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Alhudiri I, Nolan C, Ellis I, Elzagheid A, Green A, Chapman C. Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 206:143-153. [PMID: 38578521 PMCID: PMC11182851 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin D is a proteolytic enzyme that is normally localized in the lysosomes and is involved in the malignant progression of breast cancer. There are conflicting results regarding Cathepsin D significance as prognostic and predictor marker in breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer. METHODS Expression of Cathepsin D was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays, in a large well-characterized series of early-stage operable breast cancer (n = 954) from Nottingham Primary Breast Carcinoma Series between the period of 1988 and 1998 who underwent primary surgery. Correlation of Cathepsin D expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS Cathepsin D expression was positive in 71.2% (679/954) of breast cancer tumours. Positive expression of Cathepsin D was significantly associated with high histological grade (p = 0.007), pleomorphism (p = 0.002), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score (p < 0.002), recurrence (p = 0.005) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Cathepsin D expression was significantly associated with shorter breast cancer-specific survival (p = 0.001), higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.001) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). ER-positive tumours expressing Cathepsin D and treated with tamoxifen demonstrated a significantly higher risk of distant metastasis. CONCLUSION Cathepsin D expression significantly predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with variables of poor prognosis and shorter outcome. The strong association of Cathepsin D with aggressive tumour characteristics and poor outcomes warrants further research of its potential as a therapeutic target The results also suggest a possible interaction between Cathepsin D and tamoxifen therapy in ER-positive breast cancer which needs further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Alhudiri
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Christopher Nolan
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Ellis
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Andrew Green
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Eastern Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Garlisi B, Lauks S, Aitken C, Ogilvie LM, Lockington C, Petrik D, Eichhorn JS, Petrik J. The Complex Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:3826-3844. [PMID: 39057155 PMCID: PMC11275383 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer (OC) has much greater complexity than previously understood. In response to aggressive pro-angiogenic stimulus, blood vessels form rapidly and are dysfunctional, resulting in poor perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and leakiness, which leads to increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Decreased perfusion and high IFP significantly inhibit the uptake of therapies into the tumor. Within the TME, there are numerous inhibitor cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor association macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete high numbers of immunosuppressive cytokines. This immunosuppressive environment is thought to contribute to the lack of success of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. This review discusses the components of the TME in OC, how these characteristics impede therapeutic efficacy, and some strategies to alleviate this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.G.); (S.L.); (C.A.); (L.M.O.); (C.L.); (D.P.); (J.S.E.)
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3
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Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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Lee SG, Woo SM, Seo SU, Lee CH, Baek MC, Jang SH, Park ZY, Yook S, Nam JO, Kwon TK. Cathepsin D promotes polarization of tumor-associated macrophages and metastasis through TGFBI-CCL20 signaling. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:383-394. [PMID: 38297161 PMCID: PMC10907383 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are risk factors for cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying their polarization are still not fully understood. Although cathepsin D (Cat D) has been reported as a procarcinogenic factor, little is known about the functional role of Cat D in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This study aimed to explore the effect and molecular mechanisms of Cat D in the TME. Cat D knockout (KO) altered the cytokine secretion pattern and induced TAM reprogramming from the M2 to M1 subtype, thereby preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis. Mechanistically, we identified transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBI) as a Cat D target protein that is specifically associated with TAM polarization. Elevated TGFBI expression in Cat D KO cancer cells resulted in a decline in M2-like TAM polarization. Our RNA-sequencing results indicated that the cancer cell-secreted chemokine CCL20 is a major secretory chemokine for Cat D-TGFBI-mediated TAM polarization. In contrast, Cat D overexpression accelerated TAM polarization into M2-like cells by suppressing TGFBI expression. In addition, the double Cat D and TGFBI KO rescued the inhibitory effects of Cat D KO on tumor metastasis by controlling TAM and T-cell activation. These findings indicated that Cat D contributes to cancer metastasis through TGFBI-mediated TAM reprogramming. Cat D deletion inhibits M2-like TAM polarization through TGFBI-mediated CCL20 expression, reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Our results open a potential new avenue for therapy focused on eliminating tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwan Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Simmyung Yook
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ock Nam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Desroys du Roure P, Lajoie L, Mallavialle A, Alcaraz LB, Mansouri H, Fenou L, Garambois V, Rubio L, David T, Coenon L, Boissière-Michot F, Chateau MC, Ngo G, Jarlier M, Villalba M, Martineau P, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Gros L, Liaudet-Coopman E. A novel Fc-engineered cathepsin D-targeting antibody enhances ADCC, triggers tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, and improves treatment with paclitaxel and enzalutamide in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007135. [PMID: 38290768 PMCID: PMC10828871 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) prognosis is poor. Immunotherapies to enhance the antibody-induced natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity are emerging for TNBC that is frequently immunogenic. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a tumor cell-associated extracellular protein with protumor activity and a poor prognosis marker in TNBC, is a prime target for antibody-based therapy to induce NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This study investigated whether Fc-engineered anti-cath-D antibodies trigger ADCC, their impact on antitumor efficacy and tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and their relevance for combinatory therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D expression and localization in TNBC samples were evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The binding of human anti-cath-D F1M1 and Fc-engineered antibody variants, which enhance (F1M1-Fc+) or prevent (F1M1-Fc-) affinity for CD16a, to secreted human and murine cath-D was analyzed by ELISA, and to CD16a by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. NK cell activation was investigated by flow cytometry, and ADCC by lactate dehydrogenase release. The antitumor efficacy of F1M1 Fc-variants was investigated using TNBC cell xenografts in nude mice. NK cell recruitment, activation, and cytotoxic activity were analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts by immunophenotyping and RT-qPCR. NK cells were depleted using an anti-asialo GM1 antibody. F1M1-Fc+ antitumor effect was assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and TNBC SUM159 cell xenografts, and in combination with paclitaxel or enzalutamide. RESULTS Cath-D expression on the TNBC cell surface could be exploited to induce ADCC. F1M1 Fc-variants recognized human and mouse cath-D. F1M1-Fc+ activated NK cells in vitro and induced ADCC against TNBC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts more efficiently than F1M1. F1M1-Fc- was ineffective. In the MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft model, F1M1-Fc+ displayed higher antitumor activity than F1M1, whereas F1M1-Fc- was less effective, reflecting the importance of Fc-dependent mechanisms in vivo. F1M1-Fc+ triggered tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, activation and cytotoxic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts. NK cell depletion impaired F1M1-Fc+ antitumor activity, demonstrating their key role. F1M1-Fc+ inhibited growth of SUM159 cell xenografts and two TNBC PDXs. In combination therapy, F1M1-Fc+ improved paclitaxel and enzalutamide therapeutic efficacy without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS F1M1-Fc+ is a promising immunotherapy for TNBC that could be combined with conventional regimens, including chemotherapy or antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- Université de Tours - INRAE, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), équipe BioMédicaments Anti-Parasitaires (BioMAP), Tours, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Fenou
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Rubio
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
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David T, Mallavialle A, Faget J, Alcaraz LB, Lapierre M, du Roure PD, Laurent-Matha V, Mansouri H, Jarlier M, Martineau P, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Liaudet-Coopman E. Anti-cathepsin D immunotherapy triggers both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38030588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poorer outcomes than other breast cancers (BC), including HER2+ BC. Cathepsin D (CathD) is a poor prognosis marker overproduced by BC cells, hypersecreted in the tumour microenvironment with tumour-promoting activity. Here, we characterized the immunomodulatory activity of the anti-CathD antibody F1 and its improved Fab-aglycosylated version (F1M1) in immunocompetent mouse models of TNBC (C57BL/6 mice harbouring E0771 cell grafts) and HER2-amplified BC (BALB/c mice harbouring TUBO cell grafts). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CathD expression was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence, and antibody binding to CathD by ELISA. Antibody anti-tumour efficacy was investigated in mouse models. Immune cell recruitment and activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping, and RT-qPCR. KEY RESULTS F1 and F1M1 antibodies remodelled the tumour immune landscape. Both antibodies promoted innate antitumour immunity by preventing the recruitment of immunosuppressive M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and by activating natural killer cells in the tumour microenvironment of both models. This translated into a reduction of T-cell exhaustion markers in the tumour microenvironment that could be locally supported by enhanced activation of anti-tumour antigen-presenting cell (M1-polarized TAMs and cDC1 cells) functions. Both antibodies inhibited tumour growth in the highly-immunogenic E0771 model, but only marginally in the immune-excluded TUBO model, indicating that anti-CathD immunotherapy is more relevant for BC with a high immune cell infiltrate, as often observed in TNBC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Anti-CathD antibody-based therapy triggers the anti-tumour innate and adaptive immunity in preclinical models of BC and is a promising immunotherapy for immunogenic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Faget
