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Kumai T, Shinomiya H, Shibata H, Takahashi H, Kishikawa T, Okada R, Fujieda S, Sakashita M. Translational research in head and neck cancer: Molecular and immunological updates. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:391-400. [PMID: 37640594 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis. Each year, approximately 880,000 patients are newly diagnosed with HNSCC worldwide, and 450,000 patients with HNSCC die. Risk factors for developing HNSCC have been identified, with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and viral infections being the major factors. Owing to the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, the number of HNSCC cases is increasing considerably. Surgery and chemoradiotherapy are the primary treatments for HNSCC. With advancements in tumor biology, patients are eligible for novel treatment modalities, namely targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and photoimmunotherapy. Because this area of research has rapidly progressed, clinicians should understand the basic biology of HNSCC to choose an appropriate therapy in the upcoming era of personalized medicine. This review summarized recent developments in tumor biology, focusing on epidemiology, genetic/epigenetic factors, the tumor microenvironment, microbiota, immunity, and photoimmunotherapy in HNSCC, as well as how these findings can be translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Shinomiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Shibata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Kishikawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Sakashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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Yuan Q, Chen BH, Huang DJ, Zhang R. Preclinical study of LMP1-RNAi-based anti-tumor therapy in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12638. [PMID: 37493769 PMCID: PMC10361645 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) treatment has been proven to be an important therapeutic approach in cancer based on downregulation of target-oncogenes, but its clinical efficacy still needs further investigation. LMP1 is usually presented by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumor cells like EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and acts as an oncogene in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism of LMP1 as a proto-oncogene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is still unclear. Two sequence-specific shRNAs 1 and 2 were designed to target the different nucleotide loci of EBV latent antigen LMP1 gene and a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the therapeutic effect of sequence-specific shRNAs targeting LMP1 and its related molecular mechanisms in EBV-positive NPC. LMP1-shRNA2 generated a truncated LMP1 mRNA and protein, whereas LMP1-shRNA1 completely blocked LMP1 mRNA and protein expression. Both LMP1-shRNAs inhibited the proliferation and migration of NPC cells overexpressing LMP1 (NPC-LMP1) as well as the NPC-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion in vitro. However, LMP1-shRNA2 maintained the immunogenicity of NPC-LMP1 cells, which provoked MHC-class I-dependent T cell recognition. LMP1-shRNAs inhibited tumor growth in nude mice but did not reach statistical significance compared to control groups, while the LDH nanoparticle loaded LMP1-shRNAs and the antigen-specific T cells induced by NPC-LMP1 cells treated with LMP1-shRNA2 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. LMP1-RNAi-based anti-tumor therapy could be a new hope for the clinical efficacy of RNAi treatment of tumors like NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endoscopy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endoscopy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endoscopy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dai-Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endoscopy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Huang J, Harris E, Lorch J. Vaccination as a therapeutic strategy for Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2022; 135:106083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: Genetic, Biologic, and Clinical Aspects with a Central Focus on Epstein-Barr Virus Relation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071381. [PMID: 34202088 PMCID: PMC8304202 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL-NT) has some salient aspects. The lymphoma is commonly seen in Eastern Asia, has progressive necrotic lesions in the nasal cavity, makes midfacial destructive lesions, and shows poor prognosis. The lymphoma cell is originated from either NK- or γδ T-cells, which express CD56. Since the authors first demonstrated the existence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA and EBV oncogenic proteins in lymphoma cells, ENKTL-NT has been recognized as an EBV-associated malignancy. Because the angiocentric and polymorphous lymphoma cells are mixed with inflammatory cells on a necrotic background, the diagnosis of ENKTL-NT requires CD56 immunostaining and EBER in situ hybridization. In addition, serum the EBV DNA level is useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of ENKTL-NT. Although ENKTL-NT is refractory lymphoma, the prognosis is improved by the development of therapies such as concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The basic research reveals that a wide variety of intracellular/cell surface molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and micro RNAs are involved in lymphomagenesis, and some of them are related to EBV. Understanding lymphoma behavior introduces new therapeutic strategies, such as the usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors, peptide vaccines, and molecular targeting therapy. This review addresses recent advances in basic and clinical aspects of ENKTL-NT, especially its relation to EBV features.
