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Kok M, Brodsky JL. The biogenesis of potassium transporters: implications of disease-associated mutations. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024:1-45. [PMID: 38946646 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2369986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of intracellular and extracellular potassium is tightly regulated due to the action of various ion transporters, channels, and pumps, which reside primarily in the kidney. Yet, potassium transporters and cotransporters play vital roles in all organs and cell types. Perhaps not surprisingly, defects in the biogenesis, function, and/or regulation of these proteins are linked to range of catastrophic human diseases, but to date, few drugs have been approved to treat these maladies. In this review, we discuss the structure, function, and activity of a group of potassium-chloride cotransporters, the KCCs, as well as the related sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters, the NKCCs. Diseases associated with each of the four KCCs and two NKCCs are also discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on how these complex membrane proteins fold and mature in the endoplasmic reticulum, how non-native forms of the cotransporters are destroyed in the cell, and which cellular factors oversee their maturation and transport to the cell surface. When known, we also outline how the levels and activities of each cotransporter are regulated. Open questions in the field and avenues for future investigations are further outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kok
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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2
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Sato J, Nakano K, Miyazaki H. Decreased intracellular chloride enhances cell migration and invasion via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149170. [PMID: 37924777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that changes of the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) affected cell proliferation in cancer cells. However, the role of Cl- on cell migration and invasion in cancer cells remains unanalyzed. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether changes of [Cl-]i affects cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. In human prostate cancer DU145 cells, cell migration and invasion were enhanced by culturing in the low Cl- medium (replacement of Cl- by NO3-). We also found that DU145 cells in the low Cl- condition caused significant transient ERK1/2 activation followed by an increase of MMP-1 mRNA levels. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation in the low Cl- condition reduced enhancement of MMP-1 mRNA levels and decreased cell migration and invasion. These observations indicate that [Cl-]i plays important roles in metastatic function by regulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells, and intracellular Cl- would be one of the key targets for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Sato
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koya Nakano
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Na L, Meijie Z, Wenjing Z, Bing Z, Yanhao D, Shanshan L, Yongle Q. HMG20A was identified as a key enhancer driver associated with DNA damage repair in oral squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:473. [PMID: 36335317 PMCID: PMC9636648 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the main type of oral cancer. Disturbing DNA repair is an invaluable way to improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Here, we aimed to explore the key enhancer drivers associated with DNA damage repair in OSCC cells. Methods Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and Kaplan-Meier analysis were applied to explore the relationship among DNA repair-related genes expression and clinical phenotypes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. HOMER software and Integrative Genomics Viewer were applied to identify and visualize enhancers using GSE120634. Toolkit for Cistrome Data Browser was applied to predict transcription factors. Human Protein Atlas Database was used to analyze the protein levels of transcription factors in OSCC and control tissues. Seventy-two OSCC patients were included in this study. qRT-PCR was used to detect transcription factor expression in OSCC and adjacent control tissues collected in this study. qRT-PCR and ChIP-qPCR were used to verify the binding of transcription factors to enhancers, and regulation of target genes transcription. Transcription factor knockdown and control cells were treated with cisplatin. CCK8 was used to detect cell viability and proliferation. Western blotting was implemented to detect the levels of DNA repair-related proteins. Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion. Results DNA repair was positively associated with the OSCC metastatic phenotype. Patients in the cluster with high expression of DNA repair-related genes had a worse prognosis and a higher proportion of advanced stage, low-differentiation, alcohol consumption and smoking compared to the cluster with low DNA repair-related gene expression. Seventeen metastasis-specific enhancer-controlled upregulated DNA repair-related genes, with the top two upregulated genes being ADRM1 26 S proteasome ubiquitin receptor (ADRM1) and solute carrier family 12 member 7 (SLC12A7) were screened. High mobility group 20 A (HMG20A) was the key prognostic enhancer driver regulating metastasis-specific DNA repair-related genes, with higher expression in OSCC tissues than normal control tissues, and higher expression in metastatic OSCC tissues than non-metastatic OSCC tissues. HMG20A bound to the metastasis-specific enhancers of ADRM1 and SLC12A7, thereby promoting ADRM1 and SLC12A7 expression. Knockdown of HMG20A enhanced cisplatin sensitivity of cells, and inhibited OSCC cells from repairing DNA damage caused by cisplatin, as well as proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells. Conclusion HMG20A was identified as the key prognostic enhancer driver regulating DNA repair in OSCC cells, providing a new therapeutic target for OSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02500-y.
