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Newell S, van der Watt PJ, Leaner VD. Therapeutic targeting of nuclear export and import receptors in cancer and their potential in combination chemotherapy. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:4-25. [PMID: 37623925 PMCID: PMC10952567 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic modalities are crucial in the management of disseminated malignancies and liquid tumours. However, patient responses and tolerability to treatment are generally poor and those that enter remission often return with refractory disease. Combination therapies provide a methodology to overcome chemoresistance mechanisms and address dose-limiting toxicities. A deeper understanding of tumorigenic processes at the molecular level has brought a targeted therapy approach to the forefront of cancer research, and novel cancer biomarkers are being identified at a rapid rate, with some showing potential therapeutic benefits. The Karyopherin superfamily of proteins is soluble receptors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and RNAs, and recently, nuclear transport receptors have been recognized as novel anticancer targets. Inhibitors against nuclear export have been approved for clinical use against certain cancer types, whereas inhibitors against nuclear import are in preclinical stages of investigation. Mechanistically, targeting nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has shown to abrogate oncogenic signalling and restore tumour suppressor functions through nuclear sequestration of relevant proteins and mRNAs. Hence, nuclear transport inhibitors display broad spectrum anticancer activity and harbour potential to engage in synergistic interactions with a wide array of cytotoxic agents and other targeted agents. This review is focussed on the most researched nuclear transport receptors in the context of cancer, XPO1 and KPNB1, and highlights how inhibitors targeting these receptors can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard of care therapies and novel targeted agents in a combination therapy approach. Furthermore, an updated review on the therapeutic targeting of lesser characterized karyopherin proteins is provided and resistance to clinically approved nuclear export inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Newell
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Pauline J. van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Virna D. Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- UCT/SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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2
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Jian L, Zscherp R, Beutling U, Shen X, Xu S, Zhang X, Brönstrup M, Klahn P, Sun Q. Discovery of Aminoratjadone Derivatives as Potent Noncovalent CRM1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11940-11950. [PMID: 37595020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently utilize elevated nuclear export to escape tumor suppression and gain proliferative advantage. Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (CRM1/XPO1) mediates macromolecule nuclear export and plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. The clinical approval of its covalent inhibitor KPT-330 (Selinexor) validates the feasibility of targeting CRM1 to treat cancers. Here, we synthesized four aminoratjadone derivatives and found that two of them, KL1 and KL2, are noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors. The two compounds underwent spontaneous hydrolysis in aqueous buffers, and the resulting products were more active against CRM1. High-resolution crystal structures revealed the CRM1-binding mode of these compounds and explained the observed structure-activity relationships. In cells, KL1 and KL2 localized CRM1 in the nuclear periphery and led to depletion of nuclear CRM1, thereby inhibiting the nuclear export and growth of colorectal cancer cells at submicromolar concentrations. This work lays the foundation for further development of aminoratjadone-based noncovalent CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunan Jian
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Robert Zscherp
- NaconLabs─A Technology Transfer Center of iTUBS mbH, Wilhelmsgarten 3, Braunschweig 38100, Germany
| | - Ulrike Beutling
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Shiyang Xu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- NaconLabs─A Technology Transfer Center of iTUBS mbH, Wilhelmsgarten 3, Braunschweig 38100, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
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3
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Zhao C, Yang ZY, Zhang J, Li O, Liu SL, Cai C, Shu YJ, Pan LJ, Gong W, Dong P. Inhibition of XPO1 with KPT-330 induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis in gallbladder cancer by activating the p53/mTOR pathway. Lab Invest 2022; 20:434. [PMID: 36180918 PMCID: PMC9524043 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignant cancer in the biliary system with poor prognosis. XPO1 (chromosome region maintenance 1 or CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of several proteins, mainly tumor suppressors. Thus, XPO1 functions as a pro-oncogenic factor. KPT-330 (Selinexor) is a United States Food and Drug Administration approved selective inhibitor of XPO1 that demonstrates good therapeutic effects in hematologic cancers. However, the function of XPO1 and the effect of KPT-330 have not been reported in GBC. METHODS We analyzed the correlation between XPO1 expression levels by q-PCR and clinical features of GBC patients. Cell proliferation assays were used to analyze the in vitro antitumor effects of XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330. mRNA sequencing was used to explore the underlying mechanisms. Western blot was performed to explore the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. The in vivo antitumor effect of KPT-330 was investigated in a nude mouse model of gallbladder cancer. RESULTS We found that high expression of XPO1 was related to poor prognosis of GBC patients. We observed that XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 inhibited the proliferation of GBC cells in vitro. Furthermore, XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 induced apoptosis by reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential and triggering autophagy in NOZ and GBC-SD cells. Indeed, XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 led to nuclear accumulation of p53 and activated the p53/mTOR pathway to regulate autophagy-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, KPT-330 suppressed tumor growth with no obvious toxic effects in vivo. CONCLUSION XPO1 may be a promising prognostic indicator for GBC, and KPT-330 appears to be a potential drug for treating GBC effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zi-Yi Yang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ou Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi-Jun Shu
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li-Jia Pan
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Ping Dong
- Laboratory of General Surgery and Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Enhancement of MDM2 Inhibitory Effects through Blocking Nuclear Export Mechanisms in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancer Genet 2022; 266-267:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Sellin M, Berg S, Hagen P, Zhang J. The molecular mechanism and challenge of targeting XPO1 in treatment of relapsed and refractory myeloma. Transl Oncol 2022; 22:101448. [PMID: 35660848 PMCID: PMC9166471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made on the treatment of MM during past two decades. Acquired drug-resistance continues to drive early relapse in primary refractory MM. XPO1 over-expression and cargo mislocalization are associated with drug-resistance. XPO1 inhibitor selinexor restores drug sensitivity to subsets of RR-MM cells.
Multiple myeloma (MM) treatment regimens have vastly improved since the introduction of immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies; however, MM is considered an incurable disease due to inevitable relapse and acquired drug resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which drug resistance is acquired will help create novel strategies to prevent relapse and help develop novel therapeutics to treat relapsed/refractory (RR)-MM patients. Currently, only homozygous deletion/mutation of TP53 gene due to “double-hits” on Chromosome 17p region is consistently associated with a poor prognosis. The exciting discovery of XPO1 overexpression and mislocalization of its cargos in the RR-MM cells has led to a novel treatment options. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor can restore sensitivity of RR-MM to PIs and dexamethasone. We will elaborate on the problems of MM treatment strategies and discuss the mechanism and challenges of using XPO1 inhibitors in RR-MM therapies while deliberating potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sellin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Stephanie Berg
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Cancer Biology and Internal Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Patrick Hagen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, USA
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Özdaş S, Canatar İ. Targeting of nucleo‑cytoplasmic transport factor exportin 1 in malignancy (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2:2. [PMID: 38938904 PMCID: PMC11208992 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the cell nucleus. Small molecules pass through NPCs by diffusion while large molecules enter and exit the nucleus by karyopherins, which serve as transport factors. Exportin-1 (XPO1) is a protein that is an important member of the karyopherin family and carries macromolecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. XPO1 is responsible for nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of protein, ribosomal RNA and certain required mRNAs for ribosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, XPO1-mediated nuclear export is associated with various types of disease, such as cancer, inflammation and viral infection. The key role of XPO1 in carcinogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target has been demonstrated by previous studies. Clinical use of novel developed generation-specific XPO1 inhibitors and their combination with other agents to block XPO1-mediated nuclear export are a promising new treatment strategy. The aim of the present study was to explain the working mechanism of XPO1 and inhibitors that block XPO1-mediated nuclear export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Özdaş
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
| | - İpek Canatar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana 01250, Turkey
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7
