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Xiao L, Fang Z, Tang Y, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Li J, Zhou M, Yang N, Zheng K, Hu S. Evaluation of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and neurotensin receptor 1 as potential biomarkers for accurate prostate cancer stratified diagnosis. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 38880858 PMCID: PMC11180645 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on single-target PET imaging of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), or neurotensin receptor 1(NTR1) have been reported. However, the performance of these three targets in the progression of PCa remains unclear. Our study aims to compare the expression of GRPR, PSMA, and NTR1 in patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), prostate cancer (PCa), and lymph node metastasis. We synthesized molecular probes targeting the markers to achieve a non-invasive precise detection of PCa patients with PET/CT imaging. METHODS In this study, the expression of GRPR, PSMA, and NTR1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 34 PIN, 171 PCa, and 22 lymph node metastasis tissues of patients. The correlation between their expression and the clinicopathological parameters of PCa patients was assessed. Sixteen PCa patients with different Gleason scores (GS) underwent dual-tracer (68Ga-NOTA-RM26 and 68Ga-NOTA-PSMA617) PET/CT. RESULTS In the PIN stage, the expression of GRPR was significantly higher than that of PSMA and NTR1 (P < 0.001), while NTR1 expression was significantly higher than PSMA and GRPR expression in primary PCa (P = 0.001). High PSMA expression in PCa patients was associated with shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.037) and overall survival (P = 0.035). PCa patients with high GS had higher tumor uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-PSMA617 than those with low GS (P = 0.001), while PCa patients with low GS had higher tumor uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-RM26 than those with high GS (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study presents three novel biomarkers (PSMA, GRPR, and NTR1) as imaging agents for PET/CT, and may offer a promising approach for non-invasive precise detection and Gleason grade prediction of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zehua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Nengan Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha City, 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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2
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Fonseca Cabrera GO, Ma X, Lin W, Zhang T, Zhao W, Pan L, Li X, Barnhart TE, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Deng H, Wu X, Rakesh KP, Li Z, Engle JW, Wu Z. Synthesis of 64Cu-, 55Co-, and 68Ga-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals Targeting Neurotensin Receptor-1 for Theranostics: Adjusting In Vivo Distribution Using Multiamine Macrocycles. J Nucl Med 2024:jnumed.124.267469. [PMID: 38871388 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.267469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of theranostic radiotracers relies on their binding to specific molecular markers of a particular disease and the use of corresponding radiopharmaceutical pairs thereafter. This study reports the use of multiamine macrocyclic moieties (MAs), as linkers or chelators, in tracers targeting the neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR-1). The goal is to achieve elevated tumor uptake, minimal background interference, and prolonged tumor retention in NTSR-1-positive tumors. Methods: We synthesized a series of neurotensin antagonists bearing MA linkers and metal chelators. The MA unit is hypothesized to establish a strong interaction with the cell membrane, and the addition of a second chelator may enhance water solubility, consequently reducing liver uptake. Small-animal PET/CT imaging of [64Cu]Cu-DOTA-SR-3MA, [64Cu]Cu-NT-CB-NOTA, [68Ga]Ga-NT-CB-NOTA, [64Cu]Cu-NT-CB-DOTA, and [64Cu]Cu-NT-Sarcage was acquired at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h after injection using H1299 tumor models. [55Co]Co-NT-CB-NOTA was also tested in HT29 (high NTSR-1 expression) and Caco2 (low NTSR-1 expression) colorectal adenocarcinoma tumor models. Saturation binding assay and internalization of [55Co]Co-NT-CB-NOTA were used to test tracer specificity and internalization in HT29 cells. Results: In vivo PET imaging with [64Cu]Cu-NT-CB-NOTA, [68Ga]Ga-NT-CB-NOTA, and [55Co]Co-NT-CB-NOTA revealed high tumor uptake, high tumor-to-background contrast, and sustained tumor retention (≤48 h after injection) in NTSR-1-positive tumors. Tumor uptake of [64Cu]Cu-NT-CB-NOTA remained at 76.9% at 48 h after injection compared with uptake 1 h after injection in H1299 tumor models, and [55Co]Co-NT-CB-NOTA was retained at 60.2% at 24 h compared with uptake 1 h after injection in HT29 tumor models. [64Cu]Cu-NT-Sarcage also showed high tumor uptake with low background and high tumor retention 48 h after injection Conclusion: Tumor uptake and pharmacokinetic properties of NTSR-1-targeting radiopharmaceuticals were greatly improved when attached with different nitrogen-containing macrocyclic moieties. The study results suggest that NT-CB-NOTA labeled with either 64Cu/67Cu, 55Co/58mCo, or 68Ga (effect of 177Lu in tumor to be determined in future studies) and NT-Sarcage labeled with 64Cu/67Cu or 55Co/58mCo may be excellent diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals targeting NTSR-1-positive cancers. Also, the introduction of MA units to other ligands is warranted in future studies to test the generality of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- German O Fonseca Cabrera
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Tao Zhang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liqin Pan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Accunovo Biotechnologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | | | - Huaifu Deng
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kadalipura P Rakesh
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
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3
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Zhao H, Tian X, Wu B, Lu Y, Du J, Peng S, Xiao Y. Neurotensin contributes to cholestatic liver disease potentially modulating matrix metalloprotease-7. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 170:106567. [PMID: 38522506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of biliary atresia pose challenges due to the absence of reliable biomarkers and limited understanding of its etiology. The plasma and liver of patients with biliary atresia exhibit elevated levels of neurotensin. To investigate the specific role of neurotensin in the progression of biliary atresia, the patient's liver pathological section was employed. Biliary organoids, cultured biliary cells, and a mouse model were employed to elucidate both the potential diagnostic significance of neurotensin and its underlying mechanistic pathway. In patients' blood, the levels of neurotensin were positively correlated with matrix metalloprotease-7, interleukin-8, and liver function enzymes. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors were mainly expressed in the intrahepatic biliary cells and were stimulated by bile acids. Neurotensin suppressed the growth and increased expression of matrix metalloprotease-7 in biliary organoids. Neurotensin inhibited mitochondrial respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and attenuated the activation of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (CaMKK2-AMPK) signaling in cultured biliary cells. The stimulation of neurotensin in mice and cultured cholangiocytes resulted in the upregulation of matrix metalloprotease-7 expression through binding to its receptors, namely neurotensin receptors 1/3, thereby attenuating the activation of the CaMKK2-AMPK pathway. In conclusion, these findings revealed the changes of neurotensin in patients with cholestatic liver disease and its mechanism in the progression of the disease, providing a new understanding of the complex mechanism of hepatobiliary injury in children with biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbei Tian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Giorgio A, Del Gatto A, Pennacchio S, Saviano M, Zaccaro L. Peptoids: Smart and Emerging Candidates for the Diagnosis of Cancer, Neurological and Autoimmune Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16333. [PMID: 38003529 PMCID: PMC10671428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of fatal and disabling diseases such as cancer, neurological and autoimmune dysfunctions is still desirable yet challenging to improve quality of life and longevity. Peptoids (N-substituted glycine oligomers) are a relatively new class of peptidomimetics, being highly versatile and capable of mimicking the architectures and the activities of the peptides but with a marked resistance to proteases and a propensity to cross the cellular membranes over the peptides themselves. For these properties, they have gained an ever greater interest in applications in bioengineering and biomedical fields. In particular, the present manuscript is to our knowledge the only review focused on peptoids for diagnostic applications and covers the last decade's literature regarding peptoids as tools for early diagnosis of pathologies with a great impact on human health and social behavior. The review indeed provides insights into the peptoid employment in targeted cancer imaging and blood-based screening of neurological and autoimmune diseases, and it aims to attract the scientific community's attention to continuing and sustaining the investigation of these peptidomimetics in the diagnosis field considering their promising peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giorgio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Annarita Del Gatto