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Kondo M, Mizutani M, Yamanaka K. Mosquito Bite-Induced Localized NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Relapsed in a Patient with Complete Remission of Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type. Case Rep Dermatol 2019; 11:194-197. [PMID: 31320868 PMCID: PMC6616089 DOI: 10.1159/000501358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of localized NK/T-cell lymphoma following a mosquito bite after achieving complete response of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL). T cells and NK cells infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lead to NK/T-cell lymphoma, including ENKL. Lymphoma related to mosquito bites usually requires a prolonged treatment course, and the disease onset of hypersensitivity begins in early childhood. In the current case, the patient had no history of hypersensitivity to mosquito bites. We speculate that the latently EBV-infected NK/T cells in the blood were reactivated by mosquito gland antigens, expanded abnormally, and accumulated at the site of the mosquito bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Minoru Mizutani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Matsusaka Chuo General Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Harabuchi Y, Takahara M, Kishibe K, Nagato T, Kumai T. Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: Basic Science and Clinical Progress. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31041299 PMCID: PMC6476925 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NNKTL) has very unique epidemiological, etiologic, histologic, and clinical characteristics. It is commonly observed in Eastern Asia, but quite rare in the United States and Europe. The progressive necrotic lesions mainly in the nasal cavity, poor prognosis caused by rapid local progression with distant metastases, and angiocentric and polymorphous lymphoreticular infiltrates are the main clinical and histologic features. Phenotypic and genotypic studies revealed that the lymphoma is originated from either NK- or γδ T-cell, both of which express CD56. In 1990, the authors first reported the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA and EBV-oncogenic proteins, and EBV has now been recognized to play an etiological role in NNKTL. in vitro studies revealed that a wide variety of cytokines, chemokines, and micro RNAs, which may be produced by EBV-oncogenic proteins in the lymphoma cells, play important roles for tumor progression in NNKTL, and could be therapeutic targets. In addition, it was revealed that the interaction between NNKTL cells and immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages in NNKTL tissues contribute to lymphoma progression. For diagnosis, monitoring the clinical course and predicting prognosis, the measurements of EBV-DNAs and EBV-micro RNAs in sera are very useful. For treatment with early stage, novel concomitant chemoradiotherapy such as DeVIC regimen with local radiotherapy and MPVIC-P regimen using intra-arterial infusion developed with concomitant radiotherapy and the prognosis became noticeably better. However, the prognosis of patients with advanced stage was still poor. Establishment of novel treatments such as the usage of immune checkpoint inhibitor or peptide vaccine with molecular targeting therapy will be necessary. This review addresses recent advances in the molecular understanding of NNKTL to establish novel treatments, in addition to the epidemiologic, clinical, pathological, and EBV features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kan Kishibe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Department of Innovative Head and Neck Cancer Research and Treatment, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Cellular-based immunotherapy in Epstein-Barr virus induced nasopharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2018; 84:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gan R, Xie X, He J, Liu X, Hong L, Tang Y, Liu F, Xie H. Gene Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphomas in Hu-PBL/SCID Chimeras. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:465-72. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumor development are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene expression of EBV-associated lymphomas in hu-PBL/SCID mice. Methods Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL) from EBV-seropositive donors were transplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. In situ hybridization was used to detect EBV-encoded small RNA-1 (EBER1) in tumor tissues. Mutation of TP53 exons 5–8 in EBV-induced lymphomas was analyzed by PCR-SSCP. Immunohistochemical staining was used to examine EBV gene products and cellular oncoproteins. Results Twenty-one of 29 mice developed tumors. EBER1 was positive in the nuclei of almost all tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining of LMP1, EBNA2 and ZEBRA in a small number of tumor cells. Immunohistochemically detectable p53 protein expression was common (85.7%), but TP53 gene mutations were identified in only four cases (19.1%) of EBV-associated lymphomas. Positivity rates of C-myc, Bcl-2 and Bax expression were 100%, 95.2%, and 90.5%, respectively, in the 21 cases of EBV-associated lymphomas. Conclusions Our preliminary findings suggest that EBV-associated lymphomas in hu-PBL/SCID chimeras show EBV infection, expression of oncogenic viral genes, and overexpression of cellular oncogenes. TP53 gene mutations are rare but p53 protein is commonly expressed in EBV-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jie He
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Li Hong
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, China