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The Important Role of Ion Transport System in Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010333. [PMID: 35008759 PMCID: PMC8745646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a significant gynecological cancer and causes cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in the etiology of cervical malignancy. However, much evidence indicates that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient cause in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, the cellular pathophysiology of cervical cancer is worthy of study. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning the ion transport processes involved in cell volume regulation and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of epithelial cells and how these transport systems are themselves regulated by the tumor microenvironment. For cell volume regulation, we focused on the volume-sensitive Cl− channels and K+-Cl− cotransporter (KCC) family, important regulators for ionic and osmotic homeostasis of epithelial cells. Regarding intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, the Ca2+ store sensor STIM molecules and plasma membrane Ca2+ channel Orai proteins, the predominant Ca2+ entry mechanism in epithelial cells, are discussed. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential of these membrane ion transport systems as diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacological interventions and highlight the challenges.
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Singh SK, Apata T, Singh S, McFadden M, Singh R. Clinical Implication of Metformin in Relation to Diabetes Mellitus and Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081020. [PMID: 34440224 PMCID: PMC8394937 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since multiple reports established an association between diabetes mellitus and various cancers, emerging studies have surfaced to understand the effects of metformin as an anti-cancer agent. Although there was previous, but conflicting evidence, of a relationship between diabetes and ovarian cancer (OvCa), recent studies have supported this association. The mechanism of cancer development in patients with diabetes is likely to involve hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, chronic inflammation, reactive oxygen species, regulation of cellular homeostasis, and activation of various pathways that lead to tumor cell proliferation. Preclinical evidence indicating that metformin, a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, may protect against OvCa. Metformin exerts anti-cancer properties by activating the MAPK pathway, inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, increasing tumor suppressor genes, inducing G2/M cycle arrest, and various other processes. Several studies have shown the efficacy of metformin as an adjunct with standard chemotherapeutic agents due to its synergistic effects on OvCa cells. This review highlights the epidemiologic evidence supporting a link between diabetes and OvCa, the fundamental molecular mechanism underlying carcinogenesis in patients with diabetes, the anti-cancer effects of metformin, and the need for further clinical investigations on combination therapies with metformin and standard chemotherapeutic agents for OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.K.S.); (T.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Tejumola Apata
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.K.S.); (T.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Shriti Singh
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Melayshia McFadden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.K.S.); (T.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.K.S.); (T.A.); (M.M.)
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-756-6661; Fax: +1-404-752-1179
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Chakraborty M, Asraf H, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. ZnR/GPR39 controls cell migration by orchestrating recruitment of KCC3 into protrusions, re-organization of actin and activation of MMP. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102330. [PMID: 33465674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Actin re-organization and degradation of extracellular matrix by metalloproteases (MMPs) facilitate formation of cellular protrusions that are required for cell proliferation and migration. We find that Zn2+ activation of the Gq-coupled receptor ZnR/GPR39 controls these processes by regulating K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC3, which modulates cell volume. Silencing of KCC3 expression or activity reverses ZnR/GPR39 enhancement of cell proliferation, migration and invasion through Matrigel. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 recruits KCC3 into F-actin rich membrane protrusions, suggesting that it can locally control volume changes. Immunofluorescence analysis indicates that Zn2+ activation of ZnR/GPR39 and KCC3 are required to enhance formation of F-actin stress fibers and cellular protrusions. In addition, ZnR/GPR39 upregulation of KCC3-dependent transport increases the activity of matrix metalloproteases MMP2 and MMP9. Our study establishes a mechanism in which ZnR/GPR39 orchestrates localization and activation of KCC3, formation of F-actin rich cell protrusions and activation of MMPs, and thereby controls cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Zheng X, Wang X, Zheng L, Zhao H, Li W, Wang B, Xue L, Tian Y, Xie Y. Construction and Analysis of the Tumor-Specific mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA Network in Gastric Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1112. [PMID: 32848739 PMCID: PMC7396639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) is a statistical method that has been widely used in recent years to explore gene co-expression modules. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is commonly involved in the cancer gene expression regulation mechanism. Some ceRNA networks are recognized in gastric cancer; however, the prognosis-associated ceRNA network has not been fully identified using WGCNA. We performed WGCNA using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) to identify cancer-associated modules. The criteria of differentially expressed RNAs between normal stomach samples and gastric cancer samples were set at the false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01 and |fold change (FC)| > 1.3. The ceRNA relationships obtained from the RNAinter database were examined by both the Pearson correlation test and hypergeometric test to confirm the mRNA–lncRNA regulation. Overlapped genes were recognized at the intersections of genes predicted by ceRNA relationships, differentially expressed genes, and genes in cancer-specific modules. These were then used for univariate and multivariate Cox analyses to construct a risk score model. The ceRNA network was constructed based on the genes in this model. WGCNA-uncovered genes in the green and turquoise modules are those most associated with gastric cancer. Eighty differentially expressed genes were observed to have potential prognostic value, which led to the identification of 12 prognosis-related mRNAs (KIF15, FEN1, ZFP69B, SP6, SPARC, TTF2, MSI2, KYNU, ACLY, KIF21B, SLC12A7, and ZNF823) to construct a risk score model. The risk genes were validated using the GSE62254 and GSE84433 datasets, with 0.82 as the universal cutoff value. 12 genes, 12 lncRNAs, and 35 miRNAs were used to build a ceRNA network with 86 dysregulated lncRNA–mRNA ceRNA pairs. Finally, we developed a 12-gene signature from both prognosis-related and tumor-specific genes, and then constructed a ceRNA network in gastric cancer. Our findings may provide novel insights into the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Zheng
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingzhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Xue
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Tian
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yibin Xie
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lanni JS, Peal D, Ekstrom L, Chen H, Stanclift C, Bowen ME, Mercado A, Gamba G, Kahle KT, Harris MP. Integrated K+ channel and K+Cl- cotransporter functions are required for the coordination of size and proportion during development. Dev Biol 2019; 456:164-178. [PMID: 31472116 PMCID: PMC7235970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of growth during development establishes proportionality within and among the different anatomic structures of organisms. Innate memory of this proportionality is preserved, as shown in the ability of regenerating structures to return to their original size. Although the regulation of this coordination is incompletely understood, mutant analyses of zebrafish with long-finned phenotypes have uncovered important roles for bioelectric signaling in modulating growth and size of the fins and barbs. To date, long-finned mutants identified are caused by hypermorphic mutations, leaving unresolved whether such signaling is required for normal development. We isolated a new zebrafish mutant, schleier, with proportional overgrowth phenotypes caused by a missense mutation and loss of function in the K+-Cl- cotransporter Kcc4a. Creation of dominant negative Kcc4a in wild-type fish leads to loss of growth restriction in fins and barbs, supporting a requirement for Kcc4a in regulation of proportion. Epistasis experiments suggest that Kcc4a and the two-pore potassium channel Kcnk5b both contribute to a common bioelectrical signaling response in the fin. These data suggest that an integrated bioelectric signaling pathway is required for the coordination of size and proportion during development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Peal
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA
| | - Laura Ekstrom
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA, 02766, USA
| | - Haining Chen
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA, 02766, USA
| | | | - Margot E Bowen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, and NIH-Rockefeller Center for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02124, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02124, USA
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Mero M, Asraf H, Sekler I, Taylor KM, Hershfinkel M. ZnR/GPR39 upregulation of K +/Cl --cotransporter 3 in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. Cell Calcium 2019; 81:12-20. [PMID: 31146164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the zinc receptor, ZnR/GPR39, is increased in higher grade breast cancer tumors and cells. Zinc, its ligand, is accumulated at larger concentrations in the tumor tissue and can therefore activate ZnR/GPR39-dependent Ca2+ signaling leading to tumor progression. The K+/Cl- co-transporters (KCC), activated by intracellular signaling, enhance breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We asked if ZnR/GPR39 enhances breast cancer cell malignancy by activating KCC. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 by Zn2+ upregulated K+/Cl- co-transport activity, measured using NH4+ as a surrogate to K+ while monitoring intracellular pH. Upregulation of NH4+ transport was monitored in tamoxifen resistant cells with functional ZnR/GPR39-dependent Ca2+ signaling but not in MCF-7 cells lacking this response. The NH4+ transport was Na+-independent, and we therefore focused on KCC family members. Silencing of KCC3, but not KCC4, expression abolished Zn2+-dependent K+/Cl- co-transport, suggesting that KCC3 is mediating upregulated NH4+ transport. The ZnR/GPR39-dependent KCC3 activation accelerated scratch closure rate, which was abolished by inhibiting KCC transport with [(DihydroIndenyl) Oxy] Alkanoic acid (DIOA). Importantly, silencing of either ZnR/GPR39 or KCC3 attenuated Zn2+-dependent scratch closure. Thus, a novel link between KCC3 and Zn2+, via ZnR/GPR39, promotes breast cancer cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Mero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Brown TC, Nicolson NG, Stenman A, Juhlin CC, Gibson CE, Callender GG, Korah R, Carling T. Insulin-Like Growth Factor and SLC12A7 Dysregulation: A Novel Signaling Hallmark of Non-Functional Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 229:305-315. [PMID: 31034883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) dysregulation and gene copy number variations (CNV) are hallmarks of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The contribution of IGF CNVs in adrenal carcinogenesis has not been studied previously. In addition, studies demonstrating an association between SLC12A7 gene amplifications and enhanced metastatic behavior in ACC, as well as reported IGF-SLC12A7 signaling interactions in other cancers, suggest a potential IGF-SLC12A7 signaling circuitry in ACC. Here we investigate the potential complicity of IGF-SLC12A7 signaling in ACC. STUDY DESIGN Insulin-like growth factor CNVs were determined by whole-exome sequencing analysis in an exploratory cohort of ACC. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods determined IGF1 and IGF2 expression levels and were evaluated for correlation with SLC12A7 expression and tumor characteristics. Insulin-like growth factor CNVs and expression patterns were compared with The Cancer Genome Atlas. In vitro studies determined the relationship of IGF and SLC12A7 co-expression in 2 ACC cell lines, SW-13 and NCI-H295R. Immunohistochemistry assessed IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) activation. RESULTS The IGF1 gene was amplified in 9 of 19 ACC samples, similar to findings in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The IGF1 overexpression was observed in 5 samples and was associated with SLC12A7 overexpression and non-functional, early-stage tumors (p < 0.05). In contrast, IGF2 overexpression was associated with larger tumors (p < 0.05). In vitro IGF treatment of ACC cell lines did not stimulate SLC12A7 expression, and endogenous overexpression and silencing of SLC12A7 significantly altered IGF1 and IGF1R expression without impacting other IGFs. The IGF1R activation was associated with IGF1 overexpression in ACC tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IGF1 overexpression, caused in part by gene amplifications, is correlated with SLC12A7 overexpression in non-functional, early-stage ACCs, suggesting a potentially targeted IGF1-SLC12A7 therapeutic opportunity for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Norman G Nicolson
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Adam Stenman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Courtney E Gibson
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Glenda G Callender
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery and Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Lauf PK, Sharma N, Adragna NC. Kinetic studies of K-Cl cotransport in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C274-C284. [PMID: 30649919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00002.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During aging, and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transition from healthy contractile to diseased synthetic phenotypes. K-Cl cotransport (KCC) maintains cell volume and ion homeostasis in growth and differentiation, and hence is important for VSMC proliferation and migration. Therefore, KCC activity may play a role in the contractile-to-synthetic VSMC phenotypic transition. Early, medium, and late synthetic passage VSMCs were tested for specific cytoskeletal protein expression. KCC-mediated ouabain- and bumetanide-insensitive Rb+ (a K+ congener) influx was determined as Cl--dependent Rb+ influx at different external Rb+ and Cl- ion concentrations, [Rb+]o and [Cl-]o. Expressions of the cytoskeletal proteins α-actin, vimentin, and desmin fell from early through late synthetic VSMCs. KCC kinetic parameters, such as maximum velocity ( Vm), and apparent Cl- and Rb+ affinities ( Km), were calculated with Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, and Hill approximations. Vm values of both Rb+- and Cl--dependent influxes were of equal magnitude, commensurate with a KCC stoichiometry of unity, and rose threefold from early to late synthetic VSMCs. Hill coefficients for Rb+ and Cl- correlated with cell passage number, suggesting increased KCC ligand cooperativity. However, Km values for [Cl-]o were strikingly bimodal with 60-80 mM in early, ~20-30 mM in medium, and 60 mM in late passage cells. In contrast, Km values for [Rb+]o remained steady at ~17 mM. Since total KCC isoform expression was similar with cell passage, structure/function changes of the KCC signalosome may accompany the transition of aortic VSMCs from a healthy to a diseased phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lauf
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Neelima Sharma
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Norma C Adragna
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
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Zhou C, Feng X, Yuan F, Ji J, Shi M, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J. Difference of molecular alterations in HER2-positive and HER2-negative gastric cancers by whole-genome sequencing analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3945-3954. [PMID: 30310315 PMCID: PMC6165778 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s172710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the molecular profiling, including somatic mutation and somatic copy number variation (SCNV), between human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive (HER2+) and HER2-negative (HER2−) gastric cancer patients. Patients and methods Tumor samples were collected from 15 gastric cancer patients, including 10 HER2+ samples and five HER2− samples, which were diagnosed by immunohistochemistry. Whole-genome sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq PE150 instrument, along with somatic single nucleotide variant (SNV), somatic structural variation (SV) and SCNV analyses. Results The average number of somatic SNVs and mutation spectrum were similar between HER2+ and HER2− samples. Transition of C>T was the main type of mutation. For somatic SV, number of intrachromosomal translocation (2,850.3±1,260.4 vs 