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB) “Carlo Pedone”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Pennacchio
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), CNR, 35127 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Laura Zaccaro
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (IBB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB) “Carlo Pedone”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Schollhammer R, Quintyn Ranty ML, de Clermont Gallerande H, Cavelier F, Valverde IE, Vimont D, Hindié E, Morgat C. Theranostics of Primary Prostate Cancer: Beyond PSMA and GRP-R. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082345. [PMID: 37190273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is now widely used at the initial staging of prostate cancers in patients with a high metastatic risk. However, its ability to detect low-grade tumor lesions is not optimal. METHODS First, we prospectively performed neurotensin receptor-1 (NTS1) IHC in a series of patients receiving both [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 and [68Ga]Ga-RM2 before prostatectomy. In this series, PSMA and GRP-R IHC were also available (n = 16). Next, we aimed at confirming the PSMA/GRP-R/NTS1 expression profile by retrospective autoradiography (n = 46) using a specific radiopharmaceuticals study and also aimed to decipher the expression of less-investigated targets such as NTS2, SST2 and CXCR4. RESULTS In the IHC study, all samples with negative PSMA staining (two patients with ISUP 2 and one with ISUP 3) were strongly positive for NTS1 staining. No samples were negative for all three stains-for PSMA, GRP-R or NTS1. In the autoradiography study, binding of [111In]In-PSMA-617 was high in all ISUP groups. However, some samples did not bind or bound weakly to [111In]In-PSMA-617 (9%). In these cases, binding of [111n]In-JMV 6659 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 towards NTS1 and NTS2 was high. CONCLUSIONS Targeting PSMA and NTS1/NTS2 could allow for the detection of all intraprostatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schollhammer
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Henri de Clermont Gallerande
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 1919 Route de Mende, Cedex 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Ibai E Valverde
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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6
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Bodin S, Previti S, Jestin E, Vimont D, Ait-Arsa I, Lamare F, Rémond E, Hindié E, Cavelier F, Morgat C. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the First Radio-Metalated Neurotensin Analogue Targeting Neurotensin Receptor 2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6994-7004. [PMID: 36844603 PMCID: PMC9948202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 2 (NTS2) is a well-known mediator of central opioid-independent analgesia. Seminal studies have highlighted NTS2 overexpression in a variety of tumors including prostate cancer, pancreas adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Herein, we describe the first radiometalated neurotensin analogue targeting NTS2. JMV 7488 (DOTA-(βAla)2-Lys-Lys-Pro-(D)Trp-Ile-TMSAla-OH) was prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis, then purified, radiolabeled with 68Ga and 111In, and investigated in vitro on HT-29 cells and MCF-7 cells, respectively, and in vivo on HT-29 xenografts. [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 were quite hydrophilic (logD7.4 = -3.1 ± 0.2 and -2.7 ± 0.2, respectively, p < 0.0001). Saturation binding studies showed good affinity toward NTS2 (K D = 38 ± 17 nM for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 36 ± 10 nM on MCF-7 cells; K D = 36 ± 4 nM for [111In]In-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 46 ± 1 nM on MCF-7 cells) and good selectivity (no NTS1 binding up to 500 nM). On cell-based evaluation, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 showed high and fast NTS2-mediated internalization of 24 ± 5 and 25 ± 11% at 1 h for [111In]In-JMV 7488, respectively, along with low NTS2-membrane binding (<8%). Efflux was as high as 66 ± 9% at 45 min for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and increased for [111In]In-JMV 7488 up to 73 ± 16% on HT-29 and 78 ± 9% on MCF-7 cells at 2 h. Maximum intracellular calcium mobilization of JMV 7488 was 91 ± 11% to that of levocabastine, a known NTS2 agonist on HT-29 cells demonstrating the agonist behavior of JMV 7488. In nude mice bearing HT-29 xenograft, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 showed a moderate but promising significant tumor uptake in biodistribution studies that competes well with other nonmetalated radiotracers targeting NTS2. Significant uptake was also depicted in lungs. Interestingly, mice prostate also demonstrated [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 uptake although the mechanism was not NTS2-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bodin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Santo Previti
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Imade Ait-Arsa
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Frédéric Lamare
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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7
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Wu Y, Berisha A, Borniger JC. Neuropeptides in Cancer: Friend and Foe? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200111. [PMID: 35775608 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small regulatory molecules found throughout the body, most notably in the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. They serve as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Cancer cells escape normal growth control mechanisms by altering their expression of growth factors, receptors, or intracellular signals, and neuropeptides have recently been recognized as mitogens in cancer growth and development. Many neuropeptides and their receptors exist in multiple subtypes, coupling with different downstream signaling pathways and playing distinct roles in cancer progression. The consideration of neuropeptide/receptor systems as anticancer targets is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge that has the potential to enhance the understanding and treatment of cancer. In this review, recent discoveries regarding neuropeptides in a wide range of cancers, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, signaling cascades, regulation, and therapeutic potential, are discussed. Current technologies used to manipulate and analyze neuropeptides/receptors are described. Applications of neuropeptide analogs and their receptor inhibitors in translational studies and radio-oncology are rapidly increasing, and the possibility for their integration into therapeutic trials and clinical treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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8
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Walker HF, Droop AP, McDonald GLK, Kucko S, Berney DM, Mann VM, Simms MS, Maitland NJ. ETS transcription factor ELF3 (ESE-1) is a cell cycle regulator in benign and malignant prostate. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1365-1387. [PMID: 35472129 PMCID: PMC9249341 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the role of ELF3, an ETS family member in normal prostate growth and prostate cancer. Silencing ELF3 in both benign prostate (BPH-1) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines resulted in decreased colony forming ability, inhibition of cell migration and reduced cell viability due to cell cycle arrest, establishing ELF3 as a cell cycle regulator. Increased ELF3 expression in more advanced prostate tumours was shown by immunostaining of tissue microarrays and from analysis of gene expression and genetic alteration studies. This study indicates that ELF3 functions as part of normal prostate epithelial growth but also as a potential oncogene in advanced prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K. Archer
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Fiona M. Frame
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Hannah F. Walker
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | | | | | - Samuel Kucko
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Daniel M. Berney
- Department of Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Vincent M. Mann
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
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9
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Sweetening Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry by 18F-Fluoroglycosylation: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111175. [PMID: 34832957 PMCID: PMC8621802 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of 18F-chemistry for the development of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), various labeling strategies by the use of prosthetic groups have been implemented, including chemoselective 18F-labeling of biomolecules. Among those, chemoselective 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods focus on the sweetening of pharmaceutical radiochemistry by offering a highly valuable tool for the synthesis of 18F-glycoconjugates with suitable in vivo properties for PET imaging studies. A previous review covered the various 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods that were developed and applied as of 2014 (Maschauer and Prante, BioMed. Res. Int. 2014, 214748). This paper is an updated review, providing the recent progress in 18F-fluoroglycosylation reactions and the preclinical application of 18F-glycoconjugates, including small molecules, peptides, and high-molecular-weight proteins.
