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Wang P, Laster K, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:208. [PMID: 38111008 PMCID: PMC10726672 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. Among the members of the RAF kinase family, CRAF plays an important role in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, as well as in the progression of cancer. Recent research has provided evidence implicating the role of CRAF in the physiological regulation and the resistance to BRAF inhibitors through MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of solely targeting CRAF kinase activity remains controversial. Moreover, the kinase-independent function of CRAF may be essential for lung cancers with KRAS mutations. It is imperative to develop strategies to enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity in tumors driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. The review investigates CRAF alterations observed in cancers and unravels the distinct roles of CRAF in cancers propelled by diverse oncogenes. This review also seeks to summarize CRAF-interacting proteins and delineate CRAF's regulation across various cancer hallmarks. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in pan-RAF inhibitors and their combination with other therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects in patients with RAF/RAS-mutant tumors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of CRAF in cancers and highlighting the latest developments in RAF inhibitor therapies, we endeavor to identify synergistic targets and elucidate resistance pathways, setting the stage for more robust and safer combination strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Basic Medicine Sciences Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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Zhou YJ, Lu XF, Chen H, Wang XY, Cheng W, Zhang QW, Chen JN, Wang XY, Jin JZ, Yan FR, Chen H, Li XB. Single-cell Transcriptomics Reveals Early Molecular and Immune Alterations Underlying the Serrated Neoplasia Pathway Toward Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:393-424. [PMID: 36216310 PMCID: PMC9791140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Approximately one-third of colorectal cancers develop from serrated lesions (SLs), including hyperplastic polyp (HP), sessile serrated lesion (SSL), traditional serrated adenoma (TSA), and SSL with dysplasia (SSLD) through the serrated neoplasia pathway, which progresses faster than the conventional adenoma-carcinoma pathway. We sought to depict the currently unclarified molecular and immune alterations by the single-cell landscape in SLs. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of 16 SLs (including 4 proximal HPs, 5 SSLs, 2 SSLDs, and 5 TSAs) vs 3 normal colonic tissues. RESULTS A total of 60,568 high-quality cells were obtained. Two distinct epithelial clusters with redox imbalance in SLs were observed, along with upregulation of tumor-promoting SerpinB6 that regulated ROS level. Epithelial clusters of SSL and TSA showed distinct molecular features: SSL-specific epithelium manifested overexpressed proliferative markers with Notch pathway activation, whereas TSA-specific epithelium showed Paneth cell metaplasia with aberrant lysozyme expression. As for immune contexture, enhanced cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells was observed in SLs; it was mainly attributable to increased proportion of CD103+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, which might be regulated by retinoic acid metabolism. Microenvironment of SLs was generally immune-activated, whereas some immunosuppressive cells (regulatory T cells, anti-inflammatory macrophages, MDK+IgA+ plasma cells, MMP11-secreting PDGFRA+ fibroblasts) also emerged at early stage and further accumulated in SSLD. CONCLUSION Epithelial, immune, and stromal components in the serrated pathway undergo fundamental alterations. Future molecular subtypes of SLs and potential immune therapy might be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Nan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Zheng Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Rong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,Fang-Rong Yan, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Haoyan Chen, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Xiao-Bo Li, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai 200127, China.
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3
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17-Aminogeldanamycin selectively diminishes IRE1α-XBP1s pathway activity and cooperatively induces apoptosis with MEK1/2 and BRAF V600E inhibitors in melanoma cells of different genetic subtypes. Apoptosis 2020; 24:596-611. [PMID: 30989459 PMCID: PMC6598962 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes of melanoma patient treatment remain unsatisfactory despite accessibility of oncoprotein-targeting drugs and immunotherapy. Here, we reported that 17-aminogeldanamycin more potently activated caspase-3/7 in BRAFV600E melanoma cells than geldanamycin, another inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). 17-aminogeldanamycin alleviated self-triggered compensatory increase in HSP70 mRNA level and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was followed by selective diminution of cytoprotective IRE1α-XBP1s pathway activity of unfolded protein response (UPR), inhibition of ERK1/2 activity and induction of apoptosis. Concomitantly, ATF6/p50 level and expression of PERK-dependent genes, CHOP and BIM, remained unaltered. This might result from an inframe deletion in EIF2AK3 leading to a PERKL21del variant revealed by whole-exome sequencing in melanoma cell lines. 17-aminogeldanamycin exhibited similar activity in NRASQ61R melanoma cells that harbored a heterozygous inactivating variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1P187S). In addition, 17-aminogeldanamycin acted cooperatively with trametinib (an inhibitor of MEK1/2) and vemurafenib (an inhibitor of BRAFV600E) in induction of apoptosis in melanoma cell lines as evidenced by in-cell caspase-3/7 activation and PARP cleavage that occurred earlier compared with either drug used alone. As trametinib and vemurafenib did not significantly affect HSP70 and GRP78 transcript levels, cooperation of MEK/BRAFV600E inhibitors and 17-aminogeldanamycin might result from a concurrent inhibition of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK cascade and IRE1α-dependent signaling, and cell-intrinsic ER homeostasis can determine the extent of the drug cooperation. Our study indicates that 17-aminogeldanamycin takes several advantages compared with other HSP90-targeting compounds, and can complement activity of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in melanoma cells of different genetic subtypes.