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LMP1-mediated glycolysis induces myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006503. [PMID: 28732079 PMCID: PMC5540616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are expanded in tumor microenvironments, including that of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The link between MDSC expansion and EBV infection in NPC is unclear. Here, we show that EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promotes MDSC expansion in the tumor microenvironment by promoting extra-mitochondrial glycolysis in malignant cells, which is a scenario for immune escape initially suggested by the frequent, concomitant detection of abundant LMP1, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and CD33+ MDSCs in tumor sections. The full process has been reconstituted in vitro. LMP1 promotes the expression of multiple glycolytic genes, including GLUT1. This metabolic reprogramming results in increased expression of the Nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, COX-2 and P-p65 and, consequently, increased production of IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Finally, these changes in the environment of malignant cells result in enhanced NPC-derived MDSC induction. One key step is the physical interaction of LMP1 with GLUT1 to stabilize the GLUT1 protein by blocking its K48-ubiquitination and p62-dependent autolysosomal degradation. This work indicates that LMP1-mediated glycolysis regulates IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF production through the NLRP3 inflammasome, COX-2 and P-p65 signaling pathways to enhance tumor-associated MDSC expansion, which leads to tumor immunosuppression in NPC. The expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncogenic protein denoted latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) varies in patients with NPC and is linked to tumorigenesis and tumor immunosuppression, but the molecular mechanism through which LMP1 leads to tumor immune escape remains unknown. Work to date suggests that the expansion of tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is the main cause of tumor immunosuppression such as that found in NPC. Here, we found that tumor LMP1 expression is correlated with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) levels, CD33+ MDSC number and unfavorable survival in patients with NPC. Based on the results of our in vitro analysis, LMP1 promotes GLUT1-dependent glycolysis in NPC cells, resulting in activation of the Nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, COX-2 and P-p65 signaling pathways and subsequently increased IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF production. Importantly, LMP1 interacts with GLUT1 to stabilize the GLUT1 protein by disrupting its K48-linked ubiquitination and autolysosomal degradation in a p62-dependent manner and up-regulating the GLUT1 mRNA and protein levels by inducing p65 activation. Therefore, we determined that GLUT1-dependent glycolysis is required for tumor-induced MDSC differentiation and that this process is associated with LMP1 expression. Based on our findings, LMP1-mediated glycolysis is a key process involved in controlling tumor immunosuppression and directly contributes to oncogenesis.
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Nagato T, Ohkuri T, Ohara K, Hirata Y, Kishibe K, Komabayashi Y, Ueda S, Takahara M, Kumai T, Ishibashi K, Kosaka A, Aoki N, Oikawa K, Uno Y, Akiyama N, Sado M, Takei H, Celis E, Harabuchi Y, Kobayashi H. Programmed death-ligand 1 and its soluble form are highly expressed in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a potential rationale for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:877-890. [PMID: 28349165 PMCID: PMC11028583 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NNKTL) is an aggressive neoplasm with poor therapeutic responses and prognosis. The programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays an important role in immune evasion of tumor cells through T-cell exhaustion. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 molecules in NNKTL. We detected the expression of PD-L1 in biopsy samples from all of the NNKTL patients studied. PD-L1 was found on both malignant cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages, while PD-1-positive mononuclear cells infiltrated the tumor tissues in 36% of patients. Most significantly, soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) was present in sera of NNKTL patients at higher levels as compared to healthy individuals and the levels of serum sPD-L1 in patients positively correlated with the expression of PD-L1 in lymphoma cells of tumor tissues. In addition, the high-sPD-L1 group of patients showed significantly worse prognosis than the low-sPD-L1 group. Furthermore, we confirmed that membrane and soluble PD-L1 was expressed on the surface and in the culture supernatant, respectively, of NNKTL cell lines. The expression of PD-L1 was observed in tumor tissues and sera from a murine xenograft model inoculated with an NNKTL cell line. Our results suggest that sPD-L1 could be a prognostic predictor for NNKTL and open up the possibility of immunotherapy of this lymphoma using PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Hirata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kan Kishibe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Komabayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Seigo Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
- Respiratory and Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Uno
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Akiyama
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sado
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Takei
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
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Muraro E, Merlo A, Martorelli D, Cangemi M, Dalla Santa S, Dolcetti R, Rosato A. Fighting Viral Infections and Virus-Driven Tumors with Cytotoxic CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28289418 PMCID: PMC5327441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been and are still largely regarded as the orchestrators of immune responses, being able to differentiate into distinct T helper cell populations based on differentiation signals, transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and specific functions. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence indicates that CD4+ T cells can also exert a direct effector activity, which depends on intrinsic cytotoxic properties acquired and carried out along with the evolution of several pathogenic infections. The relevant role of CD4+ T cell lytic features in the control of such infectious conditions also leads to their exploitation as a new immunotherapeutic approach. This review aims at summarizing currently available data about functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the context of viral infections and virus-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Merlo