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Liu S, Qiao W, Sun Q, Luo Y. Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (XPO1/CRM1) as an Anticancer Target and Discovery of Its Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15534-15548. [PMID: 34669417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a major nuclear export receptor protein and contributes to cell homeostasis by mediating the transport of cargo from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. CRM1 is a therapeutic target comprised of several tumor types, including osteosarcoma, multiple myeloma, gliomas, and pancreatic cancer. In the past decade, dozens of CRM1 inhibitors have been discovered and developed, including KPT-330, which received FDA approval for multiple myeloma (MM) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This review summarizes the biological functions of CRM1, the current understanding of the role CRM1 plays in cancer, the discovery of CRM1 small-molecule inhibitors, preclinical and clinical studies on KPT-330, and other recently developed inhibitors. A new CRM1 inhibition mechanism and structural dynamics are discussed. Through this review, we hope to guide the future design and optimization of CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells with a clinical course characterized by multiple relapses and treatment refractoriness. While recent treatment advancements have extended overall survival (OS), refractory MM has a poor prognosis, with a median OS of between 4 and 6 months. Nuclear export inhibition, specifically inhibition of CRM1/XPO1, is an emerging novel treatment modality that has shown promise in treatment-refractory MM. Initially discovered in yeast in 1983, early clinical applications were met with significant toxicities that limited their utility. The creation of small molecule inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) has improved on toxicity limitations and has led to investigation in a number of malignancies at the preclinical and clinical stages. Preclinical studies of SINEs in MM have shown that these molecules are cytotoxic to myeloma cells, play a role in therapy resensitization, and suggest a role in limiting bone disease progression. In July 2019, selinexor became the first nuclear export inhibitor approved for use in relapsed/refractory MM based on the STORM trial. As of May 2020, there were eight ongoing trials combining selinexor with standard treatment regimens in relapsed/refractory MM. Eltanexor, a second-generation SINE, is also under investigation and has shown preliminary signs of efficacy in an early clinical trial while potentially having an improved toxicity profile compared with selinexor. Results in ongoing trials will help further define the role of SINEs in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Lancman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Marijon H, Gery S, Chang H, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Lee DH, de Gramont A, Koeffler HP. Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, enhances the anti-tumor activity of olaparib in triple negative breast cancer regardless of BRCA1 mutation status. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1749-1762. [PMID: 34504648 PMCID: PMC8416554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a deadly disease with limited treatment options. Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export that binds covalently to exportin 1 thereby reactivating tumor suppressor proteins and downregulating expression of oncogenes and DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins. Olaparib is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with breast cancer harboring BRCA mutations. We examined the effects of co-treatment with selinexor and olaparib in TNBC cell lines. BRCA1 wildtype (BRCA1-wt) and BRCA1 mutant (BRCA1-mut) TNBC cell lines were treated with selinexor and/or olaparib and effects on cell viability and cell cycle were evaluated. The effects of treatment were also evaluated in mouse xenograft models generated with BRCA1-wt and BRCA1-mut TNBC cell lines. Treatment with selinexor inhibited cell proliferation and survival of all TNBC cell lines tested in vitro. This effect was enhanced following treatment of the cells with the combination of selinexor and olaparib, which showed synergistic effects on tumor growth inhibition in MDA-MB-468-derived (BRCA1-wt) and MDA-MB-436-derived (BRCA1-mut) xenografts. As co-treatment with selinexor and olaparib exhibits anti-tumor activity regardless of BRCA1 mutation status, the clinical implications of the combination warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marijon
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franco-British Hospital (Fondation Cognacq-Jay), Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Sigal Gery
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | | | | | - Dhong Hyun Lee
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franco-British Hospital (Fondation Cognacq-Jay), Levallois-Perret, France
- Statistical Unit, Aide et Recherche en Cancérologie Digestive Foundation, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Harold Phillip Koeffler
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 117599, Singapore
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Casasnovas RO, Follows G, Zijlstra JM, Vermaat JSP, Kalakonda N, Choquet S, Neste EVD, Hill B, Thieblemont C, Cavallo F, la Cruz FD, Kuruvilla J, Hamad N, Jaeger U, Caimi PF, Gurion R, Warzocha K, Bakhshi S, Sancho JM, Schuster M, Egyed M, Offner F, Vassilakopoulos TP, Samal P, Ku M, Ma X, Chamoun K, Shah J, Canales M, Maerevoet M, Shacham S, Kauffman MG, Goy A. Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of the Oral Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Selinexor, in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Subtypes. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 22:24-33. [PMID: 34493477 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SADAL study evaluated oral selinexor in patients with relapsed and/or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) after at least 2 prior lines of systemic therapy. In this post-hoc analysis, we analyzed the outcomes of the SADAL study by DLBCL subtype to determine the effects of DLBCL subtypes on efficacy and tolerability of selinexor. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 134 patients in SADAL were analyzed by DLBCL subtypes for overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), duration of treatment response, progression-free survival, and adverse events rate. RESULTS ORR in the entire cohort was 29.1%, and similar in patients with germinal center (GCB) versus non-GCB DLBCL (31.7% vs. 24.2%, P = 0.45); transformed DLBCL showed a trend towards higher ORR than de novo DLBCL: 38.7% vs. 26.2% (P = 0.23). Despite similar prior treatment regimens and baseline characteristics, patients with DLBCL and normal C-MYC/BCL-2 protein expression levels had a significantly higher ORR (46.2% vs.14.8%, P = 0.012) and significantly longer OS (medians 13.7 vs. 5.1 months, hazard ratio 0.43 [95% CI, 0.23-0.77], P = 0.004) as compared with those whose DLBCL had C-MYC and BCL-2 overexpression. Among patients who had normal expression levels of either C-MYC or BCL-2 and baseline hemoglobin levels ≥ 10g/dL, ORR was 51.5% (n = 47), with median OS of 15.5 months and median PFS of 4.6 months. Similar rates of adverse events were noted in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, single agent oral selinexor showed strong responses in patients with limited treatment alternatives regardless of germinal center B-cell type or disease origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josee M Zijlstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine Thieblemont
- AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncology, DMU DHI, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Nada Hamad
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Ronit Gurion
- Institute of Hematology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Theodoros P Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Priyanka Samal
- Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Odisha, India
| | - Matthew Ku
- St.Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiwen Ma
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andre Goy
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
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11
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Ovejero S, Moreaux J. Multi-omics tumor profiling technologies to develop precision medicine in multiple myeloma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic cancer, is caused by accumulation of aberrant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Its molecular causes are not fully understood and its great heterogeneity among patients complicates therapeutic decision-making. In the past decades, development of new therapies and drugs have significantly improved survival of MM patients. However, resistance to drugs and relapse remain the most common causes of mortality and are the major challenges to overcome. The advent of high throughput omics technologies capable of analyzing big amount of clinical and biological data has changed the way to diagnose and treat MM. Integration of omics data (gene mutations, gene expression, epigenetic information, and protein and metabolite levels) with clinical histories of thousands of patients allows to build scores to stratify the risk at diagnosis and predict the response to treatment, helping clinicians to make better educated decisions for each particular case. There is no doubt that the future of MM treatment relies on personalized therapies based on predictive models built from omics studies. This review summarizes the current treatments and the use of omics technologies in MM, and their importance in the implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ovejero
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France 2Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France 2Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34000 Montpellier, France 3University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, 34093 Montpellier, France 4 Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75000 Paris France
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12
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Ovejero S, Moreaux J. Multi-omics tumor profiling technologies to develop precision medicine in multiple myeloma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:65-106. [PMID: 36046090 PMCID: PMC9400753 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic cancer, is caused by accumulation of aberrant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Its molecular causes are not fully understood and its great heterogeneity among patients complicates therapeutic decision-making. In the past decades, development of new therapies and drugs have significantly improved survival of MM patients. However, resistance to drugs and relapse remain the most common causes of mortality and are the major challenges to overcome. The advent of high throughput omics technologies capable of analyzing big amount of clinical and biological data has changed the way to diagnose and treat MM. Integration of omics data (gene mutations, gene expression, epigenetic information, and protein and metabolite levels) with clinical histories of thousands of patients allows to build scores to stratify the risk at diagnosis and predict the response to treatment, helping clinicians to make better educated decisions for each particular case. There is no doubt that the future of MM treatment relies on personalized therapies based on predictive models built from omics studies. This review summarizes the current treatments and the use of omics technologies in MM, and their importance in the implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ovejero
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France 2Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Moreaux
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France 2Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002 CNRS-UM, 34000 Montpellier, France 3UFR Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France 4Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75000 Paris, France
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13
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New Insights into the Link between Melanoma and Thyroid Cancer: Role of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020367. [PMID: 33578751 PMCID: PMC7916461 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health concern, mainly because of the incompletely understood dynamics of molecular mechanisms for progression and resistance to treatments. The link between melanoma and thyroid cancer (TC) has been noted in numerous patients. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins is a common mechanism in melanoma and TC that promotes tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Papillary TC (PTC) patients have a 1.8-fold higher risk for developing cutaneous malignant melanoma than healthy patients. Our group and others showed that patients with melanoma have a 2.15 to 2.3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported as a biological marker for aggressiveness and a potential genetic link between malignant melanoma and TC. The main mechanistic factor in the connection between these two cancer types is the alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway activation and translocation. The mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking associated with RAS, RAF, and Wnt signaling pathways in melanoma and TC are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the roles of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, p27, forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), and NF-KB within the nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and their association with tumor aggressiveness. A meticulous English-language literature analysis was performed using the PubMed Central database. Search parameters included articles published up to 2021 with keyword search terms melanoma and thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer.