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Paris, France
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Song J, Zhu N, Pan X, Guo L, Kong X. Expression and significance of cathepsin C and cathepsin D during pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:92. [PMID: 37794357 PMCID: PMC10548605 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin C (Cat C) is involved in the inflammatory-immune system and can be degraded by cathepsin D (Cat D). Preeclampsia (PE) and the inflammation-immunity relationship is currently a hot research topic, but there are still few studies. The aim was to investigate the expression and significance of Cat C and D in the serum of nonpregnant women, patients in various stages of pregnancy and patients with PE, and in the placenta of patients with normal pregnancy and PE. METHODS Sixty young healthy nonpregnant women were selected: 180 normal pregnant women, including 60 each in the first, second, and third trimesters, and 100 women with PE, including 39 women with severe preeclampsia. The levels of Cat C and D in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression levels of Cat C and D in placentas were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The serum of Cat C in the first trimester was significantly lower than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.001), whereas Cat D was significantly higher than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.01). The levels of Cat C and D in the second trimester and third trimester were significantly higher than those in the first trimester (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in Cat C and D between the second trimester and third trimester. The levels of Cat C in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly higher than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of Cat D in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly lower than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001). Age, primigravida proportion, and body mass index were significantly higher in the PE group than in the control group (P < 0.05), which were high-risk factors for PE. CONCLUSIONS Cat C and D are associated with the maintenance of normal pregnancy. In patients with preeclampsia, a significant increase in Cat C and a significant decrease in Cat D levels may lead to the occurrence and development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xinchen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Mustafa A, Elkhamisy F, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. Potential crosstalk between pericytes and cathepsins in the tumour microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114932. [PMID: 37236029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, and as such, investigators are constantly exploring underlying mechanisms that drive its progression. One area of interest is the role of lysosomal enzymes, such as cathepsins, in regulating cancer growth and development in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Pericytes, a key component of vasculature, play a key role in regulating blood vessel formation in the TME, have been shown to be influenced by cathepsins and their activity. Although cathepsins such as cathepsins D and L have been shown to induce angiogenesis, currently no direct link is known between pericytes and cathepsins interaction. This review aims to shed light on the potential interplay between pericytes and cathepsins in the TME, highlighting the possible implications for cancer therapy and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mustafa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - F Elkhamisy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - N Arghiani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - M Z I Pranjol
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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9
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Go RE, Lee HK, Kim CW, Kim S, Choi KC. A fungicide, fenhexamid, is involved in the migration and angiogenesis in breast cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors. Life Sci 2022; 305:120754. [PMID: 35780843 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fenhexamid (Fen) is used to eradicate gray mold of fruits and vegetables leading to greater detection of its residual concentration in wine than other fungicides. Here, we further investigated the malign influence of Fen on the migration and angiogenesis via regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in breast cancer models. ER-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were exposed to 17β-estradiol (E2, 10-9 M), Fen (10-5 M and 10-7 M), ICI 182,780 (ICI; an ER antagonist, 10-8 M) or/and Pictilisib (Pic; a PI3K inhibitor, 10-7 M), and subsequently subjected to migration assay, live cell motility monitoring, trans-chamber assay, immunofluorescence, angiogenesis assay, tumor spheroid formation, and Western blot analysis. In MCF-7 cells, E2 and Fen induced cell migration by regulating the cell migration-related proteins. Although expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin remained unchanged E2 and Fen induced the decrease of E-cadherin and Occludin in the immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. In addition, Fen increased vessel formation in HUVEC cells. Furthermore, Fen treatment induced the formation of larger and denser tumor spheroids in MCF-7 cells. Western blot further confirmed the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) after exposure to Fen. We conclude that Fen plays an important role as an endocrine-disrupting chemical in breast cancer migration and metastasis through the regulation of ER and PI3K signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Ibrahim SRM, Omar AM, Bagalagel AA, Diri RM, Noor AO, Almasri DM, Mohamed SGA, Mohamed GA. Thiophenes-Naturally Occurring Plant Metabolites: Biological Activities and In Silico Evaluation of Their Potential as Cathepsin D Inhibitors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:539. [PMID: 35214871 PMCID: PMC8877444 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Naturally, thiophenes represent a small family of natural metabolites featured by one to five thiophene rings. Numerous plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae commonly produce thiophenes. These metabolites possessed remarkable bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, antioxidant, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and nematicidal properties. The current review provides an update over the past seven years for the reported natural thiophene derivatives, including their sources, biosynthesis, spectral data, and bioactivities since the last review published in 2015. Additionally, with the help of the SuperPred webserver, an AI (artificial intelligence) tool, the potential drug target for the compounds was predicted. In silico studies were conducted for Cathepsin D with thiophene derivatives, including ADMET (drug absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion/and toxicity) properties prediction, molecular docking for the binding interaction, and molecular dynamics to evaluate the ligand-target interaction stability under simulated physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Bagalagel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Reem M. Diri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Ahmad O. Noor
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | - Diena M. Almasri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.B.); (R.M.D.); (A.O.N.); (D.M.A.)
| | | | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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11
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Bui S, Mejia I, Díaz B, Wang Y. Adaptation of the Golgi Apparatus in Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:806482. [PMID: 34957124 PMCID: PMC8703019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.806482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in normal cell physiology by promoting cell survival, facilitating proliferation, and enabling cell-cell communication and migration. These roles are partially mediated by well-known Golgi functions, including post-translational modifications, lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and protein secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the Golgi plays a critical role in sensing and integrating external and internal cues to promote cellular homeostasis. Indeed, the unique structure of the mammalian Golgi can be fine-tuned to adapt different Golgi functions to specific cellular needs. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer, where unrestrained proliferation and aberrant survival and migration increase the demands in Golgi functions, as well as the need for Golgi-dependent sensing and adaptation to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of how the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus is influenced by oncogenic transformation, and how this adaptation may facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabel Mejia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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12
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Cathepsin D-Managing the Delicate Balance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060837. [PMID: 34198733 PMCID: PMC8229105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal proteases play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. Human cathepsin D manages protein turnover degrading misfolded and aggregated proteins and favors apoptosis in the case of proteostasis disruption. However, when cathepsin D regulation is affected, it can contribute to numerous disorders. The down-regulation of human cathepsin D is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. On the other hand, its excessive levels outside lysosomes and the cell membrane lead to tumor growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Therefore, targeting cathepsin D could provide significant diagnostic benefits and new avenues of therapy. Herein, we provide a brief overview of cathepsin D structure, regulation, function, and its role in the progression of many diseases and the therapeutic potentialities of natural and synthetic inhibitors and activators of this protease.