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Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Neurotensinergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3231-3260. [PMID: 34711154 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211027124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific interest regarding the involvement of peptides in cancer has increased in the last years. In tumor cells the overexpression of peptides and their receptors is known and new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer have been suggested. The overexpression of the neurotensinergic system has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor size, higher tumor aggressiveness, increased relapse risk and worse sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to update the findings regarding the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in cancer to suggest anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting this system. The neurotensin (NT) precursor, NT and its receptors (NTR) and the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in lung, breast, prostate, gastric, colon, liver and pancreatic cancers, glioblastoma, neuroendocrine tumors and B-cell leukemia will be mentioned and discussed as well as the signaling pathways mediated by NT. Some research lines to be developed in the future will be suggested such as: molecules regulating the expression of the NT precursor, influence of the diet in the development of tumors, molecules and signaling pathways activated by NT and antitumor therapeutic strategies targeting the neurotensinergic system. CONCLUSION NT, via the NTR, exerts oncogenic (tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis) and antiapoptotic effects, whereas NTR antagonists inhibit these effects. NTR expression can be used as a diagnostic tool/therapeutic target and the administration of NTR antagonists as antitumor drugs could be a therapeutic strategy to treat tumors overexpressing NTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
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Fanelli R, Chastel A, Previti S, Hindié E, Vimont D, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Fernandez P, Garrigue P, Lamare F, Schollhammer R, Balasse L, Guillet B, Rémond E, Morgat C, Cavelier F. Silicon-Containing Neurotensin Analogues as Radiopharmaceuticals for NTS1-Positive Tumors Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2339-2349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fanelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Adrien Chastel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Santo Previti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | | | - Philippe Fernandez
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Philippe Garrigue
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille 13385, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Frédéric Lamare
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Romain Schollhammer
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Laure Balasse
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille 13385, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
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Li D, Minnix M, Allen R, Bading J, Chea J, Wong P, Bowles N, Poku E, Shively JE. Preclinical PET Imaging of NTSR-1-Positive Tumors with 64Cu- and 68Ga-DOTA-Neurotensin Analogs and Therapy with an 225Ac-DOTA-Neurotensin Analog. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 36:651-661. [PMID: 32822229 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to perform PET imaging and radiotherapy with a novel neurotensin derivative for neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR-1)-positive tumors in an animal model. Materials and Methods: A di-DOTA analog of NT(6-13) with three unnatural amino acids was synthesized and radiolabeled with either 64Cu or 68Ga and tested for serum stability and tumor imaging in mice bearing NTSR-1-positive PC3, and HT29 xenografts. A dose-response therapy study was performed with 18.5, 37, and 74 kBq of 225Ac-di-DOTA-α,ɛ-Lys-NT(6-13). Results: 68Ga-di-DOTA-α,ɛ-Lys-NT(6-13) was >99% stable in serum for 48 h, had an IC50 of 5 nM using 125I labeled NT(8-13) for binding to HT-29 cells, and high uptake in tumor models expressing NTSR-1. 68Ga-di-DOTA-α,ɛ-Lys-NT(6-13) had an average %ID/g (n = 4) at 2 h of 4.0 for tumor, 0.5 for blood, 12.0 for kidney, and <1 for other tissues, resulting in a favorable T/B of 8. Mean survivals of tumor-bearing mice treated with 18.5 or 37 kBq of 225Ac-di-DOTA-α,ɛ-Lys-NT(6-13) were 81 and 93 d, respectively, versus 53 d for controls. Whole-body toxicity was seen for the 74 kBq dose. Conclusions: Based on the results of the animal model, di-DOTA-α,ɛ-Lys-NT(6-13) is a useful imaging agent for NTSR-1-positive tumors when radiolabeled with 68Ga, and when radiolabeled with 225Ac, a potent therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Megan Minnix
- Deparment of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - James Bading
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Junie Chea
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Patty Wong
- Deparment of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nicole Bowles
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Erasmus Poku
- Radiopharmacy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Deparment of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Structural modifications of amino acid sequences of radiolabeled peptides for targeted tumor imaging. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nikolaou S, Qiu S, Fiorentino F, Simillis C, Rasheed S, Tekkis P, Kontovounisios C. The role of Neurotensin and its receptors in non-gastrointestinal cancers: a review. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:68. [PMID: 32336282 PMCID: PMC7183616 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotensin, originally isolated in 1973 has both endocrine and neuromodulator activity and acts through its three main receptors. Their role in promoting tumour cell proliferation, migration, DNA synthesis has been studied in a wide range of cancers. Expression of Neurotensin and its receptors has also been correlated to prognosis and prediction to treatment. Main body The effects of NT are mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinases, epidermal growth factor receptors and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases amongst others. This review is a comprehensive summary of the molecular pathways by which Neurotensin and its receptors act in cancer cells. Conclusion Identifying the role of Neurotensin in the underlying molecular mechanisms in various cancers can give way to developing new agnostic drugs and personalizing treatment according to the genomic structure of various cancers. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Nikolaou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Shengyang Qiu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Francesca Fiorentino
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Constantinos Simillis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shahnawaz Rasheed
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Paris Tekkis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. .,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
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A comparative study of peptide-based imaging agents [ 68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, [ 68Ga]Ga-AMBA, [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD and [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 in preclinical prostate tumour models. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 84-85:88-95. [PMID: 32251995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptide-based imaging agents targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have revolutionized the evaluation of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) but lacks sensitivity at very low serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Once recurrence is suspected, other positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers could be of interest to discriminate between local and distant relapse. We studied [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) targeting glucose metabolism, [18F]fluorocholine ([18F]FCH) targeting membrane metabolism and peptide-based imaging agents [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, [68Ga]Ga-AMBA, [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 targeting PSMA, gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr), αvβ3 integrin and neurotensin type 1 receptor (NTSR1) respectively, in different PCa tumour models. METHODS Mice were xenografted with 22Rv1, an androgen-receptor (AR)-positive, PCa cell line that expresses PSMA and PC3, an AR-negative one that does not express PSMA. PET imaging using the different radiotracers was performed sequentially and the uptake characteristics compared to one other. NTSR1 and PSMA expression levels were analysed in tumours by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS [18F]FDG displayed low but sufficient uptake to visualize PC3 and 22Rv1 derived tumours. We also observed a low efficacy of [18F]FCH PET imaging and a low [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD tumour uptake in those tumours. As expected, an elevated tumour uptake was obtained for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 in 22Rv1 derived tumour although no uptake was measured in the androgen independent cell line PC3, derived from a bone metastasis of a high-grade PCa. Moreover, in PC3 cell line, we obtained good tumour uptake, high tumour-to-background contrast using [68Ga]Ga-AMBA and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed high NTSR1 expression in PC3 derived tumours and conversely high PSMA expression in 22Rv1 derived tumours. CONCLUSION PET imaging using [68Ga]Ga-AMBA and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 demonstrates that GRPr and NTSR1 could represent viable alternative targets for diagnostic or therapeutic applications in PCa with limited PSMA expression levels. More preclinical and clinical studies will follow to explore this potential. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT Peptide-based imaging agents targeting PSMA represent a major progress in the evaluation of biochemical recurrence of PCa but sometimes yield false negative results in some lesions. Continuing efforts have thus been made to evaluate other radiotracers. Our preclinical results suggest that [68Ga]labelled bombesin and neurotensin analogues could serve as alternative PET radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic or therapy in cases of PSMA-negative PCa.
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He T, Wang M, Wang H, Tan H, Tang Y, Smith E, Wu Z, Liao W, Hu S, Li Z. Evaluation of neurotensin receptor 1 as potential biomarker for prostate cancer theranostic use. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2199-2207. [PMID: 31264168 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, the advanced stages still have poor survival rates. This warrants further exploration of related molecular targets for patient screening, detection of metastatic disease, and treatment/treatment monitoring. Recent studies have indicated that neurotensin receptors (NTSRs) and their ligand neurotensin (NTS) critically affect the progression of prostate cancers. In this study, we evaluated the expression of neurotensin receptor1 (NTSR1) in patient tissues and performed NTSR1 PET imaging in a prostate cancer animal model. METHODS The NTSR1 expression was evaluated in 97 cases of prostate cancer and 100 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) of clinical patients by immunohistochemistry staining. The expression profile of PSMA and GRPR was also performed for comparison. The mRNA expression of NTSR1 in LnCap and PC-3 cells was measured by PCR. NTSR1 PET, and biodistribution studies were performed in PC-3 xenografts using 18F-DEG-VS-NT. RESULTS NTSR1 showed high or moderate expression in 91.8% of prostate cancer tissue, compared with PSMA (86.7%) and GRPR (65.3%). All examined PSMA-negative tissues showed positive NTSR1 expression, suggesting the potential complementary role of NTSR1 targeted imaging or therapy. Only 8% of BPH shows strong or moderate expression of NTSR1, which is significantly lower than that in prostate cancer (91.8%). PCR results indicated LNCap (an androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell) showed negative NTSR1 expression while PC-3 demonstrated positive expression (an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell), which correlated well with previously reported western blot results. In a preclinical animal model, NTSR1 targeted PET probe 18F-DEG-VS-NT demonstrated prominent tumor accumulation and low background. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that NTSR1 is a promising molecular marker for prostate cancer based on patient tissue staining. The NTSR targeted probe 18F-DEG-VS-NT demonstrated high tumor to background contrast in animal models, which could be valuable in selecting patients for therapies targeting NTSR1 as well as monitoring therapeutic efficacy during treatment accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hongpei Tan
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Shuo Hu