- Department of Immunology and Blood Transfusions, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Debora Martorelli
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Traslational Research Department, IRCCS, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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12
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Wang JH, Bi XW, Li PF, Xia ZJ, Huang HQ, Jiang WQ, Zhang YJ, Wang L. Overexpression of MYC and BCL2 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Extranodal NK/T-cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type. J Cancer 2017; 8:793-800. [PMID: 28382141 PMCID: PMC5381167 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently double-hit lymphoma or double protein expressor lymphoma has been identified as a distinct group of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with poor prognosis. However, the expression status, clinical and prognostic effect of combined overexpression of MYC and BCL2 in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) are not known. Materials and methods: Paraffin-embedded lymphoma samples from 53 patients with newly diagnosed ENKTL were studied using immunohistochemistry for MYC and BCL2, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for MYC and BCL2 were done on 5 tissue sections with highest percentages of both MYC and BCL2 positive lymphoma cells. Results: The median percentage of MYC-positive lymphoma cells and BCL2-positive lymphoma cells were 20% (range, 5%-45%) and 70% (10%-95%), respectively. Using median scores as cutoffs, we assigned each patient an IHC double-hit score (DHS) that ranged from 0 to 2. Using this DHS, 15 patients (28.3%) had a DHS of 0, 24 patients (45.3%) had a DHS of 1, and the remaining 14 patients (26.4%) had a DHS of 2. FISH analysis was performed on 5 tissue sections with DHS of 2, and none of them had MYC or BCL2 rearrangement. The DHS was not associated with patients' age, gender, disease stage, LDH level, B symptoms, performance status, or local tumor invasiveness. However, patients with tumor localized in extranasal sites seemed to have higher expression of BCL2 and higher DHS than nasal lesions (p=0.014 and 0.042, respectively). In univariate survival analysis, either high expression of MYC or BCL2 was significantly correlated with inferior PFS and OS (p<0.05). According to the DHS, patients with ENKTL could be divided into three significantly different risk groups for PFS and OS (3-year PFS rate for DHS of 0, 1, and 2 was 60%, 41%, and 21%, respectively, p=0.008; 3-year OS rate for DHS of 0, 1, and 2 was 79%, 49%, and 33%, respectively, p=0.015). In multivariate survival analysis, it was found that DHS was an independent prognostic factor for both PFS and OS (p=0.006 and 0.011, respectively). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that DHS can help identify patients with newly diagnosed ENKTL who are at a high risk for a poor clinical outcome, which needs to be validated in prospective clinical trials with patients treated uniformly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Wen Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
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13
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Barth MJ, Chu Y, Hanley PJ, Cairo MS. Immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:597-616. [PMID: 27062282 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was the first malignancy successfully treated with an immunotherapeutic agent. Since then, numerous advances have expanded the repertoire of immunotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, including many lymphoma subtypes. These include the introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting a variety of cell surface proteins, including the successful targeting of immunoregulatory checkpoint receptors present on T-cells or tumour cells. Additionally, cellular immunotherapeutic approaches utilize T- or Natural Killer-cells generated with chimeric antigen receptors against cell surface proteins or Epstein-Barr virus-associated latent membrane proteins. The following review describes the current state of immunotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including a summary of currently available data and promising agents currently in clinical development with future promise in the treatment of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Sheikhz Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, D.C., USA.,Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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14
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent growth transforming ability of EBV means the virus has the potential to cause malignancies in infected individuals. Indeed, EBV is thought to cause 1% of human malignancies, equating to 200,000 malignancies each year. A clear factor as to why virus-induced disease is relatively infrequent in healthy infected individuals is the presence of a potent immune response to EBV, in particular, that mediated by T cells. Thus, patient groups with immunodeficiencies or whose cellular immune response is suppressed have much higher frequencies of EBV-induced disease and, in at least some cases, these diseases can be controlled by restoration of the T-cell compartment. In this chapter, we will primarily review the role the αβ subset of T cells in the control of EBV in healthy and diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Kumai T, Kobayashi H, Harabuchi Y. Novel targets