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5
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Kemps PG, Zondag TC, Steenwijk EC, Andriessen Q, Borst J, Vloemans S, Roelen DL, Voortman LM, Verdijk RM, van Noesel CJM, Cleven AHG, Hawkins C, Lang V, de Ru AH, Janssen GMC, Haasnoot GW, Franken KLMC, van Eijk R, Solleveld-Westerink N, van Wezel T, Egeler RM, Beishuizen A, van Laar JAM, Abla O, van den Bos C, van Veelen PA, van Halteren AGS. Apparent Lack of BRAF V600E Derived HLA Class I Presented Neoantigens Hampers Neoplastic Cell Targeting by CD8 + T Cells in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3045. [PMID: 31998317 PMCID: PMC6967030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplastic disorder of hematopoietic origin characterized by inflammatory lesions containing clonal histiocytes (LCH-cells) intermixed with various immune cells, including T cells. In 50-60% of LCH-patients, the somatic BRAF V600E driver mutation, which is common in many cancers, is detected in these LCH-cells in an otherwise quiet genomic landscape. Non-synonymous mutations like BRAF V600E can be a source of neoantigens capable of eliciting effective antitumor CD8+ T cell responses. This requires neopeptides to be stably presented by Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I molecules and sufficient numbers of CD8+ T cells at tumor sites. Here, we demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in CD8+ T cell density in n = 101 LCH-lesions, with BRAF V600E mutated lesions displaying significantly lower CD8+ T cell:CD1a+ LCH-cell ratios (p = 0.01) than BRAF wildtype lesions. Because LCH-lesional CD8+ T cell density had no significant impact on event-free survival, we investigated whether the intracellularly expressed BRAF V600E protein is degraded into neopeptides that are naturally processed and presented by cell surface HLA class I molecules. Epitope prediction tools revealed a single HLA class I binding BRAF V600E derived neopeptide (KIGDFGLATEK), which indeed displayed strong to intermediate binding capacity to HLA-A*03:01 and HLA-A*11:01 in an in vitro peptide-HLA binding assay. Mass spectrometry-based targeted peptidomics was used to investigate the presence of this neopeptide in HLA class I presented peptides isolated from several BRAF V600E expressing cell lines with various HLA genotypes. While the HLA-A*02:01 binding BRAF wildtype peptide KIGDFGLATV was traced in peptides isolated from all five cell lines expressing this HLA subtype, KIGDFGLATEK was not detected in the HLA class I peptidomes of two distinct BRAF V600E transduced cell lines with confirmed expression of HLA-A*03:01 or HLA-A*11:01. These data indicate that the in silico predicted HLA class I binding and proteasome-generated neopeptides derived from the BRAF V600E protein are not presented by HLA class I molecules. Given that the BRAF V600E mutation is highly prevalent in chemotherapy refractory LCH-patients who may qualify for immunotherapy, this study therefore questions the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Kemps
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Timo C Zondag
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline C Steenwijk
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Quirine Andriessen
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jelske Borst
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Vloemans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carel J M van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arjen H G Cleven
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Veronica Lang
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Geert W Haasnoot
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Eijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Auke Beishuizen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A M van Laar
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oussama Abla
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cor van den Bos
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Immunology Laboratory Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Ma C, Chen J, Li P. Geldanamycin induces apoptosis and inhibits inflammation in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16254-16263. [PMID: 31087698 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuili Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun Jilin P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics Changchun Obstetrics‐Gynecology Hospital Changchun Jilin P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun Jilin P.R. China
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7
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Zeynali-Moghaddam S, Mohammadian M, Kheradmand F, Fathi-Azarbayjani A, Rasmi Y, Esna-Ashari O, Malekinejad H. A molecular basis for the synergy between 17‑allylamino‑17‑demethoxy geldanamycin with Capecitabine and Irinotecan in human colorectal cancer cells through VEFG and MMP-9 gene expression. Gene 2019; 684:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Joshi SS, Jiang S, Unni E, Goding SR, Fan T, Antony PA, Hornyak TJ. 17-AAG inhibits vemurafenib-associated MAP kinase activation and is synergistic with cellular immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191264. [PMID: 29481571 PMCID: PMC5826531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone which stabilizes client proteins with important roles in tumor growth. 