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Alcaraz LB, Mallavialle A, David T, Derocq D, Delolme F, Dieryckx C, Mollevi C, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Du Manoir S, Huesgen PF, Overall CM, Tartare-Deckert S, Jacot W, Chardès T, Guiu S, Roger P, Reinheckel T, Moali C, Liaudet-Coopman E. A 9-kDa matricellular SPARC fragment released by cathepsin D exhibits pro-tumor activity in the triple-negative breast cancer microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6173-6192. [PMID: 33995652 PMCID: PMC8120228 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Alternative therapeutic strategies based on tumor-specific molecular targets are urgently needed for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is a marker of poor prognosis in TNBC and a tumor-specific extracellular target for antibody-based therapy. The identification of cath-D substrates is crucial for the mechanistic understanding of its role in the TNBC microenvironment and future therapeutic developments. Methods: The cath-D substrate repertoire was investigated by N-Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS)-based degradome analysis in a co-culture assay of TNBC cells and breast fibroblasts. Substrates were validated by amino-terminal oriented mass spectrometry of substrates (ATOMS). Cath-D and SPARC expression in TNBC was examined using an online transcriptomic survival analysis, tissue micro-arrays, TNBC cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), human TNBC samples, and mammary tumors from MMTV-PyMT Ctsd-/-knock-out mice. The biological role of SPARC and its fragments in TNBC were studied using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis, gene expression knockdown, co-culture assays, western blot analysis, RT-quantitative PCR, adhesion assays, Transwell motility, trans-endothelial migration and invasion assays. Results: TAILS analysis showed that the matricellular protein SPARC is a substrate of extracellular cath-D. In vitro, cath-D induced limited proteolysis of SPARC C-terminal extracellular Ca2+ binding domain at acidic pH, leading to the production of SPARC fragments (34-, 27-, 16-, 9-, and 6-kDa). Similarly, cath-D secreted by TNBC cells cleaved fibroblast- and cancer cell-derived SPARC at the tumor pericellular acidic pH. SPARC cleavage also occurred in TNBC tumors. Among these fragments, only the 9-kDa SPARC fragment inhibited TNBC cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin, and stimulated their migration, endothelial transmigration, and invasion. Conclusions: Our study establishes a novel crosstalk between proteases and matricellular proteins in the tumor microenvironment through limited SPARC proteolysis, revealing a novel targetable 9-kDa bioactive SPARC fragment for new TNBC treatments. Our study will pave the way for the development of strategies for targeting bioactive fragments from matricellular proteins in TNBC.
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Tokuyasu N, Amisaki M, Hanaki T, Murakami Y, Morimoto M, Uchinaka E, Yagyu T, Goto K, Matsunaga T, Yamamoto M, Takano S, Sakamoto T, Honjo S, Hasegawa T, Fujiwara Y. Clinical Significance of Serum Antithrombin III Activity After Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Yonago Acta Med 2021; 64:168-175. [PMID: 34025191 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background As antithrombin III (AT-III) is produced in the hepatocytes, its serum activity decreases at the time of liver failure, in addition to ischemia reperfusion injury, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Here, we examined whether the serum AT-III value after hepatectomy could be a prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Of 141 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC, data for 101 patients in whom serum AT-III activity was measured on the first postoperative day were extracted. Patients with serum AT-III activity > 50% and ≤ 50% were assigned to high value (72 cases) and low value (29 cases) groups, respectively. We examined the clinical and prognostic differences between these two groups. Results The average age of enrolled patients (83 men and 18 women) was 68.0 years. The 5-year overall survival rate was 88% and 60% in the high and low value groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the 2-year relapse-free survival rate was 71% and 54% in the high and low value groups, respectively (P = 0.03). Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate that serum AT-III levels on the first postoperative day may serve as a prognostic factor in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruo Tokuyasu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masataka Amisaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hanaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masaki Morimoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Ei Uchinaka
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takuki Yagyu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsunaga
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamamoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takano
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Sakamoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Soichiro Honjo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Hasegawa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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Zhou C, Song C, Huang X, Chen S, Long Y, Zeng S, Yang H, Jiang M. Early Prediction Model of Gestational Hypertension by Multi-Biomarkers Before 20 Weeks Gestation. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2441-2451. [PMID: 34103953 PMCID: PMC8178612 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s309725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational hypertension (GH), a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP), is a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality due to the lack of clarity on its exact etiology and clinically feasible prediction models. This study was performed to discover novel biomarkers before 20 weeks gestation and thereby construct an early GH prediction model. METHODS This study was designed based on differentially expressed protein screening followed by clinical validation. In the screening phase, a nested case-controlled study was conducted by plasma proteomic analyses using label-free LC-MS/MS and plasma samples from seven pre-GH cases before 20-week gestation and seven age- and gestational week-matched controls. In the validation phase, 10 proteins with differential expression in the screening phase were validated by ELISA or electrochemiluminescence in an independent study consisting of 29 pre-GH cases before 20-week gestation and 29 matched controls. RESULTS In the screening phase, 149 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the two groups and were predominantly involved in complement and coagulation cascades, platelet degranulation and positive regulation of cell motility. Further validation showed that serpin family C member 1 (SERPINC1), serpin family A member 5 (SERPINA5), complement factor H-related protein 5 (CFHR5), clusterin, cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) levels were significantly higher in women who later developed GH compared to women with uncomplicated pregnancies (P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the combination efficacy of models for early prediction of GH. The model with a combination of SERPINC1, CK18 and HRG had a significantly better discriminatory power (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.98) compared to the models with those proteins alone as independent predictors of GH. CONCLUSION Plasma levels of SERPINC1, SERPINA5, CFHR5, clusterin, CK18 and HRG are potential novel predictive biomarkers of GH, and a prediction model using a combination of SERPINC1, CK18 and HRG has good discriminatory performance for GH before 20 weeks gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hongling Yang; Min Jiang Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 9, Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510623, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-20-38857723; +86-20-38076256 Email ;
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, People’s Republic of China