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Breitbach JT, Louke DS, Tobin SJ, Watts MR, Davies AE, Fenger JM. The selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) verdinexor exhibits biologic activity against canine osteosarcoma cell lines. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:362-373. [PMID: 33438820 PMCID: PMC8248106 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Verdinexor (KPT-335) is a novel orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound that inhibits the function of the nuclear export protein Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1). In the present study, we sought to characterize the expression of XPO1 in primary canine osteosarcoma (OS) tumour samples, OS cell lines and normal osteoblasts and evaluate the in vitro activity of verdinexor alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Canine OS cell lines and a subset of primary OS tumours showed increased XPO1 transcript and protein expression as compared with normal canine osteoblast cells. All canine OS cell lines exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition and increased caspase 3,7 activity in response to low nanomolar concentrations of verdinexor (IC50 concentrations ranging from 21 to 74 nM). Notably, growth inhibition of normal canine osteoblast cell lines treated with verdinexor was observed at high micromolar concentrations (IC50 = 21 μM). The combination of verdinexor and doxorubicin resulted in potent inhibition of cell viability and demonstrated synergetic activity in three canine OS cell lines. Concordantly, OS cell lines showed increased γH2A.X foci following treatment with doxorubicin and recovery in verdinexor compared with cells treated with doxorubicin and recovered in normal media for 24 hours. These findings demonstrate that verdinexor has biologic activity against canine OS cell lines at physiologically relevant doses and suggest that XPO1 inhibition in combination with standard doxorubicin treatment offers promising potential for chemotherapeutic intervention in canine OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Breitbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Darian S Louke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Savannah J Tobin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mauria R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander E Davies
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joelle M Fenger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Selinexor, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Heavily Pretreated Multiple Myeloma: A Case Series. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:e947-e955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Turner JG, Cui Y, Bauer AA, Dawson JL, Gomez JA, Kim J, Cubitt CL, Nishihori T, Dalton WS, Sullivan DM. Melphalan and Exportin 1 Inhibitors Exert Synergistic Antitumor Effects in Preclinical Models of Human Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5344-5354. [PMID: 33023948 PMCID: PMC7718436 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with melphalan followed by autologous transplantation is a first-line treatment for multiple myeloma. Here, we present preclinical evidence that this treatment may be significantly improved by the addition of exportin 1 inhibitors (XPO1i). The XPO1i selinexor, eltanexor, and KOS-2464 sensitized human multiple myeloma cells to melphalan. Human 8226 and U266 multiple myeloma cell lines and melphalan-resistant cell lines (8226-LR5 and U266-LR6) were highly sensitized to melphalan by XPO1i. Multiple myeloma cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients were also sensitized by XPO1i to melphalan. In NOD/SCIDγ mice challenged with either parental 8226 or U266 multiple myeloma and melphalan-resistant multiple myeloma tumors, XPO1i/melphalan combination treatments demonstrated stronger synergistic antitumor effects than single-agent melphalan with minimal toxicity. Synergistic cell death resulted from increased XPO1i/melphalan-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner and decreased DNA repair. In addition, repair of melphalan-induced DNA damage was inhibited by selinexor, which decreased melphalan-induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in multiple myeloma cells. Knockdown of FANCD2 was found to replicate the effect of selinexor when used with melphalan, increasing DNA damage (γH2AX) by inhibiting DNA repair. Thus, combination therapies that include selinexor or eltanexor with melphalan may have the potential to improve treatment outcomes of multiple myeloma in melphalan-resistant and newly diagnosed patients. The combination of selinexor and melphalan is currently being investigated in the context of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplant (NCT02780609). SIGNIFICANCE: Inhibition of exportin 1 with selinexor synergistically sensitizes human multiple myeloma to melphalan by inhibiting Fanconi anemia pathway-mediated DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Turner
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Yan Cui
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Alexis A Bauer
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jana L Dawson
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Juan A Gomez
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher L Cubitt
- Translational Research Core, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - William S Dalton
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel M Sullivan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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17
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Podar K, Shah J, Chari A, Richardson PG, Jagannath S. Selinexor for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:399-408. [PMID: 31957504 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1707184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite unprecedented advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), almost all patients develop a disease that is resistant to the five most commonly used and active anti-MM agents. The prognosis for this patient population is particularly poor resulting in an unmet need for additional therapeutic options. Exportin-1 (XPO-1) is a major nuclear export protein of macromolecular cargo frequently overexpressed in MM. Selinexor is a first-in-class, oral Selective-Inhibitor-of-Nuclear-Export (SINE) compound that impedes XPO-1. Based on results of the STORM-trial, selinexor in combination with dexamethasone was granted accelerated FDA approval for patients with penta-refractory MM in July 2019.Areas covered: This article summarizes our up-to-date knowledge on the pathophysiologic role of XPO-1 in MM. Furthermore, it reviews the most recent clinical data on selinexor in combination with dexamethasone and other anti-MM agents; and discusses its safety profile, management strategies; and potential future developments.Expert opinion: Selinexor represents a next-generation-novel agent with an innovative mechanism of action that marks a significant advance in the treatment of heavily pretreated MM patients. Ongoing studies investigate its therapeutic potential also in earlier lines of therapy. Additional data is needed to confirm that selinexor and other SINE compounds are a valuable addition to our current therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Krems, Austria
| | - Jatin Shah
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Allegra A, Innao V, Allegra AG, Leanza R, Musolino C. Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2019; 19:689-698. [PMID: 31543372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The correct localization of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm is fundamental for cellular homeostasis and is controlled by a bidirectional transport system. Exportin 1 (XPO1) regulates the passage of numerous cancer-related proteins. In this review, we summarize the development of a novel class of antitumor agents, known as selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs). We report results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, and discuss the mechanism of action of SINEs and their effects in multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. In the future, the numerous experimental studies currently underway will allow us to define the role of SINEs and will possibly permit these substances to be introduced into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Innao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaetano Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Leanza
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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19
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Depping R, von Fallois M, Landesman Y, Kosyna FK. The Nuclear Export Inhibitor Selinexor Inhibits Hypoxia Signaling Pathways And 3D Spheroid Growth Of Cancer Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8387-8399. [PMID: 31632086 PMCID: PMC6793465 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s213208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is critical for both cell physiology and pathophysiology. Exportin 1 (XPO1), the major nuclear export receptor, is involved in the cellular adaptation to reduced oxygen availability by controlling the nuclear activity of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Recently, a specific inhibitor of XPO1, selinexor (KPT-330), has been identified that inhibits nuclear export of cargo proteins by binding to the XPO1 cargo-binding pocket. Patients and methods We used different cancer cell lines from human tissues and evaluated the physiological activity of selinexor on the hypoxia response pathway in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures in quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR experiments and luciferase reporter gene assays. A three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid culture model of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was established to analyze the effect of selinexor on 3D tumor spheroid structure, formation and viability. Results Selinexor treatment reduces HIF-transcriptional activity and expression of the HIF-1 target gene solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1). Moreover, 3D tumor spheroid structure, formation and viability are inhibited in response to selinexor-induced nuclear export inhibition. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the effect of specific XPO1-inhibition on the hypoxic response on the molecular level in 2D and 3D culture models of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Depping
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | - Moritz von Fallois
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany.,Clinic for Radiotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Katharina Kosyna
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
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20
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Holmes TR, Dindu S, Hansen LA. Aberrant localization of signaling proteins in skin cancer: Implications for treatment. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1631-1639. [PMID: 31062427 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant subcellular localization of signaling proteins can provide cancer cells with advantages such as resistance to apoptotic cell death, increased invasiveness and more rapid proliferation. Nuclear to cytoplasmic shifts in tumor-promoting proteins can lead to worse patient outcomes, providing opportunities to target cancer-specific processes. Herein, we review the significance of dysregulated protein localization with a focus on skin cancer. Altered localization of signaling proteins controlling cell cycle progression or cell death is a common feature of cancer. In some instances, aberrant subcellular localization results in an acquired prosurvival function. Taking advantage of this knowledge reveals novel targets useful in the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shravya Dindu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Laura A Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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21