- PET Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Prignon A, Provost C, Alshoukr F, Wendum D, Couvelard A, Barbet J, Forgez P, Talbot JN, Gruaz-Guyon A. Preclinical Evaluation of 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3: A Promising PET Imaging Probe To Discriminate Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma from Pancreatitis. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2776-2784. [PMID: 31013092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) is overexpressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Specific noninvasive positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging probes may improve the diagnostic accuracy and the monitoring of therapy for patients with PDAC. Here, we report the use of the 68Ga-labeled neurotensin (NTS) analogue DOTA-NT-20.3 to image human PDAC in animal models and to discriminate tumors from pancreatitis. In addition to the preclinical study, two tissue microarray slides, constructed by small core biopsies (2-5) from standard paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, were used to confirm the high (78%) positivity rate of NTSR1 expression in human PDAC. PET imaging, biodistribution, blocking, and histology studies were performed in subcutaneous AsPC-1 pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 PET images showed rapid tumor uptake and high contrast between the tumor and background with a fast blood clearance and a moderate accumulation in the kidneys. Ex vivo biodistribution showed low uptake in normal pancreas (0.22% IA/g) and in the remaining organs at 1 h postinjection, kidney retention (5.38 ± 0.54% IA/g), and fast clearance from blood and confirmed high uptake in tumors (5.28 ± 0.93% IA/g), leading to a tumor-to-blood ratio value of 6 at 1 h postinjection. The significant decrease of tumor uptake in a blocking study demonstrated the specificity of 68Ga-DOTA-N-T20.3 to target NTSR1 in vivo. PET imaging was also conducted in an orthotopic xenograft model that allows tumors to grow in their native microenvironment and in an experimental pancreatitis model generated by caerulein injections. As opposed to 2-[18F]fluoro-deoxyglucose, 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 distinguishes PDAC from pancreatitis. Thus, 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 is a promising PET imaging probe for imaging PDAC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Prignon
- Sorbonne Université, UMS28 Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Positonique (LIMP) , Paris 75020 , France
| | - Claire Provost
- Sorbonne Université, UMS28 Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Positonique (LIMP) , Paris 75020 , France
| | - Faisal Alshoukr
- Nuclear Medicine Department , CHR de Metz-Thionville , Thionville 57100 , France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- Sorbonne Université, Pathology Department Saint-Antoine Hospital AP-HP , Paris 75012 , France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- University of Paris, Pathology Department Bichat Hospital AP-HP , Paris 75006 , France
| | | | - Patricia Forgez
- Inserm UMRS 1007, Paris Descartes University , Paris 75006 , France
| | - Jean-Noël Talbot
- Sorbonne Université, UMS28 Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Positonique (LIMP) , Paris 75020 , France
- Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Medicine Department Tenon Hospital AP-HP , Paris 75020 , France
| | - Anne Gruaz-Guyon
- Sorbonne Université, UMS28 Phénotypage du Petit Animal, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Moléculaire Positonique (LIMP) , Paris 75020 , France
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Neurotensin Receptor-1 Expression in Human Prostate Cancer: A Pilot Study on Primary Tumors and Lymph Node Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071721. [PMID: 30959962 PMCID: PMC6479796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin and its high-affinity receptor, NTR1, are involved in the growth of various tumors. Few data are available regarding NTR1 expression in normal and tumoral human prostate tissue samples. NTR1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in 12 normal prostate tissues, 11 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 44 prostate cancers, and 15 related metastatic lymph nodes (one per patient, when available). NTR1-staining was negative in normal prostate and BPH samples. NTR1 was overexpressed in four out of 44 (9.1%) primary tumors. There was no clear association between NTR1 overexpression and age, PSA-values, Gleason score, pT-status, nodal-status, or margin. NTR1 was expressed at a high level of five out of 15 (33.3%) metastatic lymph nodes. NTR1 overexpression was thus more frequent in metastatic lymph nodes than in primary tumors (p = 0.038). In this limited series of samples, NTR1 overexpression was observed in few primary prostate cancers. Upregulation was more frequent in related lymph nodes. The presence of this target in metastatic lymph nodes may open new perspectives for imaging and radionuclide therapy of prostate cancer. Factors driving NTR1 expression in primary prostate cancer and in nodal and distant metastases still need to be characterized.
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Deng H, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang M, Giglio B, Ma X, Jiang G, Yuan H, Wu Z, Li Z. Imaging Neurotensin Receptor in Prostate Cancer With 64Cu-Labeled Neurotensin Analogs. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117711369. [PMID: 28849698 PMCID: PMC6081756 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117711369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR-1) is expressed and activated in prostate cancer cells. In this study, we explore the NTR expression in normal mouse tissues and study the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of NTR in prostate cancer models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three 64Cu chelators (1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid [DOTA], 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N″-triacetic acid [NOTA], or AmBaSar) were conjugated to an NT analog. Neurotensin receptor binding affinity was evaluated using cell binding assay. The imaging profile of radiolabeled probes was compared in well-established NTR+ HT-29 tumor model. Stability of the probes was tested. The selected agents were further evaluated in human prostate cancer PC3 xenografts. RESULTS All 3 NT conjugates retained the majority of NTR binding affinity. In HT-29 tumor, all agents demonstrated prominent tumor uptake. Although comparable stability was observed, 64Cu-NOTA-NT and 64Cu-AmBaSar-NT demonstrated improved tumor to background contrast compared with 64Cu-DOTA-NT. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of the NTR expression in PC-3 xenografts showed high tumor uptake of the probes, correlating with the in vitro Western blot results. Blocking experiments further confirmed receptor specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that 64Cu-labeled neurotensin analogs are promising imaging agents for NTR-positive tumors. These agents may help us identify NTR-positive lesions and predict which patients and individual tumors are likely to respond to novel interventions targeting NTR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifu Deng
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - He Zhang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,3 Department of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhe Wang
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ben Giglio
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaofen Ma
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,4 Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- 4 Department of Medical Imaging, Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ouyang Q, Zhou J, Yang W, Cui H, Xu M, Yi L. Oncogenic role of neurotensin and neurotensin receptors in various cancers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:841-846. [PMID: 28556374 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) has long been recognized as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system and as an endocrine agent in the periphery via actions mediated through neurotensin receptors (NTSRs). Many studies support a role for NTS in the endocrine, autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation of cancer, with oncogenic actions described for NTS in different types of cancers and cancer cell lines at each step of cancer progression, ranging from tumour growth and survival to metastatic spread. The mechanisms underlying the effects of the NTS/NTSR system in cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as the anti-apoptotic effects of this system, have been elucidated in different types of cancers, and include mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and RhoGTPases. The present mini review summarizes recent findings relating to the oncogenic function of the NTS/NTSR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Liberation Army (PLA) Rocket Forces General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abbaci A, Talbot H, Saada S, Gachard N, Abraham J, Jaccard A, Bordessoule D, Fauchais AL, Naves T, Jauberteau MO. Neurotensin receptor type 2 protects B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from apoptosis. Oncogene 2017; 37:756-767. [PMID: 29059151 PMCID: PMC5808079 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells are resistant to apoptosis, and consequently accumulate to the detriment of normal B cells and patient immunity. Because current therapies fail to eradicate these apoptosis-resistant cells, it is essential to identify alternative survival pathways as novel targets for anticancer therapies. Overexpression of cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors drives cell transformation, and thus plays a critical role in malignancies. In this study, we identified neurotensin receptor 2 (NTSR2) as an essential driver of apoptosis resistance in B-CLL. NTSR2 was highly expressed in B-CLL cells, whereas expression of its natural ligand, neurotensin (NTS), was minimal in both B-CLL cells and patient plasma. Surprisingly, NTSR2 remained in a constitutively active phosphorylated state, caused not by a mutation-induced gain-of-function but rather by an interaction with the oncogenic tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. Functional and biochemical characterization revealed that the NTSR2-TrkB interaction acts as a conditional oncogenic driver requiring the TrkB ligand brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which unlike NTS is highly expressed in B-CLL cells. Together, NTSR2, TrkB and BDNF induce autocrine and/or paracrine survival pathways that are independent of mutation status and indolent or progressive disease course. The NTSR2-TrkB interaction activates survival signaling pathways, including the Src and AKT kinase pathways, as well as expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. When NTSR2 was downregulated, TrkB failed to protect B-CLL cells from a drastic decrease in viability via typical apoptotic cell death, reflected by DNA fragmentation and Annexin V presentation. Together, our findings demonstrate that the NTSR2-TrkB interaction plays a crucial role in B-CLL cell survival, suggesting that inhibition of NTSR2 represents a promising targeted strategy for treating B-CLL malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abbaci
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - H Talbot
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - S Saada
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - N Gachard
- Hematology Laboratory, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France.,CNRS-UMR 7276, Limoges University, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - J Abraham
- Department of Hematology, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - A Jaccard
- CNRS-UMR 7276, Limoges University, Limoges Cedex, France.,Department of Hematology, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - D Bordessoule
- CNRS-UMR 7276, Limoges University, Limoges Cedex, France.,Department of Hematology, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - A L Fauchais
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - T Naves
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - M O Jauberteau
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Limoges Cedex, France.,Department of Immunology, Dupuytren Hospital University Center of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France
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Theranostic Value of Multimers: Lessons Learned from Trimerization of Neurotensin Receptor Ligands and Other Targeting Vectors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010029. [PMID: 28287433 PMCID: PMC5374433 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1) is overexpressed on a variety of cancer entities; for example, prostate cancer, ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Therefore, it represents an interesting target for the diagnosis of these cancers types by positron emission tomography (PET). The metabolically-stabilized neurotensin (NT) derivative peptide Nlys8-Lys9-Pro10-Tyr11-Tle12-Leu13-OH was elongated at the N-terminus with 6-azido norleucine and coupled with the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris[(2-carboxyethyl)methylenephosphinic acid] (TRAP) chelator TRAP(alkyne)3 in order to synthesize a NT trimer with subnanomolar affinity and high stability. The 68Ga-labeled peptide [68Ga]Ga-TRAP(NT4)3 was characterized in vitro using the NTS1-expressing human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT29. It displayed fast and high internalization rates of >90%, but also fast efflux rates of 50% over 15 min. In vivo, [68Ga]Ga-TRAP(NT4)3 showed moderate HT29 tumor uptake values of 1.7 %ID/g at 60 min post-injection (p.i.), but also high uptake and retention in the kidneys and liver. A comparison of data for trimer/monomer pairs of NT ligands and other targeting vectors (peptides and peptoids targeting integrins αvβ3, α5β1, and αvβ6, the PSMA-ligand DUPA (2-[3-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-ureido]pentanedioic acid), and nitroimidazoles targeting hypoxia) revealed that multimers always exhibit higher target affinities and tumor uptake, but not necessarily improved tumor-to-tissue ratios. Thus, although in vitro data are not suitable for prediction of in vivo performance, multimers are potentially superior to monomers, particularly for applications where high tumor accumulation is crucial.