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of HSP90 ATPase activity, occupies the ATP binding site of HSP90 causing a conformational change which destabilizes client proteins and directs them towards proteosomal degradation. Malignant melanomas have active RAF-MEK-ERK signaling which can occur either through an activating mutation in BRAF (BRAFV600E) or through activation of signal transduction upstream of BRAF. Prior work showed that 17-AAG inhibits cell growth in BRAFV600E and BRAF wildtype (BRAFWT) melanomas, although there were conflicting reports about the dependence of BRAFV600E and BRAFWT upon HSP90 activity for stability. Here, we demonstrate that BRAFWT and CRAF are bound by HSP90 in BRAFWT, NRAS mutant melanoma cells. HSP90 inhibition by 17-AAG inhibits ERK signaling and cell growth by destabilizing CRAF but not BRAFWT in the majority of NRAS mutant melanoma cells. The highly-selective BRAFV600E inhibitor, PLX4032 (vemurafenib), inhibits ERK signaling and cell growth in mutant BRAF melanoma cells, but paradoxically enhances signaling in cells with wild-type BRAF. In our study, we examined whether 17-AAG could inhibit PLX4032-enhanced ERK signaling in BRAFWT melanoma cells. As expected, PLX4032 alone enhanced ERK signaling in the BRAFWT melanoma cell lines Mel-Juso, SK-Mel-2, and SK-Mel-30, and inhibited signaling and cell growth in BRAFV600E A375 cells. However, HSP90 inhibition by 17-AAG inhibited PLX4032-enhanced ERK signaling and inhibited cell growth by destabilizing CRAF. Surprisingly, 17-AAG also stimulated melanin production in SK-Mel-30 cells and enhanced TYRP1 and DCT expression without stimulating TYR production in all three BRAFWT cell lines studied as well as in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. In vivo, the combination of 17-AAG and cellular immunotherapy directed against Tyrp1 enhanced the inhibition of tumor growth compared to either therapy alone. Our studies support a role for 17-AAG and HSP90 inhibition in enhancing cellular immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shunlin Jiang
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emmanual Unni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Goding
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Fan
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Antony
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Wu Y, Wang X, Chang S, Lu W, Liu M, Pang X. -Lapachone Induces NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1- and Oxidative Stress-Dependent Heat Shock Protein 90 Cleavage and Inhibits Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:466-475. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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10
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LG-362B targets PML-RARα and blocks ATRA resistance of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1465-74. [PMID: 27012866 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a M3 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) translocation generally occurs in APL patients and makes APL unique both for diagnosis and treatment. However, some conventional drugs like all-transretinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), as the preferred ones for APL therapy, induce irreversible resistance and responsible for clinical failure of complete remission. Herein, we screened a library of novel chemical compounds with structural diversity and discovered a novel synthetic small compound, named LG-362B, specifically inhibited the proliferation of APL and induced apoptosis. Notably, the differentiation arrest was also relieved by LG-362B in cultured APL cells and APL mouse models. Moreover, LG-362B overcame the ATRA resistance on cellular differentiation and transplantable APL mice. These positive effects were driven by caspases-mediated degradation of PML-RARα when treated with LG-362B, making it specific to APL and reasonable for ATRA resistance relief. We propose that LG-362B would be a potential candidate agent for the treatment of the relapsed APL with ATRA resistance in the future.
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11
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Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the therapeutic efficacy of 17-DMAG in colon cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4367-76. [PMID: 25618598 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is expressed as part of the molecular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mediates protein folding within the cell. GRP78 is also an important biomarker of cancer progression and the therapeutic response of patients with different cancer types. However, the role of GRP78 in the cytotoxic effect of 17-DMAG in colon cancer cells remains unclear. GRP78 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The anticancer effects of 17-DMAG were assessed by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a flow cytometric cell-cycle analysis, and an Annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) apoptotic assay. We found that HT-29 cells expressed a lower level of GRP78 compared with DLD-1 cells. The MTT assay revealed that HT-29 cells were more sensitive to 17-DMAG treatment than DLD-1 cells. GRP78 knock down (GRP78KD) cells demonstrated an increased sensitivity to 17-DMAG treatment compared with the scrambled control cells. Based on the cell-cycle analysis and Annexin V-PI apoptotic assay, apoptosis dramatically increased in GRP78KD cells compared with scrambled control DLD-1 cells after these cells were treated with 17-DMAG. Finally, we observed a decrease in the level of Bcl-2 and an increase in the levels of Bad and Bax in GRP78KD cells treated with 17-DMAG. These results are consistent with an increased sensitivity to 17-DMAG after knock down of GRP78. The level of GRP78 expression may determine the therapeutic efficacy of 17-DMAG against colon cancer cells.