for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 8:45-55. [PMID: 26642249 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NKTL) is a rare but highly aggressive Epstein-Barr virus-related malignancy, which mainly occurs in nasopharyngeal and nasal/paranasal areas. In addition to its high prevalence in Asian, Central American and South American populations, its incidence rate has been gradually increasing in Western countries. The current mainstay of treatment is a combination of multiple chemotherapies and irradiation. Although chemoradiotherapy can cure NKTL, it often causes severe and fatal adverse events. Because a growing body of evidence suggests that immunotherapy is effective against hematological malignancies, this treatment could provide an alternative to chemoradiotherapy for treatment of NKTL. In this review, we focus on how recent findings could be used to develop efficient immunotherapies against NKTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-East 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-East 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-East 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-East 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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16
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Sohn DH, Sohn HJ, Lee HJ, Lee SD, Kim S, Hyun SJ, Cho HI, Cho SG, Lee SK, Kim TG. Measurement of CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Frequencies Specific for EBV LMP1 and LMP2a Using mRNA-Transfected DCs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127899. [PMID: 26023769 PMCID: PMC4449191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An EBV-specific cellular immune response is associated with the control of EBV-associated malignancies and lymphoproliferative diseases, some of which have been successfully treated by adoptive T cell therapy. Therefore, many methods have been used to measure EBV-specific cellular immune responses. Previous studies have mainly used autologous EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs), recombinant viral vectors transfected or peptide pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) as stimulators of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In the present study, we used an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay by using isolated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells stimulated with mRNA-transfected DCs. The frequency of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells was significantly higher than that of LMP2a. The frequency of IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells was significantly correlated with that of CD8+ T cells in LMP1-specific immune responses (r = 0.7187, Pc < 0.0001). To determine whether there were changes in LMP1- or LMP2a-specific immune responses, subsequent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples were analyzed. Significant changes were observed in 5 of the 10 donors examined, and CD4+ T cell responses showed more significant changes than CD8+ T cell responses. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from EBV-seropositive donors secreted only the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, while Th2 (IL-4) and Th17 (IL-17a) cytokines were not detected. CD4+ T cells secreted significantly higher cytokine levels than did CD8+ T cells. Analysis of EBV-specific T cell responses using autologous DCs transfected with mRNA might provide a comprehensive tool for monitoring EBV infection and new insights into the pathogenesis of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hee Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Duk Lee
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sueon Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Cho
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Department of Hematology, Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyeong Lee
- Research Institute of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kobayashi H, Kumai T, Hayashi S, Matsuda Y, Aoki N, Sato K, Kimura S, Celis E. A naturally processed HLA-DR-bound peptide from the IL-9 receptor alpha of HTLV-1-transformed T cells serves as a T helper epitope. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2215-25. [PMID: 22638550 PMCID: PMC11029050 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induced adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is usually a fatal lymphoproliferative malignant disease. Thus, the enhancement of T cell immunity to ATLL through the development of therapeutic vaccines using characterized T cell peptide epitopes could be of value. We isolated and characterized HLA-DR-bound peptides from HTLV-1-transformed T cells by fractionating on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and Edman NH(2)-terminal sequencing and were able to identify five independent peptide sequences. One of the identified peptide sequences corresponded to a fragment of the human interleukin-9 receptor alpha (IL-9Rα), which is commonly expressed by HTLV-1-infected T cell lymphoma cells. Using a synthetic peptide corresponding to the identified IL-9Rα sequence, we generated antigen-specific CD4 helper T lymphocytes in vitro, which were restricted by HLA-DR15 or HLA-DR53 molecules and could recognize and kill HTLV-1+, IL-9Rα+ T cell lymphoma cells. These results indicate that IL-9Rα functions as T cell leukemia/lymphoma-associated antigen for CD4 T cells and that synthetic peptides such as the one described here could be used for T cell-based immunotherapy against IL-9Rα positive ATLL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-DR Serological Subtypes/immunology
- HLA-DR Serological Subtypes/metabolism
- HLA-DRB4 Chains/immunology
- HLA-DRB4 Chains/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Receptors, Interleukin-9/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-9/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Yoshinari Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, SRB2, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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18