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Vlummens P, De Veirman K, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Offner F, Vanderkerken K, Maes K. The Use of Murine Models for Studying Mechanistic Insights of Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31475039 PMCID: PMC6704229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. In normal plasma cell development, cells undergo programmed DNA breaks and translocations, a process necessary for generation of a wide repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. This process also makes them vulnerable for the acquisition of chromosomal defects. Well-known examples of these aberrations, already seen at time of MM diagnosis, are hyperdiploidy or the translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Over the recent years, however, novel aspects concerning genomic instability and its role in tumor development, disease progression and nascence of refractory disease were identified. As such, genomic instability is becoming a very relevant research topic with the potential identification of novel disease pathways. In this review, we aim to describe recent studies involving murine MM models focusing on the deregulation of processes implicated in genomic instability and their clinical impact. More specifically, we will discuss chromosomal instability, DNA damage and repair responses, development of drug resistance, and recent insights into the study of clonal hierarchy using different murine MM models. Lastly, we will discuss the importance and the use of murine MM models in the pre-clinical evaluation of promising novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology-Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Giuliani N, Accardi F, Marchica V, Dalla Palma B, Storti P, Toscani D, Vicario E, Malavasi F. Novel targets for the treatment of relapsing multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:481-496. [PMID: 31125526 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1624158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the high tendency to relapse and develop drug resistance. Areas covered: This review focused on the main novel targets identified to design drugs for the treatment of relapsing MM patients. CD38 and SLAMF7 are the main surface molecules leading to the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recently approved for the treatment of relapsing MM patients. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a suitable target for antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell engager mAbs and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells. Moreover, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD)-1/PD-Ligand (PD-L1) expression profile by MM cells and their microenvironment and the use of immune checkpoints inhibitors in MM patients are reported. Finally, the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC), B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 family proteins and the nuclear transport protein exportin 1 (XPO1) as novel targets are also underlined. The clinical results of the new inhibitors in relapsing MM patients are discussed. Expert opinion: CD38, SLAMF7, and BCMA are the main targets for different immunotherapeutic approaches. Selective inhibitors of HDAC6, BCL-2, and XPO1 are new promising compounds under clinical investigation in relapsing MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giuliani
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Accardi
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Valentina Marchica
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Paola Storti
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Emanuela Vicario
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- b Department of Medical Science , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
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23
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Combined Targeting of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and XPO1 Prevent Akt Activation, Remodel Metabolic Pathways and Induce Autophagy to Overcome Tamoxifen Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040479. [PMID: 30987380 PMCID: PMC6520695 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A majority of breast cancer specific deaths in women with ERα (+) tumors occur due to metastases that are resistant to endocrine therapy. There is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches to resensitize recurrent ERα (+) tumors to endocrine therapies. The objective of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of improved effectiveness of combined targeting of ERα and the nuclear transport protein XPO1 in overcoming endocrine resistance. Selinexor (SEL), an XPO1 antagonist, has been evaluated in multiple late stage clinical trials in patients with relapsed and /or refractory hematological and solid tumor malignancies. Our transcriptomics analysis showed that 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), SEL alone or their combination induced differential Akt signaling- and metabolism-associated gene expression profiles. Western blot analysis in endocrine resistant cell lines and xenograft models validated differential Akt phosphorylation. Using the Seahorse metabolic profiler, we showed that ERα-XPO1 targeting changed the metabolic phenotype of TAM-resistant breast cancer cells from an energetic to a quiescent profile. This finding demonstrated that combined targeting of XPO1 and ERα rewired the metabolic pathways and shut down both glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways that would eventually lead to autophagy. Remodeling metabolic pathways to regenerate new vulnerabilities in endocrine resistant breast tumors is novel, and given the need for better strategies to improve therapy response in relapsed ERα (+) tumors, our findings show great promise for uncovering the role that ERα-XPO1 crosstalk plays in reducing cancer recurrences.
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24
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Wahba A, Rath BH, O'Neill JW, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. The XPO1 Inhibitor Selinexor Inhibits Translation and Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells Grown In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1717-1726. [PMID: 29866745 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the radiation-induced translatome of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) identified an interacting network in which XPO1 serves as a major hub protein. To determine whether this nuclear export protein provides a target for radiosensitization, we defined the effects of clinically relevant XPO1 inhibitor selinexor on the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells. As determined by clonogenic survival analysis, selinexor enhanced the radiosensitivity of GSCs but not normal fibroblast cell lines. On the basis of γH2AX foci and neutral comet analyses, selinexor inhibited the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in GSCs, suggesting that the selinexor-induced radiosensitization is mediated by an inhibition of DNA repair. Consistent with a role for XPO1 in the nuclear to cytoplasm export of rRNA, selinexor reduced 5S and 18S rRNA nuclear export in GSCs, which was accompanied by a decrease in gene translation efficiency, as determined from polysome profiles, as well as in protein synthesis. In contrast, rRNA nuclear export and protein synthesis were not reduced in normal cells treated with selinexor. Orthotopic xenografts initiated from a GSC line were then used to define the in vivo response to selinexor and radiation. Treatment of mice bearing orthotopic xenografts with selinexor decreased tumor translational efficiency as determined from polysome profiles. Although selinexor treatment alone had no effect on the survival of mice with brain tumors, it significantly enhanced the radiation-induced prolongation of survival. These results indicate that selinexor enhances the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells and suggest that this effect involves the global inhibition of gene translation. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1717-26. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wahba
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara H Rath
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W O'Neill
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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25
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Gandhi UH, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Unger TJ, Chari A, Vogl D, Cornell RF. Clinical Implications of Targeting XPO1-mediated Nuclear Export in Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:335-345. [PMID: 29610030 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells that is typically chronic, and relapse is common. Current therapeutic strategies include combination and sequential treatments with corticosteroids, alkylating agents, proteasomal inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies. These drugs prolong survival but ultimately become ineffective. Exportin 1 (XPO1), a nuclear export protein, is overexpressed in MM cells, and knockdown studies have suggested that XPO1 is essential for MM cell survival. Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds are novel, orally bioavailable class of agents that specifically inhibit XPO1. Selinexor (KPT-330) is the first-in-human SINE compound. Early phase clinical trials have established the safety profile of this agent and have shown promising efficacy in combination with low-dose dexamethasone and other anti-MM agents. The combination of selinexor and dexamethasone has demonstrated activity in "penta-refractory" MM, (ie, MM refractory to the 5 most active anti-MM agents currently used in treatment). We have reviewed the available data on the molecular implications of XPO1 inhibition in MM. We also reviewed the pertinent early phase clinical data with SINE compounds and discuss management strategies for common toxicities encountered with use of selinexor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjawal H Gandhi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Ajai Chari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Dan Vogl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert F Cornell
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Nair JS, Musi E, Schwartz GK. Selinexor (KPT-330) Induces Tumor Suppression through Nuclear Sequestration of IκB and Downregulation of Survivin. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4301-4311. [PMID: 28314790 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Selinexor, a small molecule that inhibits nuclear export protein XPO1, has demonstrated efficacy in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies with the evidence of clinical activity in sarcoma as a single agent. Treatment options available are very few, and hence the need to identify novel targets and strategic therapies is of utmost importance.Experimental Design: The mechanistic effects of selinexor in sarcomas as a monotherapy and in combination with proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib, across a panel of cell lines in vitro and few in xenograft mouse models were investigated.Results: Selinexor induced IκB nuclear localization as a single agent, and the effect was enhanced by stabilization of IκB when pretreated with the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib. This stabilization and retention of IκB in the nucleus resulted in inhibition of NFκB and transcriptional suppression of the critical antiapoptotic protein, survivin. Treatment of carfilzomib followed by selinexor caused selinexor-sensitive and selinexor-resistant cell lines to be more sensitive to selinexor as determined by an increase in apoptosis. This was successfully demonstrated in the MPNST xenograft model with enhanced tumor suppression.Conclusions: The subcellular distributions of IκB and NFκB are indicative of carcinogenesis. Inhibition of XPO1 results in intranuclear retention of IκB, which inhibits NFκB and thereby provides a novel mechanism for drug therapy in sarcoma. This effect can be further enhanced in relatively selinexor-resistant sarcoma cell lines by pretreatment with the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib. Because of these results, a human clinical trial with selinexor in combination with a proteasome inhibitor is planned for the treatment of sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4301-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree S Nair
- Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Elgilda Musi
- Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Singh MS, Tammam SN, Shetab Boushehri MA, Lamprecht A. MDR in cancer: Addressing the underlying cellular alterations with the use of nanocarriers. Pharmacol Res 2017; 126:2-30. [PMID: 28760489 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with a wide range of pathological changes at different cellular and intracellular levels. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively exploited as the carriers of MDR reversing payloads to resistant tumor cells. However, when properly formulated in terms of chemical composition and physicochemical properties, NPs can serve as beyond delivery systems and help overcome MDR even without carrying a load of chemosensitizers or MDR reversing molecular cargos. Whether serving as drug carriers or beyond, a wise design of the nanoparticulate systems to overcome the cellular and intracellular alterations underlying the resistance is imperative. Within the current review, we will initially discuss the cellular changes occurring in resistant cells and how such changes lead to chemotherapy failure and cancer cell survival. We will then focus on different mechanisms through which nanosystems with appropriate chemical composition and physicochemical properties can serve as MDR reversing units at different cellular and intracellular levels according to the changes that underlie the resistance. Finally, we will conclude by discussing logical grounds for a wise and rational design of MDR reversing nanoparticulate systems to improve the cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu S Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Salma N Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, University of Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, German University of Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmceutics, University of Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering (EA4267), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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Mathew C, Ghildyal R. CRM1 Inhibitors for Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1171. [PMID: 28702009 PMCID: PMC5487384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major global concern and despite major advancements in medical research, still cause significant morbidity and mortality. Progress in antiviral therapy is particularly hindered by appearance of mutants capable of overcoming the effects of drugs targeting viral components. Alternatively, development of drugs targeting host proteins essential for completion of viral lifecycle holds potential as a viable strategy for antiviral therapy. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways in particular are involved in several pathological conditions including cancer and viral infections, where hijacking or alteration of function of key transporter proteins, such as Chromosome Region Maintenance1 (CRM1) is observed. Overexpression of CRM1-mediated nuclear export is evident in several solid and hematological malignancies. Interestingly, CRM1-mediated nuclear export of viral components is crucial in various stages of the viral lifecycle and assembly. This review summarizes the role of CRM1 in cancer and selected viruses. Leptomycin B (LMB) is the prototypical inhibitor of CRM1 potent against various cancer cell lines overexpressing CRM1 and in limiting viral infections at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. However, the irreversible shutdown of nuclear export results in high cytotoxicity and limited efficacy in vivo. This has prompted search for synthetic and natural CRM1 inhibitors that can potentially be developed as broadly active antivirals, some of which are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Health Research Institute, University of CanberraCanberra, ACT, Australia
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5-Flurouracil disrupts nuclear export and nuclear pore permeability in a calcium dependent manner. Apoptosis 2016; 22:393-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ranganathan P, Kashyap T, Yu X, Meng X, Lai TH, McNeil B, Bhatnagar B, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Dorrance AM, Blum W, Sampath D, Landesman Y, Garzon R. XPO1 Inhibition using Selinexor Synergizes with Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Targeting DNA Repair and Restoring Topoisomerase IIα to the Nucleus. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6142-6152. [PMID: 27358488 PMCID: PMC5161584 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of XPO1, is currently being tested as single agent in clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, considering the molecular complexity of AML, it is unlikely that AML can be cured with monotherapy. Therefore, we asked whether adding already established effective drugs such as topoisomerase (Topo) II inhibitors to selinexor will enhance its anti-leukemic effects in AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The efficacy of combinatorial drug treatment using Topo II inhibitors (idarubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, etoposide) and selinexor was evaluated in established cellular and animal models of AML. RESULTS Concomitant treatment with selinexor and Topo II inhibitors resulted in therapeutic synergy in AML cell lines and patient samples. Using a xenograft MV4-11 AML mouse model, we show that treatment with selinexor and idarubicin significantly prolongs survival of leukemic mice compared with each single therapy. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant nuclear export and cytoplasmic localization of Topo IIα has been identified as one of the mechanisms leading to drug resistance in cancer. Here, we show that in a subset of patients with AML that express cytoplasmic Topo IIα, selinexor treatment results in nuclear retention of Topo IIα protein, resulting in increased sensitivity to idarubicin. Selinexor treatment of AML cells resulted in a c-MYC-dependent reduction of DNA damage repair genes (Rad51 and Chk1) mRNA and protein expression and subsequent inhibition of homologous recombination repair and increased sensitivity to Topo II inhibitors. The preclinical data reported here support further clinical studies using selinexor and Topo II inhibitors in combination to treat AML. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6142-52. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xueyan Yu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Abdul Razak AR, Mau-Soerensen M, Gabrail NY, Gerecitano JF, Shields AF, Unger TJ, Saint-Martin JR, Carlson R, Landesman Y, McCauley D, Rashal T, Lassen U, Kim R, Stayner LA, Mirza MR, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Mahipal A. First-in-Class, First-in-Human Phase I Study of Selinexor, a Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:4142-4150. [PMID: 26926685 PMCID: PMC5562433 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.65.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This trial evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of selinexor (KPT-330), a novel, oral small-molecule inhibitor of exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1), and determined the recommended phase II dose. Patients and Methods In total, 189 patients with advanced solid tumors received selinexor (3 to 85 mg/m2) in 21- or 28-day cycles. Pre- and post-treatment levels of XPO1 mRNA in patient-derived leukocytes were determined by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and tumor biopsies were examined by immunohistochemistry for changes in markers consistent with XPO1 inhibition. Antitumor response was assessed according Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 guidelines. Results The most common treatment-related adverse events included fatigue (70%), nausea (70%), anorexia (66%), and vomiting (49%), which were generally grade 1 or 2. Most commonly reported grade 3 or 4 toxicities were thrombocytopenia (16%), fatigue (15%), and hyponatremia (13%). Clinically significant major organ or cumulative toxicities were rare. The maximum-tolerated dose was defined at 65 mg/m2 using a twice-a-week (days 1 and 3) dosing schedule. The recommended phase II dose of 35 mg/m2 given twice a week was chosen based on better patient tolerability and no demonstrable improvement in radiologic response or disease stabilization compared with higher doses. Pharmacokinetics were dose proportional, with no evidence of drug accumulation. Dose-dependent elevations in XPO1 mRNA in leukocytes were demonstrated up to a dose level of 28 mg/m2 before plateauing, and paired tumor biopsies showed nuclear accumulation of key tumor-suppressor proteins, reduction of cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Among 157 patients evaluable for response, one complete and six partial responses were observed (n = 7, 4%), with 27 patients (17%) achieving stable disease for ≥ 4 months. Conclusion Selinexor is a novel and safe therapeutic with broad antitumor activity. Further interrogation into this class of therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Morten Mau-Soerensen
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Nashat Y. Gabrail
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - John F. Gerecitano
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Anthony F. Shields
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Thaddeus J. Unger
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jean R. Saint-Martin
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Robert Carlson
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Dilara McCauley
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Tami Rashal
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard Kim
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Lee-Anne Stayner
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Mansoor R. Mirza
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Albiruni R. Abdul Razak and Lee-Anne Stayner, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morten Mau-Soerensen and Ulrik Lassen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nashat Y. Gabrail, Gabrail Cancer Institute, Canton, OH; John F. Gerecitano, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Anthony F. Shields, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Thaddeus J. Unger, Jean R. Saint-Martin, Robert Carlson, Yosef Landesman, Dilara McCauley, Tami Rashal, Mansoor R. Mirza, Michael Kauffman, and Sharon Shacham, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA; and Richard Kim and Amit Mahipal, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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Turner JG, Kashyap T, Dawson JL, Gomez J, Bauer AA, Grant S, Dai Y, Shain KH, Meads M, Landesman Y, Sullivan DM. XPO1 inhibitor combination therapy with bortezomib or carfilzomib induces nuclear localization of IκBα and overcomes acquired proteasome inhibitor resistance in human multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:78896-78909. [PMID: 27806331 PMCID: PMC5340237 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired proteasome-inhibitor (PI) resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). We investigated whether the clinical XPO1-inhibitor selinexor, when combined with bortezomib or carfilzomib, could overcome acquired resistance in MM. PI-resistant myeloma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo and refractory myeloma patient biopsies were treated with selinexor/bortezomib or carfilzomib and assayed for apoptosis. Mechanistic studies included NFκB pathway protein expression assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, ImageStream flow-cytometry, and proximity-ligation assays. IκBα knockdown and NFκB activity were measured in selinexor/bortezomib-treated MM cells. We found that selinexor restored sensitivity of PI-resistant MM to bortezomib and carfilzomib. Selinexor/bortezomib treatment inhibited PI-resistant MM tumor growth and increased survival in mice. Myeloma cells from PI-refractory MM patients were sensitized by selinexor to bortezomib and carfilzomib without affecting non-myeloma cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and ImageStream analyses of MM cells showed increases in total and nuclear IκBα by selinexor/bortezomib. Proximity ligation found increased IκBα-NFκB complexes in treated MM cells. IκBα knockdown abrogated selinexor/bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity in MM cells. Selinexor/bortezomib treatment decreased NFκB transcriptional activity. Selinexor, when used with bortezomib or carfilzomib, has the potential to overcome PI drug resistance in MM. Sensitization may be due to inactivation of the NFκB pathway by IκBα.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bortezomib/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/enzymology