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12
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Huang T, Chen S, Han H, Li H, Huang Z, Zhang J, Yin Q, Wang X, Ma X, Dai P, Duan D, Zou F, Chen X. Expression of Hsp90α and cyclin B1 were related to prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and keratin pearl formation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:1544-1552. [PMID: 24817950 PMCID: PMC4014234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90α (heat shock protein 90α), one of the important molecular chaperones in cancer cell signal transduction, has been a new candidate target for cancer therapy. Cyclin B1, the client protein of Hsp90α, plays a key role as a mitotic cyclin in the G2-M phase transition during the cell cycle progression. However, the relationship between the level of HSP90α and cyclin B1, the location of Hsp90α and cyclin B1 in prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been examined. Here, we demonstrate that the diagnostic significance of Hsp90α and cyclin B1 by immunohistochemistry and the association of Hsp90α and cyclin B1 expression in ESCC. In the specimens from 105 ESCC patients (81 stained with Hsp90α antibody by Immunohistochemistry, 65 with cyclin B1 antibody, and among them, 41 paired specimens were stained with Hsp90α and cyclin B1 respectively, and then checked for the correlation of the level and location of Hsp90α and cylcin B1. The positivity rate of Hsp90α and cyclin B1 expression were 96.3% (78 of 81) and 84.6% (55 of 65) respectively. Both of them, the expression levels are associated with the clinical pathological stage (Hsp90α, p=0.027; cyclin B1, p=0.007). No association was found between Hsp90α or cyclin B1 and gender, age, tumor location. As to TMN stage, there is no association with the level of Hsp90α, However, cyclin B1 expression is significantly related to tumor status (p=0.002). Interestingly, Hsp90α expression was negatively correlated to cyclin B1 expression (Gamma=-0.692, p=0.007) in the keratin pearls though there is a positive correlation in the other areas of tumor (Gamma=0.503, p=0.015), which suggest Hsp90α might play diverse roles in the cyclin B1 expression and cyclin B1 related cell cycle regulation in the different area of tumor. These findings demonstrated that the expression of Hsp90α, cyclin B1 protein is associated with tumor malignancy and prognosis for patients with human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and Hsp90α might be involved in cyclin B1 expression regulation and cell cycle regulation in keratin peal formation of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Huang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Size Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hosipital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huadan Li
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhizhou Huang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiangbin Yin
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojiao Ma
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peijuan Dai
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Danping Duan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Samuni A, Goldstein S. Redox Properties of Benzoquinone Ansamycins in Aqueous Solutions. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Socinski MA, Goldman J, El-Hariry I, Koczywas M, Vukovic V, Horn L, Paschold E, Salgia R, West H, Sequist LV, Bonomi P, Brahmer J, Chen LC, Sandler A, Belani CP, Webb T, Harper H, Huberman M, Ramalingam S, Wong KK, Teofilovici F, Guo W, Shapiro GI. A multicenter phase II study of ganetespib monotherapy in patients with genotypically defined advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3068-77. [PMID: 23553849 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ganetespib is a novel inhibitor of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a chaperone protein critical to tumor growth and proliferation. In this phase II study, we evaluated the activity and tolerability of ganetespib in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients were enrolled into cohort A (mutant EGFR), B (mutant KRAS), or C (no EGFR or KRAS mutations). Patients were treated with 200 mg/m(2) ganetespib by intravenous infusion once weekly for 3 weeks followed by 1 week of rest, until disease progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) at 16 weeks. Secondary endpoints included objective response (ORR), duration of treatment, tolerability, median PFS, overall survival (OS), and correlative studies. RESULTS Ninety-nine patients with a median of 2 prior systemic therapies were enrolled; 98 were assigned to cohort A (n = 15), B (n = 17), or C (n = 66), with PFS rates at 16 weeks of 13.3%, 5.9%, and 19.7%, respectively. Four patients (4%) achieved partial response (PR); all had disease that harbored anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, retrospectively detected by FISH (n = 1) or PCR-based assays (n = 3), in crizotinib-naïve patients enrolled to cohort C. Eight patients (8.1%) experienced treatment-related serious adverse events (AE); 2 of these (cardiac arrest and renal failure) resulted in death. The most common AEs were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and anorexia. CONCLUSIONS Ganetespib monotherapy showed a manageable side effect profile as well as clinical activity in heavily pretreated patients with advanced NSCLCs, particularly in patients with tumors harboring ALK gene rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Socinski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA.