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Gan-Qing-Ning Formula Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Promoting Apoptosis and Inhibiting Angiogenesis in H 22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6376912. [PMID: 32831873 PMCID: PMC7428871 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6376912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gang-Qing-Ning (GQN) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the folk population for decades. However, scientific validation is still necessary to lend credibility to the traditional use of GQN against HCC. This study investigates the antitumor effect of GQN on H22 tumor-bearing mice and its possible mechanism. Methods Fifty H22 tumor-bearing mice were randomly assigned to five groups. Three groups were treated with high, medium, and low dosages of GQN (27.68, 13.84, and 6.92 g/kg, respectively); the positive control group was treated with cytoxan (CTX) (20 mg/kg) and the model group was treated with normal saline. After 10 days' treatment, the tumor inhibitory rates were calculated. Pathological changes in tumor tissue were observed, and the key proteins and genes of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were measured, as well as the mRNA expression levels of VEGF in tumor tissue. Results The tumor inhibitory rates of high, medium, and low dosages of GQN groups were 47.39%, 38.26%, and 22.17%, respectively. The high dosage of the GQN group significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bax, Cyt-C, and cleaved Caspase 3 (or Caspase 3) (P < 0.01) but decreased the expression levels of Bcl-2, VEGF, and microvessel density (MVD) (P < 0.01). Conclusions The high dosage of GQN can significantly inhibit the tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice. It exerts the antitumor effect by enhancing proapoptotic factors and inhibiting the antiapoptotic factor of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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Palhares LCGF, Barbosa JS, Scortecci KC, Rocha HAO, Brito AS, Chavante SF. In vitro antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities of a shrimp chondroitin sulfate. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1153-1165. [PMID: 32553958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin triggers cellular responses that are crucial for development and progression of cancer, such as proliferation, migration, oncogene expression and angiogenesis. Thus, biomolecules capable of inhibiting this protease have become targets in cancer research. The present work describes the in vitro antitumor properties of a chondroitin sulfate with anti-thrombin activity, isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (sCS). Although the compound was unable to induce cytotoxicity or cell death and/or cell cycle changes after 24 h incubation, it showed a long-term antiproliferative effect, reducing the tumor colony formation of melanoma cells by 75% at 100 μg/mL concentration and inhibiting the anchorage-independent colony formation. sCS reduced 66% of melanoma cell migration in the wound healing assay and 70% in the transwell assay. The compound also decreased melanin and TNF-α content of melanoma cells by 52% and 75% respectively. Anti-angiogenic experiments showed that sCS promoted 100% reduction of tubular structure formation at 100 μg/mL. These results are in accordance with the sCS-mediated in vitro expression of genes related to melanoma development (Cx-43, MAPK, RhoA, PAFR, NFKB1 and VEGFA). These findings bring a new insight to CS molecules in cancer biology that can contribute to ongoing studies for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais C G F Palhares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus São Gonçalo do Amarante, RN, Brazil
| | - Kátia C Scortecci
- Departamento de Biologia celular e genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hugo A O Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Brito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
| | - Suely F Chavante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Zhang B, Pang Z, Hu Y. Targeting hemostasis-related moieties for tumor treatment. Thromb Res 2020; 187:186-196. [PMID: 32032807 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the hemostatic system, that includes the involvement of the coagulation response and platelets, is anatomically and functionally inseparable from the vasculature. However, the hemostatic response always occurs in a wide range of tumors because of the high expression of coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) in many tumor tissues, and due to the leakage of coagulation factors and platelets from the circulation system into the tumor interstitium through abnormal tumor vessels. Therefore, in addition to TF, these coagulation factors, platelets, the central moiety thrombin, the final product fibrin, and fibronectin, which is capable of stabilizing coagulation clots, are also abundant in tumors. These hemostasis-related moieties (HRMs), including TF, thrombin, fibrin, fibronectin, and platelets, are also closely associated with tumor progression, e.g., primary tumor growth and distal metastasis. The hemostatic response only occurs under pathological conditions, such as tumors, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis other than in normal tissues. The HRMs within tumors are also highly specific, establishing functional and therapeutic targets for tumor treatment. Therefore, strategies including active targeting to these moieties, modulation of HRMs deposited in the tumor microenvironment to improve tumor drug delivery, activation of prodrug by the coagulation complex formed during coagulation response, and direct inhibition of the tumor-promoting activity of HRMs could be designed for tumor therapy. In this review, we summarize various strategies that target HRMs for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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Cathepsin D in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:1-16. [PMID: 32578168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major and leading health problem worldwide. Lack of early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and recurrence of cancer means vast research and development are required in this area. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment in the biological milieu poses greater challenges in having safer, selective, and targeted therapies. Existing strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and antiangiogenic therapies moderately improve progression-free survival; however, they come with side effects that reduce quality of life. Thus, targeting potential candidates in the microenvironment, such as extracellular cathepsin D (CathD) which has been known to play major pro-tumorigenic roles in breast and ovarian cancers, could be a breakthrough in cancer treatment, specially using novel treatment modalities such as immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based therapy. This chapter discusses CathD as a pro-cancerous, more specifically a proangiogenic factor, that acts bi-functionally in the tumor microenvironment, and possible ways of targeting the protein therapeutically.
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Vangala G, Imhoff FM, Squires CM, Cridge AG, Baird SK. Mesenchymal stem cell homing towards cancer cells is increased by enzyme activity of cathepsin D. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Zhang C, Zhang M, Song S. Cathepsin D enhances breast cancer invasion and metastasis through promoting hepsin ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:105-115. [PMID: 30227221 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepsin is required for the growth and maintenance of normal morphology, as well as for cell motility and development, initiation of blood coagulation and pro-inflammatory immune response. Here we showed that Cathepsin D (CtsD) as a novel protein is involved in the regulation of hepsin. CtsD destabilizes hepsin by promoting its ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer tissue microarray also indicated that hepsin expression was negatively correlated with CtsD by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of CtsD promoted breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis by enhancing the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vitro and in vivo. These effects were inhibited by ectopic hepsin expression. Taken together, our data reveal a critical CtsD-hepsin signaling axis in migration and metastasis, which may contribute to a better understanding of the function and molecular mechanism in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Medical School, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Effects of platelets on cancer progression. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S40-S47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Jiang T, Shen S, Wang T, Li M, He B, Mo R. A Substrate-Selective Enzyme-Catalysis Assembly Strategy for Oligopeptide Hydrogel-Assisted Combinatorial Protein Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7447-7454. [PMID: 29172544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligopeptide hydrogels for localized protein delivery have considerable potential to reduce systemic side effects but maximize therapeutic efficacy. Although enzyme catalysis to induce formation of oligopeptide hydrogels has the merits of unique regio- and enantioselectivity and mild reaction conditions, it may cause the impairment of function and activity of the encapsulated proteins by proteolytic degradation during gelation. Here we report a novel enzyme-catalysis strategy for self-assembly of oligopeptide hydrogels using an engineered protease nanocapsule with tunable substrate selectivity. The protease-encapsulated nanocapsule shielded the degradation activity of protease on the laden proteins due to the steric hindrance by the polymeric shell weaved around the protease, whereas the small-molecular precursors were easier to penetrate across the polymeric network and access the catalytic pocket of the protease to convert to the gelators for self-assembling hydrogel. The resulting oligopeptide hydrogels supported a favorable loading capacity without inactivation of both an antiangiogenic protein, hirudin and an apoptosis-inducing cytokine, TRAIL as model proteins. The hirudin and TRAIL coloaded oligopeptide hydrogel for combination cancer treatment showed enhanced synergistic antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mengru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