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Zhang G, Wang K, Li XD, Zhang DL, Xu F. Discovery of novel antagonists of human neurotensin receptor 1 on the basis of ligand and protein structure. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:147-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Differential expression and tumorigenic function of neurotensin receptor 1 in neuroendocrine tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26960-70. [PMID: 26298774 PMCID: PMC4694966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS), localized predominantly to the small bowel, stimulates the growth of a variety of cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), mainly through its interaction with the high-affinity NTS receptor 1 (NTSR1). Here, we observed increased expression of NTSR1 in almost all tested clinical NET samples, but not in normal tissues. Through RT-PCR analysis, we found that the expression of NTSR1 and NTSR2 was either variable (NTSR1) or absent (NTSR2) in human NET cell lines. In contrast, NTSR3 and NTS were expressed in all NET cells. Treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, a demethylating agent, increased levels of NTSR1 and NTSR2 suggesting that DNA methylation contributes to NTSR1/2 expression patterns, which was confirmed by methylation analyses. In addition, we found that knockdown of NTSR1 decreased proliferation, expression levels of growth-related proteins, and anchorage-independent growth of BON human carcinoid cells. Moreover, stable silencing of NTSR1 suppressed BON cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion. Our results show that high expression of NTSR1 is found in clinical NETs and that promoter methylation is an important mechanism controlling the differential expression of NTSR1 and silencing of NTSR2 in NET cells. Furthermore, knockdown of NTSR1 in BON cells suppressed oncogenic functions suggesting that NTSR1 contributes to NET tumorigenesis.
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Maschauer S, Einsiedel J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O. 18F- and 68Ga-Labeled Neurotensin Peptides for PET Imaging of Neurotensin Receptor 1. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6480-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maschauer
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Jia Y, Shi W, Zhou Z, Wagh NK, Fan W, Brusnahan SK, Garrison JC. Evaluation of DOTA-chelated neurotensin analogs with spacer-enhanced biological performance for neurotensin-receptor-1-positive tumor targeting. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:816-23. [PMID: 26302836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) is overexpressed in many cancer types. Neurotensin (NT), a 13 amino acid peptide, is the native ligand for NTR1 and exhibits high (nM) affinity to the receptor. Many laboratories have been investigating the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for NTR1-positive cancers based on the NT peptide. To improve the biological performance for targeting NTR1, we proposed NT analogs with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelation system and different lengths of spacers. METHODS We synthesized four NTR1-targeted conjugates with spacer lengths from 0 to 9 atoms (null (N0), β-Ala-OH (N1), 5-Ava-OH (N2), and 8-Aoc-OH (N3)) between the DOTA and the pharmacophore. In vitro competitive binding, internalization and efflux studies were performed on all four NT analogs. Based on these findings, metabolism studies were carried out on our best performing conjugate, (177)Lu-N1. Lastly, in vivo biodistribution and SPECT/CT imaging studies were performed using (177)Lu-N1 in an HT-29 xenograft mouse model. RESULTS As shown in the competitive binding assays, the NT analogs with different spacers (N1, N2 and N3) exhibited lower IC50 values than the NT analog without a spacer (N0). Furthermore, N1 revealed higher retention in HT-29 cells with more rapid internalization and slower efflux than the other NT analogs. In vivo biodistribution and SPECT/CT imaging studies of (177)Lu-N1 demonstrated excellent accumulation (3.1 ± 0.4%ID/g) in the NTR1-positive tumors at 4h post-administration. CONCLUSIONS The DOTA chelation system demonstrated some modest steric inhibition of the pharmacophore. However, the insertion of a 4-atom hydrocarbon spacer group restored optimal binding affinity of the analog. The in vivo assays indicated that (177)Lu-N1 could be used for imaging and radiotherapy of NTR1-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinnong Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Nilesh K Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Susan K Brusnahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830
| | - Jered C Garrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198-5830.