1,157±586.6, P=0.015) and insertion of large fragment (1,125.6±457.4 vs 500±138.9, P=0.002) in HER2+ samples were higher than those in HER2− samples. For all samples, lysine methyltransferase 2C (KMT2C), ZNF91, TAF1 and MAP4 genes were identified as new significant mutated driver genes. KMT2C gene mutations were mainly detected in HER2+ samples (7/10), which were correlated with the lysine degradation pathway. SERF2 gene mutations were more common in HER2− samples (3/5) than in HER2+ samples (1/10). Copy number gain was the major type of SCNV in both groups, and the average number of SCNVs was similar. In the HER2+ samples, by using the GISTIC algorithm, amplification of known driver genes cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12, 6/10) and RARA (5/10) was mainly observed, and other amplifications including JUP, GJD3, KRT39, CDC6, RAPGEFL1, WIPF2, FAM65C, KLF5, DACH1 and PIBF1 genes were also observed. Amplifications of solute carrier family 12 member 7 (SLC12A7, 5/5), TTC40 (4/5) and GALNT9 (4/5) genes were mainly detected in HER2− samples. Conclusion Differences in genomic landscape between HER2+ and HER2− gastric cancer samples were revealed in this study. KMT2C mutation and CDK12 amplification were mainly detected in HER2+ gastric cancer, whereas SERF2 mutation and SLC12A7 amplification were detected in HER2− gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaojing Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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13
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Brown TC, Murtha TD, Rubinstein JC, Korah R, Carling T. SLC12A7 alters adrenocortical carcinoma cell adhesion properties to promote an aggressive invasive behavior. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:27. [PMID: 29884238 PMCID: PMC5994064 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression of Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 7 (SLC12A7) is implicated to promote malignant behavior in multiple cancer types through an incompletely understood mechanism. Recent studies have shown recurrent gene amplifications and overexpression of SLC12A7 in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The potential mechanistic effect(s) of SLC12A7 amplifications in portending an aggressive behavior in ACC has not been previously studied and is investigated here using two established ACC cell lines, SW-13 and NCI-H295R. METHODS SW-13 cells, which express negligible amounts of SLC12A7, were enforced to express SLC12A7 constitutively, while RNAi gene silencing was performed in NCI-H295R cells, which have robust endogenous expression of SLC12A7. In vitro studies tested the outcomes of experimental alterations in SLC12A7 expression on malignant characteristics, including cell viability, growth, colony formation potential, motility, invasive capacity, adhesion and detachment kinetics, and cell membrane organization. Further, potential alterations in transcription regulation downstream to induced SLC12A7 overexpression was explored using targeted transcription factor expression arrays. RESULTS Enforced SLC12A7 overexpression in SW-13 cells robustly promoted motility and invasive characteristics (p < 0.05) without significantly altering cell viability, growth, or colony formation potential. SLC12A7 overexpression also significantly increased rates of cellular attachment and detachment turnover (p < 0.05), potentially propelled by increased filopodia formation and/or Ezrin interaction. In contrast, RNAi gene silencing of SLC12A7 stymied cell attachment strength as well as migration and invasion capacity in NCI-H295R cells. Transcription factor expression analysis identified multiple signally pathways potentially affected by SLC12A7 overexpression, including osmotic stress, bone morphogenetic protein, and Hippo signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Amplification of SLC12A7 observed in ACCs is shown here, in vitro, to exacerbate the malignant behavior of ACC cells by promoting invasive capacities, possibly mediated by alterations in multiple signaling pathways, including the osmotic stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Timothy D Murtha
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jill C Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP FMB130A, P.O. Box 208062, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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14
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Abstract
K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2/SLC12A5) is a neuronal specific cation chloride co-transporter which is active under isotonic conditions, and thus a key regulator of intracellular Cl- levels. It also has an ion transporter-independent structural role in modulating the maturation and regulation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. KCC2 levels are developmentally regulated, and a postnatal upregulation of KCC2 generates a low intracellular chloride concentration that allows the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine to exert inhibitory neurotransmission through its Cl- permeating channel. Functional expression of KCC2 at the neuronal cell surface is necessary for its activity, and impairment in KCC2 cell surface transport and/or internalization may underlie a range of neuropathological conditions. Although recent advances have shed light on a range of cellular mechanisms regulating KCC2 activity, little is known about its membrane trafficking itinerary and regulatory proteins. In this review, known membrane trafficking signals, pathways and mechanisms pertaining to KCC2's functional surface expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- a Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University Health System , Singapore.,b NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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15