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Expression of Epstein-Barr Virus–Encoded Proteins in Extranodal NK/T-cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type (ENKL): Differences in Biologic and Clinical Behaviors of LMP1-Positive and -Negative ENKL. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2164-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zhang X, Dawson CW, He Z, Huang P. Immune evasion strategies of the human gamma-herpesviruses: Implications for viral tumorigenesis. J Med Virol 2011; 84:272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Zhang S, Li W, Xia Z, Mao Y. CD4 T cell dependent tumor immunity stimulated by dendritic cell based vaccine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:294-8. [PMID: 21893031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8 CTLs have been accountable for the major effector cells responsible for the rejection of tumor cells. And CD40 signaling and IL-12 have been shown to be the essential pathways involved in the activation process. Immunizing mice with dendritic cells transduced with an adenovirus expressing the human melanoma antigen gp 100, an immunization strategy of xenoimmunization, stimulated potent tumor protection dependent on effective CD4 T cells in the absence of CD8 T cells. Further studies revealed that neither CD40 signaling nor IL-12 was indispensable for the activation of dendritic and CD4 T cells in this model. Stimulation of effective antitumor immunity targeting the self-antigen did not elicit autoimmunity. The implications of this study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Taylor GS, Blackbourn DJ. Infectious agents in human cancers: lessons in immunity and immunomodulation from gammaherpesviruses EBV and KSHV. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:263-78. [PMID: 21470769 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the herpesvirus family have evolved the ability to persist in their hosts by establishing a reservoir of latently infected cells each carrying the viral genome with reduced levels of viral protein synthesis. In order to spread within and between hosts, in some cells, the quiescent virus will reactivate and enter lytic cycle replication to generate and release new infectious virus particles. To allow the efficient generation of progeny viruses, all herpesviruses have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory mechanisms to limit the exposure of cells undergoing lytic cycle replication to the immune system. Here we have focused on the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) that, uniquely among the eight human herpesviruses identified to date, have growth transforming potential. Most people infected with these viruses will not develop cancer, viral growth-transforming activity being kept under control by the host's antigen-specific immune responses. Nonetheless, EBV and KSHV are associated with several malignancies in which various viral proteins, either predominantly or exclusively latency-associated, are expressed; at least some of these proteins also have immunomodulatory activities. Of these malignancies, some are the result of a disrupted virus/immune balance through genetic, infectious or iatrogenic immune suppression. Others develop in people that are not overtly immune suppressed and likely modulate the immunological response. This latter aspect of immune modulation by EBV and KSHV forms the basis of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Taylor
- CR UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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22
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Rosato A. Immunotherapy for EBV-associated malignancies. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:281-293. [PMID: 21336546 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995 to date, more than 250 patients with EBV-related diseases received virus-specific CTL. Cell therapy proved to be safe and effective, and achieved some complete remissions also in patients who failed all previous standard treatments. The first clinical results with EBV-specific CTL were obtained for both prophylaxis and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease arising in stem cell transplant or solid organ transplant recipients. Based on such encouraging results, the same approach was then extended to other EBV-related diseases, namely Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and chronic active infection. Nowadays, the modification of the CTL generation protocols and the introduction of new specificities into EBV-specific CTL lines by chimeric antigen receptor transfer allow targeting other viral infections and also non-EBV related malignancies. Aim of this review is to summarize clinical results obtained thus far in adoptive cell therapy approaches with EBV-specific CTL. Moreover, by analyzing ongoing clinical trials, we also provide some insights on the potential future of a successful and paradigmatic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Turrini
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, CRO, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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23
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Long HM, Taylor GS, Rickinson AB. Immune defence against EBV and EBV-associated disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:258-64. [PMID: 21269819 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus widespread in the human population and normally contained as an asymptomatic infection by T cell surveillance, nevertheless causes infectious mononucleosis and is strongly linked to several types of human cancer. Here we describe new findings on the range of cellular immune responses induced by EBV infection, on viral strategies to evade those responses and on the links between HLA gene loci and EBV-induced disease. The success of adoptive T cell therapy for EBV-driven post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is stimulating efforts to target other EBV-associated tumours by immunotherapeutic means, and has reawakened interest in the ultimate intervention strategy, a prophylactic EBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Long
