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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Tronko ND, Pushkarev VM. Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: Molecular genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the thyroid gland. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pérez-García C, Rouxel J, Akcha F. Development of a comet-FISH assay for the detection of DNA damage in hemocytes of Crassostrea gigas. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 161:189-195. [PMID: 25710447 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the DNA-damaging effect of hydrogen peroxide on the structural integrity of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) was studied for the first time by comet-FISH in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Global DNA damage was assessed in hemocytes using an alkaline version of the comet assay. Next, NOR sensitivity was analyzed by mapping major rDNA repeat unit by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the same comet slides. Exposure of hemocytes to 100 μM of hydrogen peroxide induced a significant increase in both DNA damage and number of FISH-signals of major ribosomal genes versus the control. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was shown between DNA damage as measured by the comet assay (percentage of DNA in comet tail) and the number of signals present in comet tails. This study demonstrates the potential value of the comet-FISH assay for the study of DNA damage induced by genotoxicant exposure of target genes. It offers a perspective for better understanding the impact of genotoxicity on animal physiology and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pérez-García
- IFREMER, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - J Rouxel
- IFREMER, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - F Akcha
- IFREMER, Department of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Prescott JD, Zeiger MA. TheREToncogene in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2015; 121:2137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Prescott
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
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Romei C, Elisei R. RET/PTC Translocations and Clinico-Pathological Features in Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:54. [PMID: 22654872 PMCID: PMC3356050 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent endocrine cancer accounting for 5-10% of thyroid nodules. Papillary histotype (PTC) is the most prevalent form accounting for 80% of all thyroid carcinoma. Although much is known about its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical, and biological behavior, the only documented risk factor for PTC is the ionizing radiation exposure. Rearrangements of the Rearranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene are found in PTC and have been shown to play a pathogenic role. The first RET rearrangement, named RET/PTC, was discovered in 1987. This rearrangement constitutively activates the transcription of the RET tyrosine-kinase domain in follicular cell, thus triggering the signaling along the MAPK pathway and an uncontrolled proliferation. Up to now, 13 different types of RET/PTC rearrangements have been reported but the two most common are RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3. Ionizing radiations are responsible for the generation of RET/PTC rearrangements, as supported by in vitro studies and by the evidence that RET/PTC, and particularly RET/PTC3, are highly prevalent in radiation induced PTC. However, many thyroid tumors without any history of radiation exposure harbor similar RET rearrangements. The overall prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements varies from 20 to 70% of PTCs and they are more frequent in childhood than in adulthood thyroid cancer. Controversial data have been reported on the relationship between RET/PTC rearrangements and the PTC prognosis. RET/PTC3 is usually associated with a more aggressive phenotype and in particular with a greater tumor size, the solid variant, and a more advanced stage at diagnosis which are all poor prognostic factors. In contrast, RET/PTC1 rearrangement does not correlate with any clinical-pathological characteristics of PTC. Moreover, the RET protein and mRNA expression level did not show any correlation with the outcome of patients with PTC and no correlation between RET/PTC rearrangements and the expression level of the thyroid differentiation genes was observed. Recently, a diagnostic role of RET/PTC rearrangements has been proposed. It can be searched for in the mRNA extracted from cytological sample especially in case with indeterminate cytology. However, both the fact that it can be present in a not negligible percentage of benign cases and the technical challenge in extracting mRNA from cytological material makes this procedure not applicable at routine level, at least for the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, WHO Collaborating Center for the Study and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases and Other Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, WHO Collaborating Center for the Study and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases and Other Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rossella Elisei, Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy. e-mail:
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García-Quispes WA, Pérez-Machado G, Sandoval B, Pastor S, Velázquez A, Galofré P, Biarnés J, Castell J, Marcos R. Are thyroid cancer patients sensitive to ionising radiation? Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:932-5. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.577507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sinnott B, Ron E, Schneider AB. Exposing the thyroid to radiation: a review of its current extent, risks, and implications. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:756-73. [PMID: 20650861 PMCID: PMC3365850 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiation exposure of the thyroid at a young age is a recognized risk factor for the development of differentiated thyroid cancer lasting for four decades and probably for a lifetime after exposure. Medical radiation exposure, however, occurs frequently, including among the pediatric population, which is especially sensitive to the effects of radiation. In the past, the treatment of benign medical conditions with external radiation represented the most significant thyroid radiation exposures. Today, diagnostic medical radiation represents the largest source of man-made radiation exposure. Radiation exposure related to the use of computerized tomography is rising exponentially, particularly in the pediatric population. There is direct epidemiological evidence of a small but significant increased risk of cancer at radiation doses equivalent to computerized tomography doses used today. Paralleling the increasing use of medical radiation is an increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer. At present, it is unclear how much of this increase is related to increased detection of subclinical disease from the increased utilization of ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration, how much is due to a true increase in thyroid cancer, and how much, if any, can be ascribed to medical radiation exposure. Fortunately, the amount of radiation exposure from medical sources can be reduced. In this article we review the sources of thyroid radiation exposure, radiation risks to the thyroid gland, strategies for reducing radiation exposure to the thyroid, and ways that endocrinologists can participate in this effort. Finally, we provide some suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Sinnott
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 West Polk Street (MC 640), Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Camacho CV, Mukherjee B, McEllin B, Ding LH, Hu B, Habib AA, Xie XJ, Nirodi CS, Saha D, Story MD, Balajee AS, Bachoo RM, Boothman DA, Burma S. Loss of p15/Ink4b accompanies tumorigenesis triggered by complex DNA double-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1889-96. [PMID: 20663777 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious lesion inflicted by ionizing radiation. Although DSBs are potentially carcinogenic, it is not clear whether complex DSBs that are refractory to repair are more potently tumorigenic compared with simple breaks that can be rapidly repaired, correctly or incorrectly, by mammalian cells. We previously demonstrated that complex DSBs induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) Fe ions are repaired slowly and incompletely, whereas those induced by low-LET gamma rays are repaired efficiently by mammalian cells. To determine whether Fe-induced DSBs are more potently tumorigenic than gamma ray-induced breaks, we irradiated 'sensitized' murine astrocytes that were deficient in Ink4a and Arf tumor suppressors and injected the surviving cells subcutaneously into nude mice. Using this model system, we find that Fe ions are potently tumorigenic, generating tumors with significantly higher frequency and shorter latency compared with tumors generated by gamma rays. Tumor formation by Fe-irradiated cells is accompanied by rampant genomic instability and multiple genomic changes, the most interesting of which is loss of the p15/Ink4b tumor suppressor due to deletion of a chromosomal region harboring the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci. The additional loss of p15/Ink4b in tumors derived from cells that are already deficient in p16/Ink4a bolsters the hypothesis that p15 plays an important role in tumor suppression, especially in the absence of p16. Indeed, we find that reexpression of p15 in tumor-derived cells significantly attenuates the tumorigenic potential of these cells, indicating that p15 loss may be a critical event in tumorigenesis triggered by complex DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristel V Camacho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Sturgis EM, Li G. Molecular epidemiology of papillary thyroid cancer: in search of common genetic associations. Thyroid 2009; 19:1031-4. [PMID: 19803789 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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