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/genetics
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Stability
- Proteolysis
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Jana L. Dawson
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Juan Gomez
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexis A. Bauer
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yun Dai
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Shain
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Meads
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Wrobel K, Zhao YC, Kulkoyluoglu E, Chen KLA, Hieronymi K, Holloway J, Li S, Ray T, Ray PS, Landesman Y, Lipka AE, Smith RL, Madak-Erdogan Z. ERα-XPO1 Cross Talk Controls Tamoxifen Sensitivity in Tumors by Altering ERK5 Cellular Localization. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:1029-1045. [PMID: 27533791 PMCID: PMC5045498 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancer deaths occur in women with recurrent, estrogen receptor (ER)-α(+), metastatic tumors. There is a critical need for therapeutic approaches that include novel, targetable mechanism-based strategies by which ERα (+) tumors can be resensitized to endocrine therapies. The objective of this study was to validate a group of nuclear transport genes as potential biomarkers to predict the risk of endocrine therapy failure and to evaluate the inhibition of XPO1, one of these genes as a novel means to enhance the effectiveness of endocrine therapies. Using advanced statistical methods, we found that expression levels of several of nuclear transport genes including XPO1 were associated with poor survival and predicted recurrence of tamoxifen-treated breast tumors in human breast cancer gene expression data sets. In mechanistic studies we showed that the expression of XPO1 determined the cellular localization of the key signaling proteins and the response to tamoxifen. We demonstrated that combined targeting of XPO1 and ERα in several tamoxifen-resistant cell lines and tumor xenografts with the XPO1 inhibitor, Selinexor, and tamoxifen restored tamoxifen sensitivity and prevented recurrence in vivo. The nuclear transport pathways have not previously been implicated in the development of endocrine resistance, and given the need for better strategies for selecting patients to receive endocrine modulatory reagents and improving therapy response of relapsed ERα(+) tumors, our findings show great promise for uncovering the role these pathways play in reducing cancer recurrences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Biological Transport/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 7/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wrobel
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yiru Chen Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Eylem Kulkoyluoglu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Karen Lee Ann Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kadriye Hieronymi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jamie Holloway
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Sarah Li
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Tania Ray
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Partha Sarathi Ray
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Alexander Edward Lipka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition (K.W., Y.C.Z., E.K., K.H., Z.M.-E.), Division of Nutritional Sciences (K.L.A.C., Z.M.-E.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Departments of Surgery (P.S.R.) and Bioengineering (P.S.R.), Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute (P.S.R.), and Division of Surgical Oncology (P.S.R.), Carle Cancer Center, and Departments of Crop Sciences (A.E.L.) and Pathobiology (R.L.S.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801; (J.H.), Arlington, Massachusetts; Onconostic Technologies Inc (S.L., T.R., P.S.R.), Urbana, Illinois 61820; Karyopharm Therapeutics (Y.L.), Newton, Massachusetts 02459; and Cancer Community Illinois (Z.M.-E.), Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Turner JG, Dawson JL, Grant S, Shain KH, Dalton WS, Dai Y, Meads M, Baz R, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Sullivan DM. Treatment of acquired drug resistance in multiple myeloma by combination therapy with XPO1 and topoisomerase II inhibitors. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:73. [PMID: 27557643 PMCID: PMC4997728 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired drug resistance is the greatest obstacle to the successful treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Despite recent advanced treatment options such as liposomal formulations, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, myeloma-targeted antibodies, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, MM is still considered an incurable disease. METHODS We investigated whether the clinical exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330), when combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or doxorubicin hydrochloride, could overcome acquired drug resistance in multidrug-resistant human MM xenograft tumors, four different multidrug-resistant MM cell lines, or ex vivo MM biopsies from relapsed/refractory patients. Mechanistic studies were performed to assess co-localization of topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A), DNA damage, and siRNA knockdown of drug targets. RESULTS Selinexor was found to restore sensitivity of multidrug-resistant 8226B25, 8226Dox6, 8226Dox40, and U266PSR human MM cells to doxorubicin to levels found in parental myeloma cell lines. NOD/SCID-γ mice challenged with drug-resistant or parental U266 human MM and treated with selinexor/PLD had significantly decreased tumor growth and increased survival with minimal toxicity. Selinexor/doxorubicin treatment selectively induced apoptosis in CD138/light-chain-positive MM cells without affecting non-myeloma cells in ex vivo-treated bone marrow aspirates from newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory MM patients. Selinexor inhibited XPO1-TOP2A protein complexes (proximity ligation assay), preventing nuclear export of TOP2A in both parental and multidrug-resistant MM cell lines. Selinexor/doxorubicin treatment significantly increased DNA damage (comet assay/γ-H2AX) in both parental and drug-resistant MM cells. TOP2A knockdown reversed both the anti-tumor effect and significantly reduced DNA damage induced by selinexor/doxorubicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The combination of an XPO1 inhibitor and liposomal doxorubicin was highly effective against acquired drug resistance in in vitro MM models, in in vivo xenograft studies, and in ex vivo samples obtained from patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma. This drug combination synergistically induced TOP2A-mediated DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis. In addition, based on our preclinical data, we have initiated a phase I/II study with the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor and PLD (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02186834). Initial results from both preclinical and clinical trials have shown significant promise for this drug combination for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jana L. Dawson
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Kenneth H. Shain
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - William S. Dalton
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- M2Gen® Biotechnologies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Yun Dai
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Mark Meads
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Rachid Baz
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Mahipal A, Malafa M. Importins and exportins as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:135-43. [PMID: 27113410 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear transport proteins, importins and exportins (karyopherin-β proteins), may play an important role in cancer by transporting key mediators of oncogenesis across the nuclear membrane in cancer cells. During nucleocytoplasmic transport of tumor suppressor proteins and cell cycle regulators during the processing of these proteins, aberrant cellular growth signaling and inactivation of apoptosis can occur, both critical to growth and development of tumors. Karyopherin-β proteins bind to these cargo proteins and RanGTP for active transport across the nuclear membrane through the nuclear pore complex. Importins and exportins are overexpressed in multiple tumors including melanoma, pancreatic, breast, colon, gastric, prostate, esophageal, lung cancer, and lymphomas. Furthermore, some of the karyopherin-β proteins such as exportin-1 have been implicated in drug resistance in cancer. Importin and exportin inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic targets against cancer and have shown preclinical anticancer activity. Moreover, synergistic activity has been observed with various chemotherapeutic and targeted agents. However, clinical development of the exportin-1 inhibitor leptomycin B was stopped due to adverse events, including vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration. Selinexor, a selective nuclear export inhibitor, is being tested in multiple clinical trials both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Selinexor has demonstrated clinical activity in multiple cancers, especially acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma. The roles of other importin and exportin inhibitors still need to be investigated clinically. Targeting the key mediators of nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer cells represents a novel strategy in cancer intervention with the potential to significantly affect outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahipal
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Krishnan SR, Jaiswal R, Brown RD, Luk F, Bebawy M. Multiple myeloma and persistence of drug resistance in the age of novel drugs (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:33-50. [PMID: 27175906 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a mature B cell neoplasm that results in multi-organ failure. The median age of onset, diverse clinical manifestations, heterogeneous survival rate, clonal evolution, intrinsic and acquired drug resistance have impact on the therapeutic management of the disease. Specifically, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) during the course of treatment contributes significantly to treatment failure. The introduction of the immunomodulatory agents and proteasome inhibitors has seen an increase in overall patient survival, however, for the majority of patients, relapse remains inevitable with evidence that these agents, like the conventional chemotherapeutics are also subject to the development of MDR. Clinical management of patients with MM is currently compromised by lack of a suitable procedure to monitor the development of clinical drug resistance in individual patients. The current MM prognostic measures fail to pick the clonotypic tumor cells overexpressing drug efflux pumps, and invasive biopsy is insufficient in detecting sporadic tumors in the skeletal system. This review summarizes the challenges associated with treating the complex disease spectrum of myeloma, with an emphasis on the role of deleterious multidrug resistant clones orchestrating relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabna Rajeev Krishnan
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Pharmacy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ritu Jaiswal
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Pharmacy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ross D Brown
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Frederick Luk