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27
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Pranjol MZI, Gutowski NJ, Hannemann M, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin D non-proteolytically induces proliferation and migration in human omental microvascular endothelial cells via activation of the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1865:25-33. [PMID: 29024694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) frequently metastasises to the omentum, a process that requires pro-angiogenic activation of human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs) by tumour-secreted factors. We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells secrete a range of factors that induce pro-angiogenic responses e.g. migration, in HOMECs including the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CathD). However, the cellular mechanism by which CathD induces these cellular responses is not understood. The aim of this study was to further examine the pro-angiogenic effects of CathD in HOMECs i.e. proliferation and migration, to investigate whether these effects are dependent on CathD catalytic activity and to delineate the intracellular signalling kinases activated by CathD. We report, for the first time, that CathD significantly increases HOMEC proliferation and migration via a non-proteolytic mechanism resulting in activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. These data suggest that EOC cancer secreted CathD acts as an extracellular ligand and may play an important pro-angiogenic, and thus pro-metastatic, role by activating the omental microvasculature during EOC metastasis to the omentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, UK
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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28
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Ebrahimi S, Rahmani F, Behnam-Rassouli R, Hoseinkhani F, Parizadeh MR, Keramati MR, Khazaie M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2323-2329. [PMID: 28004386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) represents a link between inflammation and cancer. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin are associated with several inflammatory diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and of special interest in this review cancer. Thrombin-induced inflammatory responses up-regulates expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors, and matrix-degrading proteases that facilitate tumor cells proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of thrombin-mediated proinflammatory responses in cancer pathology for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hoseinkhani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaie
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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29
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Wojtukiewicz MZ, Hempel D, Sierko E, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Thrombin-unique coagulation system protein with multifaceted impacts on cancer and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:213-33. [PMID: 27189210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between blood coagulation and cancer development is well recognized. Thrombin, the pleiotropic enzyme best known for its contribution to fibrin formation and platelet aggregation during vascular hemostasis, may also trigger cellular events through protease-activated receptors, PAR-1 and PAR-4, leading to cancer progression. Our pioneering findings provided evidence that thrombin contributes to cancer metastasis by increasing adhesive potential of malignant cells. However, there is evidence that thrombin regulates every step of cancer dissemination: (1) cancer cell invasion, detachment from primary tumor, migration; (2) entering the blood vessel; (3) surviving in vasculature; (4) extravasation; (5) implantation in host organs. Recent studies have provided new molecular data about thrombin generation in cancer patients and the mechanisms by which thrombin contributes to transendothelial migration, platelet/tumor cell interactions, angiogenesis, and other processes. Though a great deal is known regarding the role of thrombin in cancer dissemination, there are new data for multiple thrombin-mediated events that justify devoting focus to this topic with a comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Sierko
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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30
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van Beijnum JR, Pieters W, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Griffioen AW. Insulin-like growth factor axis targeting in cancer and tumour angiogenesis - the missing link. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1755-1768. [PMID: 27779364 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous molecular players in the process of tumour angiogenesis have been shown to offer potential for therapeutic targeting. Initially denoted to be involved in malignant transformation and tumour progression, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling axis has been subject to therapeutic interference, albeit with limited clinical success. More recently, IGFs and their receptors have received attention for their contribution to tumour angiogenesis, which offers novel therapeutic opportunities. Here we review the contribution of this signalling axis to tumour angiogenesis, the mechanisms of resistance to therapy and the interplay with other pro-angiogenic pathways, to offer insight in the renewed interest in the application of IGF axis targeting agents in anti-cancer combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, PO box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Pieters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, PO box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Angiogenesis Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, PO box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Quantitative proteomic analysis exploring progression of colorectal cancer: Modulation of the serpin family. J Proteomics 2016; 148:139-48. [PMID: 27492143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of cancer related-death in developed countries. The mortality risk is correlated with the stage of CRC determined at the primary diagnosis and early diagnosis is associated with enhanced survival rate. Currently, only faecal occult blood tests are used to screen for CRC. Consequently, there is an incentive to identify specific markers of CRC. We used quantitative proteomic analysis of serum samples to characterize protein profiles in adenoma, CRC and healthy control samples. We identified 89 distinct proteins modulated between normal, colorectal adenoma and carcinoma patients. This list emphasizes proteins involved in enzyme regulator activities and in particular the serpin family. In serum samples, protein profiles of three members of the serpin family (SERPINA1, SERPINA3 and SERPINC1) were confirmed by ELISA assays. We obtained sensitivity/specificity values of 95%/95% for both SERPINA1 and SERPINC1, and 95%/55% for SERPINA3. This study supports the idea that serum proteins can discriminate adenoma and CRC patients from unaffected patients and reveals a panel of regulated proteins that might be useful for selecting patients for colonoscopy. By evaluating SERPINA1, SERPINA3 and SERPINC1, we highlight the potential role of the serpin family during the development and progression of CRC. SIGNIFICANCE Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of cancer mortality throughout the world. However, very few CRC biomarkers have satisfactory sensitivity and specificity in clinical practice. To the best of our knowledge our study is the first to profile sera proteomes between adenoma, CRC and healthy patients. We report a comprehensive list of proteins that may be used as early diagnostic biomarkers of CRC. It is noteworthy that 17% of these modulated proteins have been previously described as candidate biomarkers in CRC. Enzyme regulator activity was found to be the main molecular function among these proteins and, in particular, there was an enrichment of members of the serpin family. The subsequent verification on a new cohort by ELISA demonstrates that these serpins could be useful to discriminate healthy from colorectal carcinoma patients with a high sensitivity and specificity. The combination of these biomarkers should increase predictive powers of CRC diagnosis. The remaining candidates form a reserve for further evaluation of additional biomarkers for CRC diagnosis.