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Mytilinaiou M, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Papoutsidakis A, Papachristou DJ, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN. IGF-I regulates HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell migration through a syndecan-2/Erk/ezrin signaling axis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:9-18. [PMID: 28962916 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosarcoma is a tumor of mesenchymal origin, originating from fibroblasts. IGF-I is an anabolic growth factor which exhibits significant involvement in cancer progression. In this study, we investigated the possible participation of syndecan-2 (SDC-2), a cell membrane heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan on IGF-I dependent fibrosarcoma cell motility. Our results demonstrate that SDC-2-deficient HT1080 cells exhibit attenuated IGF-I-dependent chemotactic migration (p < 0.001). SDC-2 was found to co-localize to IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in a manner dependent on IGF-I activity (P ≤ 0.01). In parallel, the downregulation of SDC-2 significantly inhibited both basal and due to IGF-I action ERK1/2 activation, (p < 0.001). The phosphorylation levels of ezrin (Thr567), which is suggested to act as a signaling bridge between the cellular membrane receptors and actin cytoskeleton, were strongly enhanced by IGF-I at both 1h and 24h (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). The formation of an immunoprecipitative complex revealed an association between SDC2 and ezrin which was enhanced through IGF-I action (p < 0.05). Immunoflourescence demonstrated a co-localization of IGF-IR, SDC2 and ezrin upregulated by IGF-I action. IGF-I enhanced actin polymerization and ezrin/actin specific localization to cell membranes. Finally, treatment with IGF-I strongly increased SDC2 expression at both the mRNA and protein level (p < 0.001). Therefore, we propose a novel SDC2-dependent mechanism, where SDC2 is co-localized with IGF-IR and enhances its' IGFI-dependent downstream signaling. SDC2 mediates directly IGFI-induced ERK1/2 activation, it recruits ezrin, contributes to actin polymerization and ezrin/actin specific localization to cell membranes, ultimately facilitating the progression of IGFI-dependent fibrosarcoma cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mytilinaiou
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Papoutsidakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
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16
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Molecular features and physiological roles of K +-Cl - cotransporter 4 (KCC4). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3154-3166. [PMID: 28935604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A K+-Cl- cotransport system was documented for the first time during the mid-seventies in sheep and goat red blood cells. It was then described as a Na+-independent and ouabain-insensitive ion carrier that could be stimulated by cell swelling and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a thiol-reacting agent. Twenty years later, this system was found to be dispensed by four different isoforms in animal cells. The first one was identified in the expressed sequence tag (EST) database by Gillen et al. based on the assumption that it would be homologous to the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransport system for which the molecular identity had already been uncovered. Not long after, the three other isoforms were once again identified in the EST databank. Among those, KCC4 has generated much interest a few years ago when it was shown to sustain distal renal acidification and hearing development in mouse. As will be seen in this review, many additional roles were ascribed to this isoform, in keeping with its wide distribution in animal species. However, some of them have still not been confirmed through animal models of gene inactivation or overexpression. Along the same line, considerable knowledge has been acquired on the mechanisms by which KCC4 is regulated and the environmental cues to which it is sensitive. Yet, it is inferred to some extent from historical views and extrapolations.
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17
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Chiang WF, Cheng TM, Chang CC, Pan SH, Changou CA, Chang TH, Lee KH, Wu SY, Chen YF, Chuang KH, Shieh DB, Chen YL, Tu CC, Tsui WL, Wu MH. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) promotes EGF receptor signaling of oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis via the complex N-glycosylation. Oncogene 2017; 37:116-127. [PMID: 28892050 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant protein glycosylation could be a distinct surface-marker of cancer cells that influences cancer progression and metastasis because glycosylation can regulate membrane protein folding which alters receptor activation and changes epitope exposure for antibody (Ab) recognition. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6), a glycophosphoinositol-anchored protein, is a heavily glycosylated tumor antigen. However, the clinical significance and biological effect of CEACAM6 glycosylation has not been addressed in cancers. We recently developed an anti-CEACAM6 Ab (TMU) from an immune llama library which can be engineered to a single-domain (sd)Ab or a heavy-chain (HC)Ab. The TMU HCAb specifically recognized glycosylated CEACAM6 compared to the conventional antibodies. Using the TMU HCAb, we found that glycosylated CEACAM6 was a tumor marker associated with recurrence in early-stage OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) patients. CEACAM6 promoted OSCC cell invasion, migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and metastasis via interaction with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and enhancing EGFR activation, clustering and intracellular signaling cascades. These functions were modulated by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5 (MGAT5) which mediated N-glycosylation at Asn256 (N256) of CEACAM6. Finally, the TMU sdAb and HCAb treatment inhibited the migration, invasion and EGF-induced signaling in CEACAM6-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, the complex N-glycosylation of CEACAM6 is critical for EGFR signaling of OSCC invasion and metastasis. Targeting glycosylated CEACAM6 with the TMU sdAb or TMU HCAb could be a feasible therapy for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-F Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Oral and Maxillofacial Section, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-M Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Chang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-H Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C A Changou