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Maschauer S, Greff C, Einsiedel J, Ott J, Tripal P, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Improved radiosynthesis and preliminary in vivo evaluation of a 18F-labeled glycopeptide–peptoid hybrid for PET imaging of neurotensin receptor 2. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4026-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Körner M, Waser B, Strobel O, Büchler M, Reubi JC. Neurotensin receptors in pancreatic ductal carcinomas. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:17. [PMID: 25859423 PMCID: PMC4388205 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequent expression of neurotensin receptors (NT-R) in primaries of pancreatic ductal carcinomas has triggered the development of radioactive neurotensin analogs for possible in vivo targeting of these tumors. However, the complete lack of information regarding NT-R in liver metastases of pancreatic cancer and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) makes an in vitro study of NT-R in these tissues indispensable. METHODS Using in vitro receptor autoradiography with (125)I-[Tyr(3)]-neurotensin, NT-R were investigated in 18 primaries and 23 liver metastases of pancreatic ductal carcinomas as well as in 19 PanIN lesions. RESULTS We report here that 13 of 18 ductal carcinoma primaries and 14 of 23 liver metastases expressed NT-R. Moreover, none of the six PanIN 1B cases expressed NT-R, while two of six PanIN 2 and five of seven PanIN 3 expressed NT-R. Binding was fully displaced by the type 1 NT-R-selective antagonist SR48692, indicating that the NT-R in the tumors are of the type 1 NT-R subtype. CONCLUSIONS These in vitro data extend the currently available information on NT-R in invasive and non-invasive pancreatic ductal tumors. They suggest that type 1 NT-R may be a novel, specific marker of PanIN of higher degree. The high expression of NT-R in primaries and metastases of invasive cancer strongly support the need to develop radioactive neurotensin analogs for the diagnosis and therapy of this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Körner
- Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, PO Box 62, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, PO Box 62, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, PO Box 62, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
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The Internalization of Neurotensin by the Low-Affinity Neurotensin Receptors (NTSR2 and vNTSR2) Activates ERK 1/2 in Glioma Cells and Allows Neurotensin-Polyplex Transfection of tGAS1. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:785-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tanimoto R, Morcavallo A, Terracciano M, Xu SQ, Stefanello M, Buraschi S, Lu KG, Bagley DH, Gomella LG, Scotlandi K, Belfiore A, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. Sortilin regulates progranulin action in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2015; 156:58-70. [PMID: 25365768 PMCID: PMC4272403 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor progranulin is as an important regulator of transformation in several cellular systems. We have previously demonstrated that progranulin acts as an autocrine growth factor and stimulates motility, proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, supporting the hypothesis that progranulin may play a critical role in prostate cancer progression. However, the mechanisms regulating progranulin action in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells have not been characterized. Sortilin, a single-pass type I transmembrane protein of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 family, binds progranulin in neurons and negatively regulates progranulin signaling by mediating progranulin targeting for lysosomal degradation. However, whether sortilin is expressed in prostate cancer cells and plays any role in regulating progranulin action has not been established. Here, we show that sortilin is expressed at very low levels in castration-resistant PC3 and DU145 cells. Significantly, enhancing sortilin expression in PC3 and DU145 cells severely diminishes progranulin levels and inhibits motility, invasion, proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, sortilin overexpression negatively modulates Akt (protein kinase B, PKB) stability. These results are recapitulated by depleting endogenous progranulin in PC3 and DU145 cells. On the contrary, targeting sortilin by short hairpin RNA approaches enhances progranulin levels and promotes motility, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. We dissected the mechanisms of sortilin action and demonstrated that sortilin promotes progranulin endocytosis through a clathrin-dependent pathway, sorting into early endosomes and subsequent lysosomal degradation. Collectively, these results point out a critical role for sortilin in regulating progranulin action in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, suggesting that sortilin loss may contribute to prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Tanimoto
- Departments of Urology (R.T., A.Morc., M.T., S.-Q.X., M.S., K.G.L., D.H.B., L.G.G., A.Morr.), Biology of Prostate Cancer Program (L.G.G., A.Morr.), and Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology (S.B., R.V.I.) and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program (R.V.I.), Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107; Department of Health Sciences (A.Morc., M.S., A.B.), Endocrinology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; and CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies (M.T., K.S.), Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Effects of differentiation on purinergic and neurotensin-mediated calcium signaling in human HT-29 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:35-9. [PMID: 23962427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is a key regulator of processes important in differentiation. In colon cancer cells differentiation is associated with altered expression of specific isoforms of calcium pumps of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, suggesting that differentiation of colon cancer cells is associated with a major remodeling of calcium homeostasis. Purinergic and neurotensin receptor activation are known regulators of cytosolic free Ca(2+) levels in colon cancer cells. This study aimed to assess changes in cytosolic free Ca(2+) levels in response to ATP and neurotensin with differentiation induced by sodium butyrate or culturing post-confluence. Parameters assessed included peak cytosolic free Ca(2+) level after activation; time to reach peak cytosolic free Ca(2+) and the EC50 of dose response curves. Our results demonstrate that differentiation of HT-29 colon cancer cells is associated with a remodeling of both ATP and neurotensin mediated Ca(2+) signaling. Neurotensin-mediated calcium signaling appeared more sensitive to differentiation than ATP-mediated Ca(2+) signaling.
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Swift SL, Rivera GC, Dussupt V, Leadley RM, Hudson LC, MA de Ridder C, Kraaij R, Burns JE, Maitland NJ, Georgopoulos LJ. Evaluating baculovirus as a vector for human prostate cancer gene therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65557. [PMID: 23755250 PMCID: PMC3675042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy represents an attractive strategy for the non-invasive treatment of prostate cancer, where current clinical interventions show limited efficacy. Here, we evaluate the use of the insect virus, baculovirus (BV), as a novel vector for human prostate cancer gene therapy. Since prostate tumours represent a heterogeneous environment, a therapeutic approach that achieves long-term regression must be capable of targeting multiple transformed cell populations. Furthermore, discrimination in the targeting of malignant compared to non-malignant cells would have value in minimising side effects. We employed a number of prostate cancer models to analyse the potential for BV to achieve these goals. In vitro, both traditional prostate cell lines as well as primary epithelial or stromal cells derived from patient prostate biopsies, in two- or three-dimensional cultures, were used. We also evaluated BV in vivo in murine prostate cancer xenograft models. BV was capable of preferentially transducing invasive malignant prostate cancer cell lines compared to early stage cancers and non-malignant samples, a restriction that was not a function of nuclear import. Of more clinical relevance, primary patient-derived prostate cancer cells were also efficiently transduced by BV, with robust rates observed in epithelial cells of basal phenotype, which expressed BV-encoded transgenes faster than epithelial cells of a more differentiated, luminal phenotype. Maximum transduction capacity was observed in stromal cells. BV was able to penetrate through three-dimensional structures, including in vitro spheroids and in vivo orthotopic xenografts. BV vectors containing a nitroreductase transgene in a gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy approach were capable of efficiently killing malignant prostate targets following administration of the pro-drug, CB1954. Thus, BV is capable of transducing a large proportion of prostate cell types within a heterogeneous 3-D prostate tumour, can facilitate cell death using a pro-drug approach, and shows promise as a vector for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Swift
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C. Rivera
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Regina M. Leadley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Hudson
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E. Burns
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J. Maitland
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lindsay J. Georgopoulos
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Palacios DA, Miyake M, Rosser CJ. Radiosensitization in prostate cancer: mechanisms and targets. BMC Urol 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 23351141 PMCID: PMC3583813 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men over the age of 45 years and is the third most common cause of cancer related deaths in American men. In 2012 it is estimated that 241,740 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and 28,170 men will succumb to prostate cancer. Currently, radiation therapy is one of the most common definitive treatment options for localized prostate cancer. However, significant number of patients undergoing radiation therapy will develop locally persistent/recurrent tumours. The varying response rates to radiation may be due to 1) tumor microenvironment, 2) tumor stage/grade, 3) modality used to deliver radiation, and 4) dose of radiation. Higher doses of radiation has not always proved to be effective and have been associated with increased morbidity. Compounds designed to enhance the killing effects of radiation, radiosensitizers, have been extensively investigated over the past decade. The development of radiosensitizing agents could improve survival, improve quality of life and reduce costs, thus benefiting both patients and healthcare systems. Herin, we shall review the role and mechanisms of various agents that can sensitize tumours, specifically prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Palacios
- Section of Urologic Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
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Saada S, Marget P, Fauchais AL, Lise MC, Chemin G, Sindou P, Martel C, Delpy L, Vidal E, Jaccard A, Troutaud D, Lalloué F, Jauberteau MO. Differential expression of neurotensin and specific receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR2, in normal and malignant human B lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5293-303. [PMID: 23109725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin, a neuropeptide growth factor, and its two specific neurotensin receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR2, were shown to be expressed by human B cell lines. Another NTSR, sortilin, which is common to neurotensin and neurotrophins, was also detected as we have previously described. Neurotensin was functional in B cell lines; it induced their proliferation and inhibited apoptosis induced by serum deprivation or Fas activation. Quantitative study of gene expression in two malignant B cell diseases showed that NTSR2 was overexpressed, NTSR1 decreased, and neurotensin was unexpressed in B cell leukemia patient's cells, as compared with healthy B cells. However, these expressions did not significantly change in large diffuse B cell lymphoma lymph nodes compared with benign ones. This study points out that neurotensin and its two specific receptors are expressed in human B lymphocytes. Such expressions were not described, and their relationship in B cell diseases, especially in chronic B cell leukemia, needs to be considered further in regard to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Saada