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15
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Toyomura K, Saito T, Emori S, Matsumoto I, Kato E, Kaneko M, Okuma Y, Nakamura H, Murayama T. Effects of Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and its analog, on ceramide metabolism and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 37:1049-57. [PMID: 23038012 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitors of heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90), geldanamycin (GA) and 17-(allylamino)-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin, show various cellular effects including destabilization of Hsp90 clients and expression of other chaperones, etc. and modulate cytotoxicity depending on cell types and stimuli. In this study, we investigated the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on survival of PC12 cells with and without cytotoxic stimuli including orthovanadate, Na(3)VO(4). Treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors at 2 µM for 16 hr did not cause cell detachment and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and at concentrations greater than 5 µM resulted in cytotoxicity. The inhibitors at 2 µM enhanced the cytotoxicity of 1 mM Na(3)VO(4), and did not protect PC12 cells at any concentrations against Na(3)VO(4). Next, the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on the intracellular metabolism of ceramide and arachidonic acid (AA) were examined, since these processes also regulate cytotoxicity. In cells treated with 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-labeled C6-ceramide, Hsp90 inhibitors reduced the formation of NBD-glucosylceramide and Na(3)VO(4)-induced formation of NBD-caproic acid, a counterpart of sphingosine, without affecting other metabolites including NBD-sphingomyelin. GA treatment did not change the amounts of AA released in PC12 cells with and without Na(3)VO(4). In HeLa cells, however, GA treatment decreased the release of AA via cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α's activation probably because of dysfunctional Hsp90 clients. Our results suggest the possible involvement of ceramide metabolism, not AA release, in GA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Toyomura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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16
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Sarkar S, Dutta D, Samanta SK, Bhattacharya K, Pal BC, Li J, Datta K, Mandal C, Mandal C. Oxidative inhibition of Hsp90 disrupts the super-chaperone complex and attenuates pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:695-706. [PMID: 22729780 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is almost always fatal, in part because of its delayed diagnosis, poor prognosis, rapid progression and chemoresistance. Oncogenic proteins are stabilized by the Hsp90, making it a potential therapeutic target. We investigated the oxidative stress-mediated dysfunction of Hsp90 and the hindrance of its chaperonic activity by a carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, as a strategic therapeutic in pancreatic cancer. Mahanine exhibited antiproliferative activity against several pancreatic cancer cell lines through apoptosis. It induced early accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to thiol oxidation, aggregation and dysfunction of Hsp90 in MIAPaCa-2. N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented mahanine-induced ROS accumulation, aggregation of Hsp90, degradation of client proteins and cell death. Mahanine disrupted Hsp90-Cdc37 complex in MIAPaCa-2 as a consequence of ROS generation. Client proteins were restored by MG132, suggesting a possible role of ubiquitinylated protein degradation pathway. Surface plasmon resonance study demonstrated that the rate of interaction of mahanine with recombinant Hsp90 is in the range of seconds. Molecular dynamics simulation showed its weak interactions with Hsp90. However, no disruption of the Hsp90-Cdc37 complex was observed at an early time point, thus ruling out that mahanine directly disrupts the complex. It did not impede the ATP binding pocket of Hsp90. Mahanine also reduced in vitro migration and tube formation in cancer cells. Further, it inhibited orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth in nude mice. Taken together, these results provide evidence for mahanine-induced ROS-mediated destabilization of Hsp90 chaperone activity resulting in Hsp90-Cdc37 disruption leading to apoptosis, suggesting its potential as a specific target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sarkar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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17
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Samuni A, Goldstein S. Redox properties and thiol reactivity of geldanamycin and its analogues in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6404-10. [PMID: 22591491 DOI: 10.1021/jp304206n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GM), a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic, is a natural product inhibitor of Hsp90 with potent and broad anticancer properties, but with unacceptable levels of hepatotoxicity. Less toxic C17-substituted analogues have been synthesizedincluding 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) and the water-soluble 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG). Redox properties and thiol reactivity are central to the therapeutic and toxicologic effects of quinones, and the question arises as whether the extent of toxicity of GM, 17-AAG, and 17-DMAG is related to their redox potentials. Using pulse radiolysis, the one-electron redox potentials (vs NHE) at pH 7.0 of GM and 17-AAG have been determined to be -62 ± 7 mV and -273 ± 8 mV, respectively, whereas a value of -194 ± 6 mV has been previously published for 17-DMAG. The rate constants of the reaction of GM and its analogues with glutathione, cysteine, or dithiothreitol under anoxia at pH 7.4 followed the order GM > 17-DMAG > 17-AAG, which correlates with the order of the redox potential of the quinone/semiquinone couple. Thus, GM reacts much faster with thiols compared to the less toxic 17-DMAG and 17-AAG, and is also expected to be more readily reduced by reductases to the respective semiquinone radical, which either decomposes to yield the respective hydroquinone or reduces oxygen to superoxide. Because both redox cycling and thiol reactivity have been associated with quinone toxicity, it is concluded that the toxicity of benzoquinone ansamycins is directly related to the redox potential of the quinone/semiquinone couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amram Samuni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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18