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-H Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K-H Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-Y Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-F Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - K-H Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - D-B Shieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center and Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y-L Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C-C Tu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-L Tsui
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-H Wu
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Sablania P, Batra S, Saxena A. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor (IGF-IR) Ligands and BMI in Squamous Intra-Epithelial Lesion (SIL) of Cervix. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:BC11-5. [PMID: 27042445 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17113.7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cervix is the most common cancer in women in developing countries like India. Several studies have linked insulin-like growth factors-I & II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF binding proteins-3 (IGFBP-3) with pathogenesis of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion of cervix (SIL). To the best of our knowledge, no study has shown any correlation between circulating C-Peptide levels and SIL. AIM The present study has attempted to evaluate the correlation between SIL and IGF-IR ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, C-Peptide), IGF binding protein (IGFBP-3) and Body Mass Index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present case-control study consisted of 31 histologically proven SIL cases and 31 age matched controls without evidence of SIL. A 10 ml blood sample was collected in heparinized vial. Plasma was separated immediately using centrifugation and was stored at -80(0) C till further analysis. Plasma levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, C-peptide and IGFBP3 were measured using commercially available Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Height and weight was noted for calculation of BMI. Bio-effective molar ratio (BEMR) was calculated as 3.72 x {(0.25 x IGF-I) + (0.032 x IGF-II) + (0.0025 x C-peptide)} / {(1435 + IGFBP-3) - (2.79 x IGF-I) - (2.87 x IGF-II)}. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software employing student t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test for trend while binary logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). RESULT IGF-I, IGF-II levels and BEMR were significantly increased in SIL compared to controls (p= 0.001, p <0.001, and p <0.001, respectively). C-Peptide levels were higher in controls than SIL (p = 0.04). IGFBP-3 & BMI in SIL were not significantly related when compared with controls. Risk of SIL in 4(th) quartile for BEMR, IGF-I, and IGF-II was 12.18(95% CI= 3.13-47.39), 3.94(95% CI = 1.24-12.56), and 4.57(95% CI = 1.42-14.7), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of IGF-I and IGF-II are associated with risk of SIL while BEMR emerges out to be a derived factor strongly associated with risk of SIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sablania
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, ANIIMS (Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences) , Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Swaraj Batra
- Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research , Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Director-Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College , Delhi, India
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Wen J, Huang YC, Xiu HH, Shan ZM, Xu KQ. Altered expression of stromal interaction molecule (STIM)-calcium release-activated calcium channel protein (ORAI) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in cancer: will they become a new battlefield for oncotherapy? CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:32. [PMID: 27013185 PMCID: PMC4807559 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stromal interaction molecule (STIM)-calcium release-activated calcium channel protein (ORAI) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) play pivotal roles in the modulation of Ca2+-regulated pathways from gene transcription to cell apoptosis by driving calcium-dependent signaling processes. Increasing evidence has implicated the dysregulation of STIM–ORAI and IP3Rs in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. By controlling the activities, structure, and/or expression levels of these Ca2+-transporting proteins, malignant cancer cells can hijack them to drive essential biological functions for tumor development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the participation of STIM–ORAI and IP3Rs in the biological behavior of cancer remain elusive. In this review, we summarize recent advances regarding STIM–ORAI and IP3Rs and discuss how they promote cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, and cell migration through temporal and spatial rearrangements in certain types of malignant cells. An understanding of the essential roles of STIM–ORAI and IP3Rs may provide new pharmacologic targets that achieve a better therapeutic effect by inhibiting their actions in key intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Cheng Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huan-Huan Xiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Kang-Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P. R. China.