- Department of Immunology, University of Limoges, Equipe Accueil 3842, 87025 Limoges, France
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Taylor RM, Severns V, Brown DC, Bisoffi M, Sillerud LO. Prostate cancer targeting motifs: expression of αν β3, neurotensin receptor 1, prostate specific membrane antigen, and prostate stem cell antigen in human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts. Prostate 2012; 72:523-32. [PMID: 21748756 PMCID: PMC4366051 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane receptors are frequent targets of cancer therapeutic and imaging agents. However, promising in vitro results often do not translate to in vivo clinical applications. To better understand this obstacle, we measured the expression differences in receptor signatures among several human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts as a function of tumorigenicity. METHODS Messenger RNA and protein expression levels for integrin α(ν) β(3), neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) were measured in LNCaP, C4-2, and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines and in murine xenografts using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Stable expression patterns were observed for integrin α(ν) and PSMA in all cells and corresponding xenografts. Integrin β(3) mRNA expression was greatly reduced in C4-2 xenografts and greatly elevated in PC-3 xenografts compared with the corresponding cultured cells. NTSR1 mRNA expression was greatly elevated in LNCaP and PC-3 xenografts. PSCA mRNA expression was elevated in C4-2 xenografts when compared with C4-2 cells cultured in vitro. Furthermore, at the protein level, PSCA was re-expressed in all xenografts compared with cells in culture. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of mRNA and protein expression of the cell-surface target proteins α(ν) β(3), NTSR1, PSMA, and PSCA, in prostate cancer cells with different tumorigenic potential, was influenced by factors of the microenvironment, differing between cell cultures and murine xenotransplants. Integrin α(ν) β(3), NTRS1 and PSCA mRNA expression increased with tumorigenic potential, but mRNA expression levels for these proteins do not translate directly to equivalent expression levels of membrane bound protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Wu Z, Martinez-Fong D, Trédaniel J, Forgez P. Neurotensin and its high affinity receptor 1 as a potential pharmacological target in cancer therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:184. [PMID: 23335914 PMCID: PMC3547287 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide health problem. Personalized treatment represents a future advancement for cancer treatment, in part due to the development of targeted therapeutic drugs. These molecules are expected to be more effective than current treatments and less harmful to normal cells. The discovery and validation of new targets are the foundation and the source of these new therapies. The neurotensinergic system has been shown to enhance cancer progression in various cancers such as pancreatic, prostate, lung, breast, and colon cancer. It also triggers multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as the PKC/ERK and AKT pathways. In this review, we discuss the contribution of the neurotensinergic system to cancer progression, as well as the regulation and mechanisms of the system in order to highlight its potential as a therapeutic target, and its prospect for its use as a treatment in certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zherui Wu
- INSERM-UPMC UMR_S938, Hôpital Saint-AntoineParis, France
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiologïa, Biofïsica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico City, Mexico
| | - Jean Trédaniel
- INSERM-UPMC UMR_S938, Hôpital Saint-AntoineParis, France
- Unité de Cancérologie Thoracique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph/Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Patricia Forgez
- INSERM-UPMC UMR_S938, Hôpital Saint-AntoineParis, France
- *Correspondence: Patricia Forgez, INSERM-UPMC UMR_S938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Raoul Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France. e-mail:
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Niranjan B, Lawrence MG, Papargiris MM, Richards MG, Hussain S, Frydenberg M, Pedersen J, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP. Primary culture and propagation of human prostate epithelial cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 945:365-82. [PMID: 23097118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-125-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basic and translational (or preclinical) prostate cancer research has traditionally been conducted with a limited repertoire of immortalized cell lines, which have homogeneous phenotypes and have adapted to long-term tissue culture. Primary cell culture provides a model system that allows a broader spectrum of cell types from a greater number of patients to be studied, in the absence of artificially induced genetic mutations. Nevertheless, primary prostate epithelial cell culture can be technically challenging, even for laboratories experienced in immortalized cell culture. Therefore, we provide methods to isolate and culture primary epithelial cells directly from human prostate tissue. Initially, we describe the isolation of bulk epithelial cells from benign or tumor tissues. These cells have a predominantly basal/intermediate phenotype and co-express cytokeratin 8/18 and high molecular weight cytokeratins. Since prostatic stem cells play a major role in disease progression and are considered to be a therapeutic target, we also describe a prospective approach to specifically isolate prostatic basal cells that include both stem and transit-amplifying basal populations, which can be studied independently or subsequently differentiated to supply luminal cells. This approach allows the study of stem cells for the development of new therapeutics for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birunthi Niranjan
- Prostate and Breast Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Swift SL, Dussupt V, Georgopoulos LJ, Maitland NJ. Baculoviruses as gene therapy vectors for human prostate cancer. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S59-70. [PMID: 21784232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in ageing men in the western world. While the primary cancers can be treated with androgen ablation, radiotherapy and surgery, recurrent castration resistant cancers have an extremely poor prognosis, hence promoting research that could lead to a better treatment. Targeted therapeutic gene therapy may provide an attractive option for these patients. By exploiting the natural ability of viruses to target and transfer their genes into cancer cells, either naturally or after genetic manipulation, new generations of biological control can be developed. In this review we present the advantages and practicalities of using baculovirus as a vector for prostate cancer gene therapy and provide evidence for the potential of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) as a safer alternative vehicle for targeting cancer cells. Strategies to target baculovirus binding specifically to prostate cell surfaces are also presented. The large insertion capacity of baculoviruses also permits restricted, prostate-specific gene expression of therapeutic genes by cloning extended human transcriptional control sequences into the baculovirus genome.
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Maitland NJ, Frame FM, Polson ES, Lewis JL, Collins AT. Prostate cancer stem cells: do they have a basal or luminal phenotype? Discov Oncol 2011; 2:47-61. [PMID: 21761340 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-010-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate is a luminal secretory tissue whose function is regulated by male sex hormones. Castration produces involution of the prostate to a reversible basal state, and as the majority of prostate cancers also have a luminal phenotype, drug-induced castration is a front line therapy. It has therefore been assumed that the tumor arises from transformation of a luminal progenitor cell. Here, we demonstrate that a minority basal "cancer stem cell" (CSC) population persists in primary human prostate cancers, as in normal prostate, serving as a reservoir for tumor recurrence after castration therapy. While the CSCs exhibit a degree of phenotypic fluidity from different patients, the tumor-initiating cells in immunocompromised mice express basal markers (such as p63), but do not express androgen receptor (AR) or markers of luminal differentiation (PSA, PAP) when freshly fractionated from human tissues or following culture in vitro. Estrogen receptors α and β and AR are transcriptionally active in the transit amplifying (TA) cell (the progeny of SC). However, AR protein is consistently undetectable in TA cells. The prostate-specific TMPRSS2 gene, while upregulated by AR activity in luminal cells, is also transcribed in basal populations, confirming that AR acts as an expression modulator. Selected cells with basal phenotypes are tumor initiating, but the resultant tumors are phenotypically intermediate, with focal expression of AR, AMACR, and p63. In vitro differentiation experiments, employing lentivirally transduced SCs with a luminal (PSA-probasin) promoter regulating a fluorescent indicator gene, confirm that the basal SCs are the source of luminal progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology (Area 13), University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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41
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Magnusson MK, Kraaij R, Leadley RM, De Ridder CMA, van Weerden WM, Van Schie KAJ, Van der Kroeg M, Hoeben RC, Maitland NJ, Lindholm L. A transductionally retargeted adenoviral vector for virotherapy of Her2/neu-expressing prostate cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:70-82. [PMID: 21875358 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapy of solid tumors, such as prostate cancer, is limited. One of the many problems is that the virus infects many different cell types in the body, resulting in high toxicity, whereas the target cancer cells are often less prone to wild-type Ad infection. Our aim was to develop genetically de- and retargeted Ad vectors to reduce off-target effects and increase target infection for prostate cancer. We have previously reported an Ad5 vector specific for the cancer-associated receptor Her2/neu, created by inserting Her2/neu-reactive Affibody(®) molecules (ZH) into the HI loop of a coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor binding-ablated fiber (Ad[ZH/1]). In addition to virus retargeting to Her2/neu, this virus was further modified from wild-type Ad by changing the RGD motif in the penton base to EGD and by substitution of the KKTK motif in the third shaft repeat to RKSK, resulting in the vector Ad[ZH/3]. The ZH-containing vectors could be produced to high titers and were specific for their target, resulting in efficient infection and killing of Her2/neu-positive androgen-dependent PC346C prostate cancer cells in vitro. Here we show that the oncolytic Ad[ZH/3] vector significantly prolonged survival time and reduced serum prostate-specific antigen levels in an orthotopic prostate tumor model in nude mice to the same extent as wild-type Ad5. Our results show that Her2/neu targeting using Ad-based vectors for prostate cancer is feasible and may serve as a basis for the development of gene therapy of human prostate cancer as well as other Her2/neu-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Valerie