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Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a state of excessive free radicals and reactive metabolites among which the most important class is reactive oxygen species (ROS) - radicals derived from oxygen - as represented by the superoxide anion radical (O2(·-)) and its reactive metabolites, hydroxyl radical (·OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In essence, OS represents an imbalance between the production of oxidants - ROS - and their elimination by antioxidative systems in the body. Many studies have linked OS to thyroid cancer by showing its association with abnormally regulated oxidative or antioxidative molecules. The study by Wang et al. in the December 2011 issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer (18, 773-782) further supports this relationship by demonstrating a high total oxidant status and OS index in thyroid cancer patients. The origin of ROS in thyroid cancer patients has not been defined, but thyroid cancer itself can be one since inflammation, a major event in it, is a classical source of ROS. ROS may in turn enhance the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, forming a vicious cycle propelling thyroid tumorigenesis. Regardless of the mechanism, the clinical implication of the association of OS with thyroid cancer is severalfold: one, OS is a new risk factor for thyroid cancer; two, OS confers thyroid cancer patients an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, degenerative neurological disorders, and other cancers that are classically associated with OS; and three, interference with OS may reduce this risk and be therapeutically beneficial to thyroid cancer itself in thyroid cancer patients. These interesting possibilities deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Xing
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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19
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da Silva VCH, Ramos CHI. The network interaction of the human cytosolic 90 kDa heat shock protein Hsp90: A target for cancer therapeutics. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2790-802. [PMID: 22236519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the cell, proteins interact within a network in which a small number of proteins are highly connected nodes or hubs. A disturbance in the hub proteins usually has a higher impact on the cell physiology than a disturbance in poorly connected nodes. In eukaryotes, the cytosolic Hsp90 is considered to be a hub protein as it interacts with molecular chaperones and co-chaperones, and has key regulatory proteins as clients, such as transcriptional factors, protein kinases and hormone receptors. The large number of Hsp90 partners suggests that Hsp90 is involved in very important functions, such as signaling, proteostasis and epigenetics. Some of these functions are dysregulated in cancer, making Hsp90 a potential target for therapeutics. The number of Hsp90 interactors appears to be so large that a precise answer to the question of how many proteins interact with this chaperone has no definitive answer yet, not even if the question refers to specific Hsp90s as one of the human cytosolic forms. Here we review the major chaperones and co-chaperones that interact with cytosolic Hsp90s, highlighting the latest findings regarding client proteins and the role that posttranslational modifications have on the function and interactions of these molecular chaperones. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane C H da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP. P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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20
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Wang D, Feng JF, Zeng P, Yang YH, Luo J, Yang YW. Total oxidant/antioxidant status in sera of patients with thyroid cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:773-82. [PMID: 22002574 PMCID: PMC3230112 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of all cancers. In order to evaluate the total oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with thyroid cancer and to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress parameters and serum thyroid profiles among thyroid cancer patients and various controls, we determined oxidative status including total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) and calculation of oxidative stress index (OSI) in sera in 82 thyroid cancer patients, 56 benign thyroid disease patients, and 50 healthy controls. It was found that serum TAS levels were significantly lower in patients with thyroid cancer than in controls (P<0.001), while serum TOS levels and OSI values were significantly higher (both P<0.001) in the cancer patients. No significant correlations were observed between various oxidative stress markers and thyroid profiles in either the thyroid cancer patients or the controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that OSI was the best indicator for distinguishing cancer patients from benign thyroid diseased or healthy controls, followed by TOS and TAS. Risk estimate statistics also indicated that TOS and/or OSI were good risk factors to discriminate patients with thyroid cancer from two controls. These findings suggested that oxidants are increased and antioxidants are decreased in patients with thyroid cancer. OSI may be a more useful oxidative stress biomarker than TAS and TOS for monitoring the clinical status of thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of OncologyMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Jia-Fu Feng
- Department of LaboratoryMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
- (Correspondence should be addressed to J-F Feng; )
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of LaboratoryMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yun-Hong Yang
- Department of PathologyMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of LaboratoryMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Department of LaboratoryMianyang Central HospitalMianyang, Sichuan ProvinceChina
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Maddalena F, Laudiero G, Piscazzi A, Secondo A, Scorziello A, Lombardi V, Matassa DS, Fersini A, Neri V, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Sorcin induces a drug-resistant phenotype in human colorectal cancer by modulating Ca(2+) homeostasis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7659-69. [PMID: 22052463 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-binding protein sorcin regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis and plays a role in the induction of drug resistance in human cancers. Recently, an 18 kDa mitochondrial isoform of sorcin was reported to participate in antiapoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC), but information remains lacking about the functional role of the more abundant 22 kDa isoform of sorcin expressed in CRC. We found the 22 kDa isoform to be widely expressed in human CRC cells, whether or not they were drug resistant. Its upregulation in drug-sensitive cells induced resistance to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, whereas its downregulation sensitized CRC cells to these chemotherapeutic agents. Sorcin enhances the accumulation of Ca(2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), preventing ER stress, and, in support of this function, we found that the 22 kDa isoform of sorcin was upregulated under conditions of ER stress. In contrast, RNAi-mediated silencing of sorcin activated caspase-3, caspase-12, and GRP78/BiP, triggering apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Our findings establish that CRC cells overexpress sorcin as an adaptive mechanism to prevent ER stress and escape apoptosis triggered by chemotherapeutic agents, prompting its further investigation as a novel molecular target to overcome MDR.