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32
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Bach AS, Derocq D, Laurent-Matha V, Montcourrier P, Sebti S, Orsetti B, Theillet C, Gongora C, Pattingre S, Ibing E, Roger P, Linares LK, Reinheckel T, Meurice G, Kaiser FJ, Gespach C, Liaudet-Coopman E. Nuclear cathepsin D enhances TRPS1 transcriptional repressor function to regulate cell cycle progression and transformation in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28084-103. [PMID: 26183398 PMCID: PMC4695046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal protease cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced in breast cancer cells (BCC) and supports tumor growth and metastasis formation. Here, we describe the mechanism whereby Cath-D is accumulated in the nucleus of ERα-positive (ER+) BCC. We identified TRPS1 (tricho-rhino-phalangeal-syndrome 1), a repressor of GATA-mediated transcription, and BAT3 (Scythe/BAG6), a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling chaperone protein, as new Cath-D-interacting nuclear proteins. Cath-D binds to BAT3 in ER+ BCC and they partially co-localize at the surface of lysosomes and in the nucleus. BAT3 silencing inhibits Cath-D accumulation in the nucleus, indicating that Cath-D nuclear targeting is controlled by BAT3. Fully mature Cath-D also binds to full-length TRPS1 and they co-localize in the nucleus of ER+ BCC where they are associated with chromatin. Using the LexA-VP16 fusion co-activator reporter assay, we then show that Cath-D acts as a transcriptional repressor, independently of its catalytic activity. Moreover, microarray analysis of BCC in which Cath-D and/or TRPS1 expression were silenced indicated that Cath-D enhances TRPS1-mediated repression of several TRPS1-regulated genes implicated in carcinogenesis, including PTHrP, a canonical TRPS1 gene target. In addition, co-silencing of TRPS1 and Cath-D in BCC affects the transcription of cell cycle, proliferation and transformation genes, and impairs cell cycle progression and soft agar colony formation. These findings indicate that Cath-D acts as a nuclear transcriptional cofactor of TRPS1 to regulate ER+ BCC proliferation and transformation in a non-proteolytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bach
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Montcourrier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Salwa Sebti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Orsetti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gongora
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Pattingre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Ibing
- Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pascal Roger
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Laetitia K Linares
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Functional Genomic Plateform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Christian Gespach
- INSERM U938, Molecular and Clinical Oncology, Paris 6 University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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33
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Wang M, Liu J, Xi D, Luo X, Ning Q. Adenovirus-mediated artificial microRNA against human fibrinogen like protein 2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth. J Gene Med 2016; 18:102-11. [PMID: 27163335 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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34
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Pulz LH, Strefezzi RF. Proteases as prognostic markers in human and canine cancers. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:669-683. [PMID: 27136601 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of several types of proteins, which interact and form dynamic networks. These components can modulate cell behaviour and actively influence the growth and differentiation of tissues. ECM is also important in several pathological processes, such as cancer invasion and metastasis, by creating favourable microenvironments. Proteolysis in neoplastic tissues is mediated by proteinases, whose regulation involves complex interactions between neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic stromal cells. In this review, we discuss aspects of proteinase expression and tumor behaviour in humans and dogs. Different classes of proteases are summarized, with special emphasis being placed on molecules that have been shown to correlate with prognosis, reinforcing the need for a better understanding of the regulation of this microenvironment and its influences in tumor progression and metastasis, which should significantly aid the development of improved prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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35
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Schauer D, Starlinger P, Alidzanovic L, Zajc P, Maier T, Feldman A, Padickakudy R, Buchberger E, Elleder V, Spittler A, Stift J, Pop L, Gruenberger B, Gruenberger T, Brostjan C. Chemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases induces a rapid rise in intermediate blood monocytes which predicts treatment response. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1160185. [PMID: 27471631 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that intermediate monocytes (CD14(++)/CD16(+)) were increased in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, while the subset of pro-angiogenic TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) was not significantly elevated. This study was designed to evaluate changes in frequency and function of intermediate monocytes and TEMs during chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic cancer treatment and their relation to treatment response. Monocyte populations were determined by flow cytometry in 60 metastasized CRC (mCRC) patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab. Blood samples were taken before treatment, after two therapy cycles, at the end of neoadjuvant therapy and immediately before surgical resection of liver metastases. Neoadjuvant treatment resulted in a significant increase in circulating intermediate monocytes which was most pronounced after two cycles and positively predicted tumor response (AUC = 0.875, p = 0.005). With a cut-off value set to 1% intermediate monocytes of leukocytes, this parameter showed a predictive sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 88%. Anti-angiogenic therapy with bevacizumab had no impact on monocyte populations including TEMs. In 15 patients and six healthy controls, the gene expression profile and the migratory behavior of monocyte subsets was evaluated. The profile of intermediate monocytes suggested functions in antigen presentation, inflammatory cytokine production, chemotaxis and was remarkably stable during chemotherapy. Intermediate monocytes showed a preferential migratory response to tumor-derived signals in vitro and correlated with the level of CD14(+)/CD16(+) monocytic infiltrates in the resected tumor tissue. In conclusion, the rapid rise of intermediate monocytes during chemotherapy may offer a simple marker for response prediction and a timely change in regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schauer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Lejla Alidzanovic
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Zajc
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Maier
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Feldman
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Padickakudy
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Buchberger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Elleder
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorand Pop
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel , Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Gruenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Merciful Brothers , Johannes von Gott Platz 1 , Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gruenberger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria; Department of Surgery I, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Juchgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
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Caniuguir A, Krause BJ, Hernandez C, Uauy R, Casanello P. Markers of early endothelial dysfunction in intrauterine growth restriction-derived human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed by 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry analyses. Placenta 2016; 41:14-26. [PMID: 27208404 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associates with fetal and placental vascular dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk later on life. We hypothesize that endothelial cells derived from IUGR umbilical veins present significant changes in the proteome which could be involved in the endothelial dysfunction associated to this conditions. To address this the proteome profile of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) isolated from control and IUGR pregnancies was compared by 2D-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) and further protein identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Using 2D-DIGE 124 spots were identified as differentially expressed between control and IUGR HUVEC, considering a cut-off of 2 fold change, which represented ∼10% of the total spots detected. Further identification by MALDI-TOF MS and in silico clustering of the proteins showed that those differentially expressed proteins between control and IUGR HUVEC were mainly related with cytoskeleton organization, proteasome degradation, oxidative stress response, mRNA processing, chaperones and vascular function. Finally Principal Component analysis of the identified proteins showed that differentially expressed proteins allow distinguishing between control and IUGR HUVEC based on their proteomic profile. This study demonstrates for the first time that IUGR-derived HUVEC maintained in primary culture conditions present an altered proteome profile, which could reflect an abnormal programming of endothelial function in this fetal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Caniuguir
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardo J Krause
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cherie Hernandez
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Guo SW, Du Y, Liu X. Endometriosis-Derived Stromal Cells Secrete Thrombin and Thromboxane A2, Inducing Platelet Activation. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1044-52. [PMID: 26902428 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116630428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have been recently revealed to play important roles in the development of endometriosis. However, it is unclear whether endometriotic lesions can secrete any platelet inducers outside the menstruation window. Hence, this study was undertaken to see whether endometriosis-derived stromal cells secrete platelet activators and cause platelet activation. We employed in vitro experimentation using primary ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESCs) and platelets from healthy male volunteers and evaluated the extent of platelet aggregation by aggregometer and the platelet activation rate by flow cytometry using supernatants harvested from EESCs of different cell densities. We also measured the concentration of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), a metabolite of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and thrombin activity in supernatants harvested from EESCs of different densities and evaluated the extent of platelet aggregation after treatment of EESCs with hirudin, Ozagrel, and apyrase. Finally, the concentration of TXB2, thrombin, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in platelets cocultured with different densities of EESCs is measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that EESCs secrete thrombin and TXA2 and induce platelet activation and aggregation in a density-dependent fashion. Treatment of platelets with EESCs resulted in increased concentration of TXB2, thrombin, and TGF-β1 in a density-dependent manner. Treatment of EESCs with hirudin and Ozagrel, but not apyrase, resulted in significant suppression of platelet aggregation. Thus, given recently reported effects of activated platelets on the cell behaviors of EESCs and endometriotic lesions in general, our findings establish that endometriotic lesions and platelets engage active cross-talks in the development of endometriosis, highlighting the importance of lesion microenvironment in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Du
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xishi Liu
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Zhu B, Lin N, Zhang M, Zhu Y, Cheng H, Chen S, Ling Y, Pan W, Xu R. Activated hepatic stellate cells promote angiogenesis via interleukin-8 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2015; 13:365. [PMID: 26593962 PMCID: PMC4655083 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines have been recognized as important modulators of angiogenesis, and they play critical roles in the development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although their origins and latent molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate how activated hepatic stellate cells (a-HSCs) promote angiogenesis in HCC. METHODS A total of 22 HCC patients were enrolled randomly. We used immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to analyse the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a-HSCs derived from HCC tissues. The angiogenic effects of IL-8 in vitro and in vivo were assessed by ELISA, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, capillary tube formation assay, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. RESULTS The present study showed that IL-8 was enriched predominantly in the tumour stroma of HCC tissues and was mainly derived from a-HSCs, rather than from hepatoma cells, in vivo and in vitro. Angiogenesis was most active at the invading edge, which was close to the a-HSCs. The angiogenic effect was dramatically attenuated by an IL-8 neutralizing antibody both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the IL-8 neutralizing antibody down-regulated Ser727-phosphorylated STAT3 levels in hepatoma cells treated with a-HSCs conditioned medium. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that a-HSCs within the stroma of HCC contribute to tumour angiogenesis via IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yunbiao Ling
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weidong Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruiyun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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The Potential Role of the Proteases Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L in the Progression and Metastasis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3260-79. [PMID: 26610586 PMCID: PMC4693277 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies and has a poor prognosis due to relatively unspecific early symptoms, and thus often advanced stage, metastasized cancer at presentation. Metastasis of EOC occurs primarily through the transcoelomic route whereby exfoliated tumor cells disseminate within the abdominal cavity, particularly to the omentum. Primary and metastatic tumor growth requires a pool of proangiogenic factors in the microenvironment which propagate new vasculature in the growing cancer. Recent evidence suggests that proangiogenic factors other than the widely known, potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor may mediate growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In this review we examine the role of some of these alternative factors, specifically cathepsin D and cathepsin L.