NCK, Casarez EV, Dasilva JO, Dunlap-Brown ME, Parsons SJ, Amorino GP, Dziegielewski J. Inhibition of neurotensin receptor 1 selectively sensitizes prostate cancer to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6817-26. [PMID: 21903767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy combined with androgen depletion is generally successful for treating locally advanced prostate cancer. However, radioresistance that contributes to recurrence remains a major therapeutic problem in many patients. In this study, we define the high-affinity neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) as a tractable new molecular target to radiosensitize prostate cancers. The selective NTR1 antagonist SR48692 sensitized prostate cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increasing apoptotic cell death and decreasing clonogenic survival. The observed cancer selectivity for combinations of SR48692 and radiation reflected differential expression of NTR1, which is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells but not in normal prostate epithelial cells. Radiosensitization was not affected by androgen dependence or androgen receptor expression status. NTR1 inhibition in cancer cell-attenuated epidermal growth factor receptor activation and downstream signaling, whether induced by neurotensin or ionizing radiation, establish a molecular mechanism for sensitization. Most notably, SR48692 efficiently radiosensitized PC-3M orthotopic human tumor xenografts in mice, and significantly reduced tumor burden. Taken together, our findings offer preclinical proof of concept for targeting the NTR1 receptor as a strategy to improve efficacy and outcomes of prostate cancer treatments using radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C K Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Gutiérrez ML, Muñoz-Bellvis L, Abad MDM, Bengoechea O, González-González M, Orfao A, Sayagués JM. Association between genetic subgroups of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma defined by high density 500 K SNP-arrays and tumor histopathology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22315. [PMID: 21811587 PMCID: PMC3141022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific genes and genetic pathways associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are still largely unknown partially due to the low resolution of the techniques applied so far to their study. Here we used high-density 500 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-arrays to define those chromosomal regions which most commonly harbour copy number (CN) alterations and loss of heterozygozity (LOH) in a series of 20 PDAC tumors and we correlated the corresponding genetic profiles with the most relevant clinical and histopathological features of the disease. Overall our results showed that primary PDAC frequently display (>70%) extensive gains of chromosomes 1q, 7q, 8q and 20q, together with losses of chromosomes 1p, 9p, 12q, 17p and 18q, such chromosomal regions harboring multiple cancer- and PDAC-associated genes. Interestingly, these alterations clustered into two distinct genetic profiles characterized by gains of the 2q14.2, 3q22.1, 5q32, 10q26.13, 10q26.3, 11q13.1, 11q13.3, 11q13.4, 16q24.1, 16q24.3, 22q13.1, 22q13.31 and 22q13.32 chromosomal regions (group 1; n = 9) versus gains at 1q21.1 and losses of the 1p36.11, 6q25.2, 9p22.1, 9p24.3, 17p13.3 and Xp22.33 chromosomal regions (group 2; n = 11). From the clinical and histopathological point of view, group 1 cases were associated with smaller and well/moderately-differentiated grade I/II PDAC tumors, whereas and group 2 PDAC displayed a larger size and they mainly consisted of poorly-differentiated grade III carcinomas. These findings confirm the cytogenetic complexity and heterogenity of PDAC and provide evidence for the association between tumor cytogenetics and its histopathological features. In addition, we also show that the altered regions identified harbor multiple cancer associate genes that deserve further investigation to determine their relevance in the pathogenesis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Gutiérrez
- Servicio General de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luís Muñoz-Bellvis
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante de Páncreas, Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María del Mar Abad
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Bengoechea
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-González
- Servicio General de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Servicio General de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José María Sayagués
- Servicio General de Citometría, Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Alshoukr F, Prignon A, Brans L, Jallane A, Mendes S, Talbot JN, Tourwé D, Barbet J, Gruaz-Guyon A. Novel DOTA-neurotensin analogues for 111In scintigraphy and 68Ga PET imaging of neurotensin receptor-positive tumors. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1374-85. [PMID: 21662976 DOI: 10.1021/bc200078p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the high affinity neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), demonstrated in several human cancers, has been proposed as a new marker for human ductal pancreatic carcinoma and as an independent factor for poor prognosis for ductal breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. The aim of the present study was to develop new DOTA-neurotensin analogues for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (68)Ga and for targeted radiotherapy with (90)Y or (177)Lu. We synthesized a DOTA-neurotensin analogue series. Two of these peptides bear two sequence modifications for metabolic stability: DOTA-NT-20.3 shares the same peptide sequence as the previously described DTPA-NT-20.3. In the sequence of DOTA-NT-20.4, the Arg(8)-Arg(9) bond was N-methylated instead of the Pro(7)-Arg(8) bond in DOTA-NT-20.3. An additional sequence modification was introduced in DOTA-LB119 to increase stability. A spacer was added between DOTA and the peptide sequence to increase affinity. Binding to HT29 cells, which express NTSR1, in vivo stability, and biodistribution of the various analogues were compared, and the best candidate was used to image tumors of various sizes with the microPET in mice. (111)In-DOTA-NT-20.3, in spite of a relatively high uptake in kidneys, showed specific tumor uptake and elevated tumor to other organ uptake ratios. High contrast images were obtained at early time points after injection that allowed tumor detection at a time interval postinjection appropriate for imaging with the short-lived radionuclide (68)Ga. (111)In-DOTA-NT-20.4 displayed inferior binding to HT29 cells and reduced tumor uptake. (111)In-DOTA-LB119 displayed at early time points a significantly lower renal uptake but also a lower tumor uptake than (111)In-DOTA-NT-20.3, although binding to HT29 cells was similar. (68)Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 displayed higher tumor uptake than (68)Ga-DOTA-LB119 and allowed the detection of very small tumors by PET. In conclusion, DOTA-NT-20.3 is a promising candidate for (68)Ga-PET imaging of neurotensin receptor-positive tumors. DOTA-NT-20.3 may also be considered for therapy, as the yttrium-labeled peptide has higher affinity than that of the indium-labeled one. A prerequisite for therapeutic application of this neurotensin analogue would be to lower kidney uptake, for example, by infusion of basic amino acids, gelofusin, or albumin fragments, to prevent nephrotoxicity, as with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues.
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Mustain WC, Rychahou PG, Evers BM. The role of neurotensin in physiologic and pathologic processes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:75-82. [PMID: 21124211 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283419052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurotensin is a 13-amino acid peptide found in the central nervous system central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Since its initial discovery in 1973, neurotensin has been shown to play a role in a wide range of physiologic and pathologic processes throughout the body. Ongoing research efforts continue to clarify the role of neurotensin in various central nervous system and gastrointestinal processes, as well as how disruption of these normal mechanisms may lead to diseases ranging from schizophrenia to colorectal cancer. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the most recent advances in the field of neurotensin research, in the context of what has been previously published. RECENT FINDINGS Because of the seemingly unrelated functions of neurotensin in the central nervous system and the periphery, the scope of the articles reviewed is rather broad. Contributions continue to be made to our understanding of the downstream effects of neurotensin signaling and the complex feedback loops between neurotensin and other signaling molecules. By selective targeting or blockade of specific neurotensin receptors, investigators have identified potential drugs for use in the treatment of schizophrenia, alcoholism, chronic pain, or cancer. Neurotensin-based pharmacologic agents are being used successfully in animal models for a number of these conditions. SUMMARY The review highlights the wide array of biological processes in which neurotensin has a role, and summarizes the most recent advances in various fields of neurotensin research. The knowledge gained through this research has led to the development of first-in-class drugs for the treatment of various medical conditions, and it is clear that in the coming years some of these agents will be ready to move from the bench to the bedside in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Conan Mustain
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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46
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Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Cancer stem cells, models of study and implications of therapy resistance mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:105-18. [PMID: 21901622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence for tumour initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs) in human cancers. The current evidence of this CSC hypothesis, the CSC phenotype and methods of identification, culture and in vitro modelling will be presented, with an emphasis on prostate cancer. Inherent in the CSC hypothesis is their dual role, as a tumour-initiating cell, and as a source of treatment-resistant cells; the mechanisms behind therapeutic resistance will be discussed. Such resistance is a consequence of the unique CSC phenotype, which differs from the differentiated progeny, which make up the bulk of a tumour. It seems that to target the whole tumour, employing traditional therapies to target bulk populations alongside targeted CSC-specific drugs, provides the best hope of lasting treatment or even cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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47
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Development and limitations of lentivirus vectors as tools for tracking differentiation in prostate epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3161-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Maitland N, Chambers K, Georgopoulos L, Simpson-Holley M, Leadley R, Evans H, Essand M, Danielsson A, van Weerden W, de Ridder C, Kraaij R, Bangma CH. Gene Transfer Vectors Targeted to Human Prostate Cancer: Do We Need Better Preclinical Testing Systems? Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:815-27. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Maitland
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Chambers
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Georgopoulos
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Simpson-Holley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Leadley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Evans
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Essand
- Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelika Danielsson
- Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wytske van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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