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Pharmacy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Pharmacy, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Dickmanns A, Monecke T, Ficner R. Structural Basis of Targeting the Exportin CRM1 in Cancer. Cells 2015; 4:538-68. [PMID: 26402707 PMCID: PMC4588050 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the interference of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with the establishment and maintenance of various cancers. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly regulated and coordinated, involving different nuclear transport factors or receptors, importins and exportins, that mediate cargo transport from the cytoplasm into the nucleus or the other way round, respectively. The exportin CRM1 (Chromosome region maintenance 1) exports a plethora of different protein cargoes and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Structural and biochemical analyses have enabled the deduction of individual steps of the CRM1 transport cycle. In addition, CRM1 turned out to be a valid target for anticancer drugs as it exports numerous proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Clearly, detailed understanding of the flexibility, regulatory features and cooperative binding properties of CRM1 for Ran and cargo is a prerequisite for the design of highly effective drugs. The first compound found to inhibit CRM1-dependent nuclear export was the natural drug Leptomycin B (LMB), which blocks export by competitively interacting with a highly conserved cleft on CRM1 required for nuclear export signal recognition. Clinical studies revealed serious side effects of LMB, leading to a search for alternative natural and synthetic drugs and hence a multitude of novel therapeutics. The present review examines recent progress in understanding the binding mode of natural and synthetic compounds and their inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Dickmanns
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Thomas Monecke
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
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Ishizawa J, Kojima K, Hail N, Tabe Y, Andreeff M. Expression, function, and targeting of the nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:25-35. [PMID: 26048327 PMCID: PMC4526315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of proteins/RNAs is essential to normal cellular function. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that cancer cells escape anti-neoplastic mechanisms and benefit from pro-survival signals via the dysregulation of this system. The nuclear exporter chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein is the only protein in the karyopherin-β protein family that contributes to the trafficking of numerous proteins and RNAs from the nucleus. It is considered to be an oncogenic, anti-apoptotic protein in transformed cells, since it reportedly functions as a gatekeeper for cell survival, including affecting p53 function, and ribosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, abnormally high expression of CRM1 is correlated with poor patient prognosis in various malignancies. Therapeutic targeting of CRM1 has emerged as a novel cancer treatment strategy, starting with a clinical trial with leptomycin B, the original specific inhibitor of CRM1, followed by development of several next-generation small molecules. KPT-330, a novel member of the CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) class of compounds, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the therapy of various malignancies. Results from these trials suggest that SINE compounds may be particularly useful against hematological malignancies, which often become refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Numsen Hail
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Gravina GL, Senapedis W, McCauley D, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Festuccia C. Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport as a therapeutic target of cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:85. [PMID: 25476752 PMCID: PMC4272779 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuttling of specific proteins out of the nucleus is essential for the regulation of the cell cycle and proliferation of both normal and malignant tissues. Dysregulation of this fundamental process may affect many other important cellular processes such as tumor growth, inflammatory response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. It is known that XPO1 (Exportin-1/Chromosome Region Maintenance 1/CRM1) is the main mediator of nuclear export in many cell types. Nuclear proteins exported to the cytoplasm by XPO1 include the drug targets topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) and BCR-ABL and tumor suppressor proteins such as Rb, APC, p53, p21, and p27. XPO1 can mediate cell proliferation through several pathways: (i) the sub-cellular localization of NES-containing oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins, (ii) the control of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome segregation, and (iii) the maintenance of nuclear and chromosomal structures. The XPO1 protein is elevated in ovarian carcinoma, glioma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic and cervical cancer. There is a growing body of research indicating that XPO1 may have an important role as a prognostic marker in solid tumors. Because of this, nuclear export inhibition through XPO1 is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in many cancers. The best understood XPO1 inhibitors are the small molecule nuclear export inhibitors (NEIs; Leptomycin B and derivatives, ratjadones, PKF050-638, valtrate, ACA, CBS9106, selinexor/KPT-330, and verdinexor/KPT-335). Selinexor and verdinexor are orally bioavailable, highly potent, small molecules that are classified as Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE). KPT-330 is the only NEI currently in Phase I/II human clinical trials in hematological and solid cancers. Of all the potential targets in nuclear cytoplasmic transport, the nuclear export receptor XPO1 remains the best understood and most advanced therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Dilara McCauley
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Sharon Shacham
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Cubitt CL, Baz R, Sullivan DM. Inhibition of CRM1-dependent nuclear export sensitizes malignant cells to cytotoxic and targeted agents. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:62-73. [PMID: 24631834 PMCID: PMC4108511 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a significant factor in the development of cancer and drug resistance. Subcellular localization of exported proteins linked to cancer development include those involved in cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, transformation, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we examined the basic mechanisms involved in the export of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. All proteins over 40kDa use the nuclear pore complex to gain entry or exit from the nucleus, with the primary nuclear export molecule involved in these processes being chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1, exportin 1 or XPO1). Proteins exported from the nucleus must possess a hydrophobic nuclear export signal (NES) peptide that binds to a hydrophobic groove containing an active-site Cys528 in the CRM1 protein. CRM1 inhibitors function largely by covalent modification of the active site Cys528 and prevent binding to the cargo protein NES. In the absence of a CRM1 inhibitor, CRM1 binds cooperatively to the NES of the cargo protein and RanGTP, forming a trimer that is actively transported out of the nucleus by facilitated diffusion. Nuclear export can be blocked by CRM1 inhibitors, NES peptide inhibitors or by preventing post-translational modification of cargo proteins. Clinical trials using the classic CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B proved too toxic for patients; however, a new generation of less toxic small molecule inhibitors is being used in clinical trials in patients with both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Additional trials are being initiated using small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. In this review, we present evidence that combining the new CRM1 inhibitors with other classes of therapeutics may prove effective in the treatment of cancer. Potential combinatorial therapies discussed include the use of CRM1 inhibitors and the addition of alkylating agents (melphalan), anthracyclines (doxorubicin and daunomycin), BRAF inhibitors, platinum drugs (cisplatin and oxaliplatin), proteosome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib), or tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (imatinib). Also, the sequence of treatment may be important for combination therapy. We found that the most effective treatment regimen involved first priming the cancer cells with the CRM1 inhibitor followed by doxorubicin, bortezomib, carfilzomib, or melphalan. This order sensitized both de novo and acquired drug-resistant cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Turner
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christopher L Cubitt
- Translational Research Core Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rachid Baz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Sullivan
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Senapedis WT, Baloglu E, Landesman Y. Clinical translation of nuclear export inhibitors in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sun H, Hattori N, Chien W, Sun Q, Sudo M, E-Ling GL, Ding L, Lim SL, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Nakamaki T, Koeffler HP. KPT-330 has antitumour activity against non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:281-91. [PMID: 24946002 PMCID: PMC4102938 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the biologic and pharmacologic activities of a chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) inhibitor against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel CRM1 inhibitor (KPT-330) for a large number of anticancer parameters were evaluated using a large panel of 11 NSCLC cell lines containing different key driver mutations. Mice bearing human NSCLC xenografts were treated with KPT-330, and tumour growth was assessed. RESULTS KPT-330 inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related proteins in 11 NSCLC cells lines. Moreover, the combination of KPT-330 with cisplatin synergistically enhanced the cell kill of the NSCLC cells in vitro. Human NSCLC tumours growing in immunodeficient mice were markedly inhibited by KPT-330. Also, KPT-330 was effective even against NSCLC cells with a transforming mutation of either exon 20 of EGFR, TP53, phosphatase and tensin homologue, RAS or PIK3CA, suggesting the drug might be effective against a variety of lung cancers irrespective of their driver mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support clinical testing of KPT-330 as a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Hattori
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W Chien
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Q Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Sudo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G L E-Ling
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S L Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Boston, MA 01760, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Boston, MA 01760, USA
| | - T Nakamaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H P Koeffler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Cancer Institute, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