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Martorelli D, Muraro E, Merlo A, Turrini R, Rosato A, Dolcetti R. Role of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the control of viral diseases and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:371-402. [PMID: 20635880 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.489658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the physiological role of CD4(+) T lymphocytes has improved in the last decade: available data convincingly demonstrate that, besides the 'helper' activity, CD4(+) T cells may be also endowed with lytic properties. The cytotoxic function of these effector cells has a relevant role in the control of pathogenic infections and in mediating antitumor immune responses. On these bases, several immunotherapeutic approaches exploiting the cytotoxic properties of CD4(+) T cells are under investigation. This review summarizes available data supporting the functional and therapeutic relevance of cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells, with a particular focus on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Martorelli
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
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25
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A novel latent membrane 2 transcript expressed in Epstein-Barr virus-positive NK- and T-cell lymphoproliferative disease encodes a target for cellular immunotherapy. Blood 2010; 116:3695-704. [PMID: 20671118 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-292268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of virus-encoded proteins using cellular immunotherapy has proved successful for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. However, the more limited repertoire and immunogenicity of EBV-encoded proteins in other malignancies such as Hodgkin lymphoma and extranodal natural killer (NK)/T lymphoma has been more challenging to target. The immunosubdominant latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) is considered the optimal target in such Latency II tumors, although data relating to its expression in T/NK malignancies are limited. In addressing the validity of LMP2 as an immunotherapeutic target we found that LMP2-specific effector CD8(+) T cells recognized and killed EBV-positive NK- and T-cell tumor lines, despite an apparent absence of LMP2A protein and barely detectable levels of LMP2 transcripts from the conventional LMP2A and LMP2B promoters. We resolved this paradox by identifying in these lines a novel LMP2 mRNA, initiated from within the EBV terminal repeats and containing downstream, epitope-encoding exons. This same mRNA was also highly expressed in primary (extra-nodal) NK/T lymphoma tissue, with virtually undetectable levels of conventional LMP2A/B transcripts. Expression of this novel transcript in T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases validates LMP2 as an attractive target for cellular immunotherapy and implicates this truncated LMP2 protein in NK- and T-cell lymphomagenesis. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00062868.
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26
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Provenzano M, Sais G, Bracci L, Egli A, Anselmi M, Viehl CT, Schaub S, Hirsch HH, Stroncek DF, Marincola FM, Spagnoli GC. A HCMV pp65 polypeptide promotes the expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells across a wide range of HLA specificities. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:2131-2147. [PMID: 19604317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause life-threatening disease in infected hosts. Immunization with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted immunodominant synthetic peptides and adoptive transfer of epitope-specific T cells have been envisaged to generate or boost HCMV-specific cellular immunity, thereby preventing HCMV infection or reactivation. However, induction or expansion of T cells effective against HCMV are limited by the need of utilizing peptides with defined HLA restrictions. We took advantage of a combination of seven predictive algorithms to identify immunogenic peptides of potential use in the prevention or treatment of HCMV infection or reactivation. Here we describe a pp65-derived peptide (pp65(340-355), RQYDPVAALFFFDIDL: RQY16-mer), characterized by peculiar features. First, RQY-16mer is able to stimulate HCMV pp65 specific responses in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, restricted by a wide range of HLA class I and II determinants. Second, RQY-16mer is able to induce an unusually wide range of effector functions in CD4(+) T cells, including proliferation, killing of autologous HCMV-infected target cells and cytokine production. Third, and most importantly, the RQY-16mer is able to stimulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in pharmacologically immunosuppressed patients. These data suggest that a single reagent might qualify as synthetic immunogen for potentially large populations exposed to HCMV infection or reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Provenzano
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Sais
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bracci
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Transplantation Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Anselmi
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten T Viehl
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schaub
- Department of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunogenetic Section, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunogenetic Section, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giulio C Spagnoli