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Pereira H, Oliveira CSF, Castro L, Preto A, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Yeast as a tool to explore cathepsin D function. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:225-234. [PMID: 28357298 PMCID: PMC5349170 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D has garnered increased attention in recent years, mainly since it has been associated with several human pathologies. In particular, cathepsin D is often overexpressed and hypersecreted in cancer cells, implying it may constitute a therapeutic target. However, cathepsin D can have both anti- and pro-survival functions depending on its proteolytic activity, cellular context and stress stimulus. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of cathepsin D regulation and how to modulate its apoptotic functions is clearly needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of cathepsin D in physiological and pathological scenarios. We then focus on the opposing functions of cathepsin D in apoptosis, particularly relevant in cancer research. Emphasis is given to the role of the yeast protease Pep4p, the vacuolar counterpart of cathepsin D, in life and death. Finally, we discuss how insights from yeast cathepsin D and its role in regulated cell death can unveil novel functions of mammalian cathepsin D in apoptosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pereira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - C S F Oliveira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. ; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Castro
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Preto
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S R Chaves
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Côrte-Real
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Fan HX, Chen Y, Ni BX, Wang S, Sun M, Chen D, Zheng JH. Expression of MMP-1/PAR-1 and patterns of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma as potential prognostic markers. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1619-26. [PMID: 26170698 PMCID: PMC4498722 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 degrades type I collagen of the extracellular matrix and also activates protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 to induce angiogenesis. The aims of this study were to evaluate microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of PAR-1 and MMP-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens with different patterns of invasion (POI) and to evaluate their association with clinical outcomes. Methods Seventy-four surgically obtained oral SCC samples were classified by POI according to hematoxylin-eosin staining. MVD and the localization and intensity of PAR-1 and MMP-1 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Of the 74 oral SCC samples, 18, 5, 34, and 17 showed type I, II, III, and IV POI, respectively. MVD and expression levels of MMP-1 and PAR-1 differed between POI types I–II and POI types III–IV. Patients with low tumor expression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 and low MVD had a longer survival time than those with high tumor expression of MMP-1 and PAR-1. Moreover, the survival time of patients with POI types III–IV was shorter than that of patients with POI types I–II. Conclusion POI combined with expression levels of MMP-1 and PAR-1 may be a valuable tool for assessing the clinical prognosis of patients with oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Xiong Ni
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hua Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Ma M, Guo X, Chang Y, Li C, Meng X, Li S, Du ZX, Wang HQ, Sun Y. Advanced glycation end products promote proliferation and suppress autophagy via reduction of Cathepsin D in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 403:73-83. [PMID: 25673507 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is closely involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function, but little is known about the association between advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and autophagy and its role in AGEs-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs. The current study investigated the effects of AGEs on the phenotypic modulation and autophagy of VSMCs, as well as the potential underlying mechanisms. Primary rat VSMCs were treated with bovine serum albumin or AGEs. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, real-time cell analyzer and EdU incorporation. Cell cycle was analyzed by Hoechst staining and flow cytometry. The migration of VSMCs was detected by wound-healing assay and transwell migration assay. LC3 transition and p62 accumulation were detected using Western blotting. Acidic vacuoles were measured using AO and MDC staining. Cathepsin D (CatD) was transduced to VSMCs via lentiviral vectors. AGEs enhanced proliferation and migration of primary rat VSMC in a time-dependent manner. AGEs significantly increased LC3-II transition and p62 expression, as well as accumulation of acidic vacuole, which was not further increased by bafilomycin A1. AGEs decreased CatD expression in a time-dependent pattern, and overexpression of CatD prohibited autophagy attenuation mediated by AGEs. CatD overexpression suppressed AGEs-induced proliferation of VSMCs. Nevertheless, CatD exhibited no effects on AGEs-induced migration of VSMCs. AGEs promote proliferation of VSMCs and suppress autophagy, at least in part via CatD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Winiarski BK, Cope N, Alexander M, Pilling LC, Warren S, Acheson N, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Clinical Relevance of Increased Endothelial and Mesothelial Expression of Proangiogenic Proteases and VEGFA in the Omentum of Patients with Metastatic Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:267-276.e4. [PMID: 24913675 PMCID: PMC4101350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) metastasis to the omentum requires implantation and angiogenesis. We propose that prometastatic changes in the omental endothelium (for angiogenesis) and mesothelium (for implantation) are critical. We investigated the expression of angiogenic proteases [cathepsin D (CD), cathepsin L (CL), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9] and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in the mesothelium and endothelium of omentum from patients with EOC with omental metastases and control patients with benign ovarian tumors. Endothelial expression of CL, VEGFA, and MMP9 and mesothelial expression of VEGFA, MMP9, and CD were significantly increased in patients with metastasized EOC. High expression of MMP9 and VEGFA in endothelium and mesothelium and CD in mesothelium was positively associated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS). High MMP9 expression in either endothelium or mesothelium and presence of ascites prospectively showed the greatest risk of shorter DSS [hazard ratio (HR)= 6.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.76-21.6, P = .0045; HR = 11.42, 95% CI = 2.59-50.35, P = .0013; and HR = 6.35, 95% CI = 2.01-20.1, P = .002, respectively]. High endothelial MMP9 expression and ascites were independent predictors of reduced DSS and overall survival, together resulting in worst patient prognosis. Our data show that omental metastasis of EOC is associated with increased proangiogenic protein expression in the omental endothelium and mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boleslaw K Winiarski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nichola Cope
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Luke C Pilling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sophie Warren
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nigel Acheson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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Demers M, Wagner DD. NETosis: a new factor in tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014; 40:277-83. [PMID: 24590420 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1370765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have long been known as innate immune cells that phagocytose and kill pathogens and mount inflammatory responses protecting the host from infection. In the past decades, new aspects of neutrophils have emerged unmasking their importance not only in inflammation but also in many pathological conditions including thrombosis and cancer. The 2004 discovery that neutrophils, upon strong activation, release decondensed chromatin to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), has unveiled new avenues of research. Here, we review current knowledge regarding NETs in thrombosis, with a special focus on cancer-associated thrombosis as well as their potential role in cancer growth and metastasis. We discuss the prospective use of NET-specific biomarkers, such as citrullinated histone H3 and NET inhibitors, as tools to anticipate and fight cancer-associated thrombosis. We propose that the rapid developments in the field of NETosis may provide new targets to combat the thrombotic consequences of cancer and perhaps even help to contain the disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Demers
