth in vivo, consistent with an oncogenic role for GALR2 in SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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