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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Kobayashi H, Azumi M, Hayashi S, Sato K, Aoki N, Kimura S, Kakizaki H, Nagato T, Harabuchi Y, Tateno M, Celis E. Characterization of human CD4 helper T cell responses against Aurora kinase A. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1029-39. [PMID: 20182874 PMCID: PMC11030889 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) is a cell cycle-associated serine-threonine kinase that is overexpressed by various types of cancer and is highly associated with poor prognosis. Since the expression of Aurora-A in normal tissues has been shown to be significantly lower as compared to tumor cells, this protein is being considered as a potential tumor-associated antigen for developing immunotherapies. The goal in the present study was to identify CD4 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for Aurora-A for the design of T cell-based immunotherapies against Aurora-A-expressing tumors. Synthetic peptides corresponding to potential HTL epitopes were identified from Aurora-A and used to stimulate CD4 T lymphocytes in vitro to generate antigen-specific HTL clones that were evaluated for antigen specificity, MHC restriction and for their ability to interact with Aurora-A-expressing tumor cells. The results show that two peptides (Aurora-A(161-175) and Aurora-A(233-247)) were effective in generating HTL responses that were restricted by more than one MHC class II allele (i.e., promiscuous responses). The CD4 HTL clones were able to directly recognize Aurora-A-expressing tumor cells in an antigen-specific and MHC class II-restricted manner and some of the clones displayed cytolytic activity toward Aurora-A + tumor cells. Both of these peptides were capable of stimulating in vitro T cell responses in patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Azumi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tateno
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Immunology Program of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, SRB2, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Azumi M, Kobayashi H, Aoki N, Sato K, Kimura S, Kakizaki H, Tateno M. Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate as an Immunotherapeutic Target for Renal Cell and Bladder Cancer. J Urol 2010; 183:2036-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Azumi
- Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kakizaki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tateno
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Martorelli D, Muraro E, Comoli P, Rosato A. The interplay between Epstein-Barr virus and the immune system: a rationale for adoptive cell therapy of EBV-related disorders. Haematologica 2010; 95:1769-77. [PMID: 20421267 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.023689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade immune system recognition and to establish latent infection in memory B cells, where the virus resides lifelong without any consequence in the majority of individuals. However, some imbalances in the equilibrium between the inherent virus transforming properties and the host immune system can lead to the development of different tumors, such as lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The expression of viral antigens in malignant cells makes them suitable targets for immunotherapeutic approaches, which are mainly based on the ex vivo expansion of EBV-specific T cells. Indeed, the infusion of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has proved not only to be safe and effective, but also capable of restoring or inducing a protective anti-virus immunity, which is lacking, albeit to a different extent, in every EBV-driven malignancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of adoptive immunotherapy approaches for EBV-related malignancies, with particular emphasis on the immunological and virological aspects linked to the clinical responses obtained. Data collected confirm the clinical relevance of the use of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the field of adoptive immunotherapy and suggest the increasing importance of this approach also against other tumors, concurrent with the increasing knowledge of the intimate and continuous interplay between the virus and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, Padova, Italy
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Harabuchi Y, Takahara M, Kishibe K, Moriai S, Nagato T, Ishii H. Nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma: clinical, histological, virological, and genetic features. Int J Clin Oncol 2009; 14:181-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-009-0882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kobayashi H, Celis E. Peptide epitope identification for tumor-reactive CD4 T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:221-7. [PMID: 18499419 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Because T lymphocytes have the capacity to recognize tumor cells, significant efforts are being devoted towards the development of T cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Most of this work has centered in the induction of anti-tumor CD8 T cells, which exhibit cytolytic activity towards tumor cells expressing tumor-specific or tumor associated antigens. Unfortunately to this day, T cell-based immunotherapy for cancer remains suboptimal. One of the possible explanations is that these immunotherapies have ignored the role that CD4 T helper lymphocytes play in the generation and persistence of CD8 T cell responses. Thus, we believe that in order to obtain clinical benefits T cell-based immunotherapy must stimulate both CD8 and CD4 tumor-reactive T cell responses. During the past seven years our group has focused on the identification of CD4 T cell epitopes from tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens that could be used to complement the already identified CD8 T cell epitopes to produce effective vaccination strategies against numerous tumor types. We will describe here the strategy we used that resulted in the identification and characterization of numerous CD4 T cell epitopes that are applicable to developing therapies against hematological malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
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