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22
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Goldstein S. One-Electron Reduction of 17-(Dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: A Pulse Radiolysis Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8928-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205161v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Goldstein
- Chemistry Institute, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Abstract
Raf are conserved, ubiquitous serine/protein kinases discovered as the cellular elements hijacked by transforming retroviruses. The three mammalian RAF proteins (A, B and CRAF) can be activated by the human oncogene RAS, downstream from which they exert both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent, tumor-promoting functions. The kinase-dependent functions are mediated chiefly by the MEK/ERK pathway, whose activation is associated with proliferation in a broad range of human tumors. Almost 10 years ago, activating BRAF mutations were discovered in a subset of human tumors, and in the past year treatment with small-molecule RAF inhibitors has yielded unprecedented response rates in melanoma patients. Thus, Raf qualifies as an excellent molecular target for anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the role of BRAF and CRAF in different aspects of carcinogenesis, on the success of molecular therapies targeting Raf and the challenges they present.
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24
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Schülke JP, Wochnik GM, Lang-Rollin I, Gassen NC, Knapp RT, Berning B, Yassouridis A, Rein T. Differential impact of tetratricopeptide repeat proteins on the steroid hormone receptors. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11717. [PMID: 20661446 PMCID: PMC2908686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif containing co-chaperones of the chaperone Hsp90 are considered control modules that govern activity and specificity of this central folding platform. Steroid receptors are paradigm clients of Hsp90. The influence of some TPR proteins on selected receptors has been described, but a comprehensive analysis of the effects of TPR proteins on all steroid receptors has not been accomplished yet. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compared the influence of the TPR proteins FK506 binding proteins 51 and 52, protein phosphatase-5, C-terminus of Hsp70 interacting protein, cyclophillin 40, hepatitis-virus-B X-associated protein-2, and tetratricopeptide repeat protein-2 on all six steroid hormone receptors in a homogeneous mammalian cell system. To be able to assess each cofactor's effect on the transcriptional activity of on each steroid receptor we employed transient transfection in a reporter gene assay. In addition, we evaluated the interactions of the TPR proteins with the receptors and components of the Hsp90 chaperone heterocomplex by coimmunoprecipitation. In the functional assays, corticosteroid and progesterone receptors displayed the most sensitive and distinct reaction to the TPR proteins. Androgen receptor's activity was moderately impaired by most cofactors, whereas the Estrogen receptors' activity was impaired by most cofactors only to a minor degree. Second, interaction studies revealed that the strongly receptor-interacting co-chaperones were all among the inhibitory proteins. Intriguingly, the TPR-proteins also differentially co-precipitated the heterochaperone complex components Hsp90, Hsp70, and p23, pointing to differences in their modes of action. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The results of this comprehensive study provide important insight into chaperoning of diverse client proteins via the combinatorial action of (co)-chaperones. The differential effects of the TPR proteins on steroid receptors bear on all physiological processes related to steroid hormone activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/genetics
- Cyclophilins/metabolism
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Chaperones
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/genetics
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philip Schülke
- Chaperone Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Berning
- Chaperone Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Theo Rein
- Chaperone Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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25
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Yu Y, Hamza A, Zhang T, Gu M, Zou P, Newman B, Li Y, Gunatilaka AAL, Zhan CG, Sun D. Withaferin A targets heat shock protein 90 in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:542-51. [PMID: 19769945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and the mechanism of Hsp90 inhibition of Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone occurring in Withania somnifera, in pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Withaferin A exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against pancreatic cancer cells in vitro (with IC(50)s of 1.24, 2.93 and 2.78 microM) in pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, MiaPaCa2 and BxPc3, respectively. Annexin V staining showed that WA induced significant apoptosis in Panc-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting demonstrated that WA inhibited Hsp90 chaperone activity to induce degradation of Hsp90 client proteins (Akt, Cdk4 and glucocorticoid receptor), which was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor, MG132. WA-biotin pull down assay of Hsp90 using Panc-1 cancer cell lysates and purified Hsp90 showed that WA-biotin binds to C-terminus of Hsp90 which was competitively blocked by unlabeled WA. Co-immunoprecipitation exhibited that WA (10 microM) disrupted Hsp90-Cdc37 complexes from 1 to 24h post-treatment, while it neither blocked ATP binding to Hsp90, nor changed Hsp90-P23 association. WA (3, 6mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth in pancreatic Panc-1 xenografts by 30% and 58%, respectively. These data demonstrate that Withaferin A binds Hsp90, inhibits Hsp90 chaperone activity through an ATP-independent mechanism, results in Hsp90 client protein degradation, and exhibits in vivo anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Abstract
Redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations and dependence on mitogenic and survival signaling through reactive oxygen species represents a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by redox chemotherapeutics. This review will present an update on drug discovery, target identification, and mechanisms of action of experimental redox chemotherapeutics with a focus on pro- and antioxidant redox modulators now in advanced phases of preclinal and clinical development. Recent research indicates that numerous oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes exert their functions in part through redox mechanisms amenable to pharmacological intervention by redox chemotherapeutics. The pleiotropic action of many redox chemotherapeutics that involves simultaneous modulation of multiple redox sensitive targets can overcome cancer cell drug resistance originating from redundancy of oncogenic signaling and rapid mutation.Moreover, some redox chemotherapeutics may function according to the concept of synthetic lethality (i.e., drug cytotoxicity is confined to cancer cells that display loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes or upregulation of oncogene expression). The impressive number of ongoing clinical trials that examine therapeutic performance of novel redox drugs in cancer patients demonstrates that redox chemotherapy has made the crucial transition from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Fukuyo Y, Hunt CR, Horikoshi N. Geldanamycin and its anti-cancer activities. Cancer Lett 2009; 290:24-35. [PMID: 19850405 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Geldanamycin is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that manifests anti-cancer activity through the inhibition of HSP90-chaperone function. The HSP90 molecular chaperone is expressed at high levels in a wide variety of human cancers including melanoma, leukemia, and cancers in colon, prostate, lung, and breast. In cancer cells dependent upon mutated and/or over-expressed oncogene proteins, HSP90 is thought to have a critical role in regulating the stability, folding, and activity of HSP90-associated proteins, so-called "client proteins". These client proteins include the growth-stimulating proteins and kinases that support malignant transformation. Recently, oncogenic activating BRAF mutants have been identified in variety of cancers where constitutive activation of the MEK/ERK MAPK signaling pathway is the key for tumorigenesis, and they have been shown to be client proteins for HSP90. Accordingly, HSP90 inhibition can suppress certain cancer-causing client proteins and therefore represents an important therapeutic target. The molecular mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect of HSP90 inhibition is complicated. Geldanamycin and its derivatives have been shown to induce the depletion of mutationally-activated BRAF through several mechanisms. In this review, we will describe the HSP90-inhibitory mechanism, focusing on recent progress in understanding HSP90 chaperone structure-function relationships, the identification of new HSP90 client proteins and the development of HSP90 inhibitors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Fukuyo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
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28
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Cabello CM, Bair WB, Bause AS, Wondrak GT. Antimelanoma activity of the redox dye DCPIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) is antagonized by NQO1. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:344-54. [PMID: 19394313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered redox homeostasis involved in the control of cancer cell survival and proliferative signaling represents a chemical vulnerability that can be targeted by prooxidant redox intervention. Here, we demonstrate that the redox dye 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) may serve as a prooxidant chemotherapeutic targeting human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. DCPIP-apoptogenicity observed in the human melanoma cell lines A375 and G361 was inversely correlated with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) expression levels. In A375 cells displaying low NQO1 activity, DCPIP induced apoptosis with procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage, whereas G361 cells expressing high levels of enzymatically active NQO1 were resistant to DCPIP-cytotoxicity. Genetic (siRNA) or pharmacological (dicoumarol) antagonism of NQO1 strongly sensitized G361 cells to DCPIP apoptogenic activity. DCPIP-cytotoxicity was associated with the induction of oxidative stress and rapid depletion of glutathione in A375 and NQO1-modulated G361 cells. Expression array analysis revealed a DCPIP-induced stress response in A375 cells with massive upregulation of genes encoding Hsp70B' (HSPA6), Hsp70 (HSPA1A), heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) further confirmed by immunodetection. Systemic administration of DCPIP displayed significant antimelanoma activity in the A375 murine xenograft model. These findings suggest feasibility of targeting tumors that display low NQO1 enzymatic activity using DCPIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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