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Huang L, Liu Z, Chen S, Liu Y, Shao Z. A prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer patients based on node status, cathepsin-D and Ki-67 index. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83081. [PMID: 24340082 PMCID: PMC3858342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic factors that could possibly affect the outcome of patients with triple negative breast cancer and subsequently build a prognostic model to predict patients’ outcome. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome of 504 patients diagnosed with triple-negative invasive ductal breast cancer. 185 patients enrolled between 2000 and 2002 were designated to the training set. The variables that had statistically significant correlation with prognosis were combined to build a model. The prognostic value of the model was further validated in the separate validation set containing 319 patients enrolled between 2003 and 2006. Results The median follow-up duration was 66 months. 174 patients experienced recurrence, and 111 patients died. Positivity for ≥4 lymph nodes, Cathepsin-D positivity, and Ki-67 index ≥20% were independent factors for DFS, while the lymph nodes status and Ki-67 index were the prognostic factors for OS. The prognostic model was established based on the sum of all three factors, where positivity for ≥4 lymph nodes, Cathepsin-D and Ki-67 index ≥20% would individually contribute 1 point to the risk score. The patients in the validation set were assigned to a low-risk group (0 and 1 point) and a high-risk group (2 and 3 points). The external validation analysis also demonstrated that our prognostic model provided the independent high predictive accuracy of recurrence. Conclusion This model has a considerable clinical value in predicting recurrence, and will help clinicians to design an appropriate level of adjuvant treatment and schedule adequate appointments of surveillance visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhebin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Epithelial ovarian cancer-induced angiogenic phenotype of human omental microvascular endothelial cells may occur independently of VEGF signaling. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:703-14. [PMID: 24466373 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) metastasizes transcoelomically to the peritoneum and omentum, and despite surgery and chemotherapy, recurrent disease is likely. Metastasis requires the induction of proangiogenic changes in the omental microenvironment and EOC-induced omental angiogenesis is currently a key therapeutic target. In particular, antiangiogenic therapies targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) pathway are commonly used, although, with limited effects. Here, using human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs) and ovarian cancer cell lines as an in vitro model, we show that factors secreted from EOC cells increased proliferation, migration, and tube-like structure formation in HOMECs. However, EOC-induced angiogenic tube-like formation and migration were unaffected by inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (Semaxanib; SU5416) or neutralization of VEGFA (neutralizing anti-VEGFA antibody), although VEGFA165-induced HOMEC migration and tube-like structure formation were abolished. Proteomic investigation of the EOC secretome identified several alternative angiogenesis-related proteins. We screened these for their ability to induce an angiogenic phenotype in HOMECs, i.e., proliferation, migration, and tube-like structure formation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7) increased all three parameters, and cathepsin L (CL) increased migration and tubule formation. Further investigation confirmed expression of the HGF receptor c-Met in HOMECs. HGF- and EOC-induced proliferation and angiogenic tube structure formation were blocked by the c-Met inhibitor PF04217903. Our results highlight key alternative angiogenic mediators for metastatic EOC, namely, HGF, CL, and IGFBP-7, suggesting that effective antiangiogenic therapeutic strategies for this disease require inhibition of multiple angiogenic pathways.
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Pathologies at the nexus of blood coagulation and inflammation: thrombin in hemostasis, cancer, and beyond. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1257-71. [PMID: 23955016 PMCID: PMC3825489 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is the protease involved in blood coagulation. Its deregulation can lead to hemostatic abnormalities, which range from subtle subclinical to serious life-threatening coagulopathies, i.e., during septicemia. Additionally, thrombin plays important roles in many (patho)physiological conditions that reach far beyond its well-established role in stemming blood loss and thrombosis, including embryonic development and angiogenesis but also extending to inflammatory processes, complement activation, and even tumor biology. In this review, we will address thrombin's broad roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes in an integrative way. We will also discuss thrombin as an emerging major target for novel therapies.
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48
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[Corneal neovascularization: epidemiological, physiopathological, and clinical features]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2013; 36:627-39. [PMID: 23891320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization is defined as the presence of vessels within the normally avascular corneal stroma. This physiopathological process is the consequence of local hyper-expression of pro-angiogenic factors in response to tissue damage. These new vessels (neovessels), initially immature and poorly developed, predispose the cornea to lipid exudation, inflammation, and scarring. Additionally, the influx of vascular cells into the stroma induces a loss of the cornea's immune privilege, resulting in a higher rate of graft rejection. In this literature review, we touch on epidemiological, physiopathological, and clinical aspects of corneal neovascularization, as well as secondary complications.
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Sun H, Lou X, Shan Q, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xie Y, Xu N, Liu S. Proteolytic characteristics of cathepsin D related to the recognition and cleavage of its target proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65733. [PMID: 23840360 PMCID: PMC3688724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) plays an important role in both biological and pathological processes, although the cleavage characteristics and substrate selection of CD have yet to be fully explored. We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the CD cleavage sites in bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that the hydrophobic residues at P1 were not only a preferential factor for CD cleavage but that the hydrophobicity at P1’ also contributed to CD recognition. The concept of hydrophobic scores of neighbors (HSN) was proposed to describe the hydrophobic microenvironment of CD recognition sites. The survey of CD cleavage characteristics in several proteins suggested that the HSN was a sensitive indicator for judging the favorable sites in peptides for CD cleavage, with HSN values of 0.5–1.0 representing a likely threshold. Ovalbumin (OVA), a protein resistant to CD cleavage in its native state, was easily cleaved by CD after denaturation, and the features of the cleaved peptides were quite similar to those found in BSA, where a higher HSN value indicated greater cleavability. We further conducted two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to find more proteins that were insensitive to CD cleavage in CD-knockdown cells. Based on an analysis of secondary and three-dimensional structures, we postulated that intact proteins with a structure consisting of all α-helices would be relatively accessible to CD cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
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50
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Loss of melanoregulin (MREG) enhances cathepsin-D secretion by the retinal pigment epithelium. Vis Neurosci 2013; 30:55-64. [PMID: 23611523 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523813000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin-D (Cat-D) is a major proteolytic enzyme in phagocytic cells. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), it is responsible for the daily degradation of photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) to maintain retinal homeostasis. Melanoregulin (MREG)-mediated loss of phagocytic capacity has been linked to diminished intracellular Cat-D activity. Here, we demonstrate that loss of MREG enhances the secretion of intermediate Cat-D (48 kDa), resulting in a net enhancement of extracellular Cat-D activity. These results suggest that MREG is required to maintain Cat-D homeostasis in the RPE and likely plays a protective role in retinal health. In this regard, in the Mreg dsu/dsu mouse, we observe increased basal laminin. Loss of the Mreg dsu allele is not lethal and therefore leads to slow age-dependent changes in the RPE. Thus, we propose that this model will allow us to study potential dysregulatory functions of Cat-D in retinal disease.
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