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Kimura M, Imamoto N. Biological significance of the importin-β family-dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. Traffic 2014; 15:727-48. [PMID: 24766099 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importin-β family proteins (Imp-βs) are nucleocytoplasmic transport receptors (NTRs) that import and export proteins and RNAs through the nuclear pores. The family consists of 14-20 members depending on the biological species, and each member transports a specific group of cargoes. Thus, the Imp-βs mediate multiple, parallel transport pathways that can be regulated separately. In fact, the spatiotemporally differential expressions and the functional regulations of Imp-βs have been reported. Additionally, the biological significance of each pathway has been characterized by linking the function of a member of Imp-βs to a cellular consequence. Connecting these concepts, the regulation of the transport pathways conceivably induces alterations in the cellular physiological states. However, few studies have linked the regulation of an importin-β family NTR to an induced cellular response and the corresponding cargoes, despite the significance of this linkage in comprehending the biological relevance of the transport pathways. This review of recent reports on the regulation and biological functions of the Imp-βs highlights the significance of the transport pathways in physiological contexts and points out the possibility that the identification of yet unknown specific cargoes will reinforce the importance of transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Tan DSP, Bedard PL, Kuruvilla J, Siu LL, Razak ARA. Promising SINEs for embargoing nuclear-cytoplasmic export as an anticancer strategy. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:527-37. [PMID: 24743138 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer cells, the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport machinery is frequently disrupted, resulting in mislocalization and loss of function for many key regulatory proteins. In this review, the mechanisms by which tumor cells co-opt the nuclear transport machinery to facilitate carcinogenesis, cell survival, drug resistance, and tumor progression will be elucidated, with a particular focus on the role of the nuclear-cytoplasmic export protein. The recent development of a new generation of selective inhibitors of nuclear export (XPO1 antagonists) and how these novel anticancer drugs may bring us closer to the implementation of this therapeutic strategy in the clinic will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S P Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Fleta-Soriano E, Martinez JP, Hinkelmann B, Gerth K, Washausen P, Diez J, Frank R, Sasse F, Meyerhans A. The myxobacterial metabolite ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection by blocking the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:17. [PMID: 24475978 PMCID: PMC3910686 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear export of unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 mRNA is mediated by the recognition of a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the HIV Rev protein by the host protein CRM1/Exportin1. This makes the CRM1-Rev complex an attractive target for the development of new antiviral drugs. Here we tested the anti-HIV efficacy of ratjadone A, a CRM1 inhibitor derived from myxobacteria. RESULTS Ratjadone A inhibits HIV infection in vitro in a dose-dependent manner with EC₅₀ values at the nanomolar range. The inhibitory effect of ratjadone A occurs around 12 hours post-infection and is specific for the Rev/CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. By using a drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay we could demonstrate that ratjadone A interferes with the formation of the CRM1-Rev-NES complex by binding to CRM1 but not to Rev. CONCLUSION Ratjadone A exhibits strong anti-HIV activity but low selectivity due to toxic effects. Although this limits its potential use as a therapeutic drug, further studies with derivatives of ratjadones might help to overcome these difficulties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fleta-Soriano
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bettina Hinkelmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerth
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Washausen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juana Diez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronald Frank
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florenz Sasse
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Tai YT, Landesman Y, Acharya C, Calle Y, Zhong MY, Cea M, Tannenbaum D, Cagnetta A, Reagan M, Munshi AA, Senapedis W, Saint-Martin JR, Kashyap T, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Gu Y, Wu L, Ghobrial I, Zhan F, Kung AL, Schey SA, Richardson P, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. CRM1 inhibition induces tumor cell cytotoxicity and impairs osteoclastogenesis in multiple myeloma: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Leukemia 2014; 28:155-65. [PMID: 23588715 PMCID: PMC3883926 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The key nuclear export protein CRM1/XPO1 may represent a promising novel therapeutic target in human multiple myeloma (MM). Here we showed that chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is highly expressed in patients with MM, plasma cell leukemia cells and increased in patient cells resistant to bortezomib treatment. CRM1 expression also correlates with increased lytic bone and shorter survival. Importantly, CRM1 knockdown inhibits MM cell viability. Novel, oral, irreversible selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) targeting CRM1 (KPT-185, KPT-330) induce cytotoxicity against MM cells (ED50<200 nM), alone and cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or osteoclasts (OC). SINEs trigger nuclear accumulation of multiple CRM1 cargo tumor suppressor proteins followed by growth arrest and apoptosis in MM cells. They further block c-myc, Mcl-1, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity. SINEs induce proteasome-dependent CRM1 protein degradation; concurrently, they upregulate CRM1, p53-targeted, apoptosis-related, anti-inflammatory and stress-related gene transcripts in MM cells. In SCID mice with diffuse human MM bone lesions, SINEs show strong anti-MM activity, inhibit MM-induced bone lysis and prolong survival. Moreover, SINEs directly impair osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via blockade of RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFATc1, with minimal impact on osteoblasts and BMSCs. These results support clinical development of SINE CRM1 antagonists to improve patient outcome in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-T Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Landesman
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - C Acharya
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Calle
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - MY Zhong
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Cea
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Tannenbaum
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Cagnetta
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Reagan
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - AA Munshi
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Senapedis
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - J-R Saint-Martin
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - T Kashyap
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - S Shacham
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Y Gu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - I Ghobrial
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Zhan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - AL Kung
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - SA Schey
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Richardson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - NC Munshi
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - KC Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Khin ZP, Ribeiro MLC, Jacobson T, Hazlehurst L, Perez L, Baz R, Shain K, Silva AS. A preclinical assay for chemosensitivity in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res 2013; 74:56-67. [PMID: 24310398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate preclinical predictions of the clinical efficacy of experimental cancer drugs are highly desired but often haphazard. Such predictions might be improved by incorporating elements of the tumor microenvironment in preclinical models by providing a more physiological setting. In generating improved xenograft models, it is generally accepted that the use of primary tumors from patients are preferable to clonal tumor cell lines. Here we describe an interdisciplinary platform to study drug response in multiple myeloma, an incurable cancer of the bone marrow. This platform uses microfluidic technology to minimize the number of cells per experiment, while incorporating three-dimensional extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cells derived from the tumor microenvironment. We used sequential imaging and a novel digital imaging analysis algorithm to quantify changes in cell viability. Computational models were used to convert experimental data into dose-exposure-response "surfaces," which offered predictive utility. Using this platform, we predicted chemosensitivity to bortezomib and melphalan, two clinical multiple myeloma treatments, in three multiple myeloma cell lines and seven patient-derived primary multiple myeloma cell populations. We also demonstrated how this system could be used to investigate environment-mediated drug resistance and drug combinations that target it. This interdisciplinary preclinical assay is capable of generating quantitative data that can be used in computational models of clinical response, demonstrating its utility as a tool to contribute to personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayar P Khin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Molecular Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, and Department of Hematologic Malignancies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Wartlick F, Bopp A, Henninger C, Fritz G. DNA damage response (DDR) induced by topoisomerase II poisons requires nuclear function of the small GTPase Rac. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3093-3103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schmidt J, Braggio E, Kortuem KM, Egan JB, Zhu YX, Xin CS, Tiedemann RE, Palmer SE, Garbitt VM, McCauley D, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Stewart AK. Genome-wide studies in multiple myeloma identify XPO1/CRM1 as a critical target validated using the selective nuclear export inhibitor KPT-276. Leukemia 2013; 27:2357-65. [PMID: 23752175 PMCID: PMC3922416 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference screening identified XPO1 (exportin 1) among the 55 most vulnerable targets in multiple myeloma (MM). XPO1 encodes CRM1, a nuclear export protein. XPO1 expression increases with MM disease progression. Patients with MM have a higher expression of XPO1 compared with normal plasma cells (P<0.04) and to patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance/smoldering MM (P<0.0001). The highest XPO1 level was found in human MM cell lines (HMCLs). A selective inhibitor of nuclear export compound KPT-276 specifically and irreversibly inhibits the nuclear export function of XPO1. The viability of 12 HMCLs treated with KTP-276 was significantly reduced. KPT-276 also actively induced apoptosis in primary MM patient samples. In gene expression analyses, two genes of probable relevance were dysregulated by KPT-276: cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), both of which are associated with c-MYC pathway. Western blotting and reverse transcription-PCR confirm that c-MYC, CDC25A and BRD4 are all downregulated after treatment with KPT-276. KPT-276 reduced monoclonal spikes in the Vk*MYC transgenic MM mouse model, and inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft MM mouse model. A phase I clinical trial of an analog of KPT-276 is ongoing in hematological malignancies including MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - E Braggio
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - KM Kortuem
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - JB Egan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - YX Zhu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - CS Xin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - RE Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - SE Palmer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - VM Garbitt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - D McCauley
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - S Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA, USA
| | - M Chesi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - PL Bergsagel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - AK Stewart
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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