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20
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Brown TC, Juhlin CC, Healy JM, Stenman A, Rubinstein JC, Korah R, Carling T. DNA copy amplification and overexpression of SLC12A7 in adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery 2015; 159:250-7. [PMID: 26454676 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of Solute carrier family 12 member 7 (SLC12A7) promotes tumor aggressiveness in various cancers. Previous studies have identified the 5p15.33 region, containing the SLC12A7 locus, as being amplified frequently in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Copy number amplifications (CNAs) may alter gene expression levels and occur frequently in ACC; however, SLC12A7 gene amplifications or expression levels have not been studied in ACC. METHODS Fifty-five cases of clinically well-characterized ACCs were recruited for this study. Whole-exome sequencing was used to predict CNAs in 19 samples. CNA analysis was performed on an expanded cohort of 26 samples with the use of TaqMan Copy Number Assays. SLC12A7 mRNA expression was analyzed in 32 samples with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. SLC12A7 CNAs and expression patterns were evaluated for correlation with patient and tumor characteristics. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing and TaqMan Copy Number Assays demonstrated SLC12A7 amplifications in 68.4% and 65.4% of ACCs tested, respectively. Furthermore, SLC12A7 copy gains were associated with increased gene expression (P < .05) and non-functional tumors (P < .05). SLC12A7 gene expression levels were increased in ACCs compared with normal adrenal tissue (P < .05). CONCLUSION SLC12A7 gene amplification and overexpression occurs frequently in ACCs and may represent a novel molecular event associated with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M Healy
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Adam Stenman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jill C Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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21
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The K-Cl cotransporter KCC3 as an independent prognostic factor in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:936401. [PMID: 25110711 PMCID: PMC4119626 DOI: 10.1155/2014/936401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of K–Cl cotransporter 3 (KCC3) in the regulation of cellular invasion and the clinicopathological significance of its expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Immunohistochemical analysis performed on 70 primary tumor samples obtained from ESCC patients showed that KCC3 was primarily found in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells. Although the expression of KCC3 in the main tumor (MT) was related to several clinicopathological features, such as the pT and pN categories, it had no prognostic impact. KCC3 expression scores were compared between the MT and cancer nest (CN), and the survival rate of patients with a CN > MT score was lower than that of patients with a CN ≤ MT score. In addition, the survival rate of patients in whom KCC3 was expressed in the invasive front of tumor was lower than that of the patients without it. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of KCC3 in the invasive front was one of the most important independent prognostic factors. The depletion of KCC3 using siRNAs inhibited cell migration and invasion in human ESCC cell lines. These results suggest that the expression of KCC3 in ESCC may affect cellular invasion and be related to a worse prognosis in patients with ESCC.
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Marissal-Arvy N, Duron E, Parmentier F, Zizzari P, Mormède P, Epelbaum J. QTLs influencing IGF-1 levels in a LOU/CxFischer 344F2 rat population. Tracks towards the metabolic theory of Ageing. Growth Horm IGF Res 2013; 23:220-228. [PMID: 24028904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since a reduction of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling cascade extends life span in many species and IGF-1 signaling might partly mediate the effects of caloric restriction (CR), an experimental intervention for increasing longevity, the purpose of the present study was to use quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, an unbiased genetic approach, to identify particular regions of the genome influencing plasma IGF-1 levels in an F2 intercross between F344 and LOU/C rats; the latter being an inbred strain of Wistar origin, considered as a model of healthy aging since it resists to age (and diet)-induced obesity. DESIGN F1 hybrids were obtained by crossbreeding LOU/C with F344 rats, and then F1 were bred inter se to obtain the F2 population, of which 93 males and 94 females were studied. Total plasma IGF-1 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. A genome scan of the F2 population was made with 100 microsatellite markers) selected for their polymorphism between LOU/C and F344 strains (and by covering evenly the whole genome. RESULTS By simple interval mapping sex-dependent QTLs were found on chromosome 17 in males and on chromosome 18 in females. By multiple interval mapping, additional QTLs were found on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 12, 15 and 19 in males and on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 12 and 17 in females. Only the markers D1Rat196 and D12Mgh5 were found in both males and females. The majority of QTLs corresponded to metabolic syndrome (cardiac function: n = 45 (30%), obesity/diabetes: n = 22 (15%), inflammation: n = 19 (13%) and only a limited number to body weight: n = 13 (9%), proliferation (n = 10 (7%) or ossification: n = 7 (5%). Ninety-six candidate genes were located on the different QTLs. A significant proportion of these genes are connected to IGF-1 production and receptor pathways (n = 18) or metabolic syndrome (n = 11). CONCLUSIONS Subsequent studies are necessary to determine whether the genetic networks underscored are also involved in age-associated obesity, diabetes and inflammation as well as cardiovascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marissal-Arvy
- INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Nascimento AFZ, Trindade DM, Tonoli CCC, de Giuseppe PO, Assis LHP, Honorato RV, de Oliveira PSL, Mahajan P, Burgess-Brown NA, von Delft F, Larson RE, Murakami MT. Structural insights into functional overlapping and differentiation among myosin V motors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34131-34145. [PMID: 24097982 PMCID: PMC3837155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin V (MyoV) motors have been implicated in the intracellular transport of diverse cargoes including vesicles, organelles, RNA-protein complexes, and regulatory proteins. Here, we have solved the cargo-binding domain (CBD) structures of the three human MyoV paralogs (Va, Vb, and Vc), revealing subtle structural changes that drive functional differentiation and a novel redox mechanism controlling the CBD dimerization process, which is unique for the MyoVc subclass. Moreover, the cargo- and motor-binding sites were structurally assigned, indicating the conservation of residues involved in the recognition of adaptors for peroxisome transport and providing high resolution insights into motor domain inhibition by CBD. These results contribute to understanding the structural requirements for cargo transport, autoinhibition, and regulatory mechanisms in myosin V motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey F Z Nascimento
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Trindade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Celisa C C Tonoli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Priscila O de Giuseppe
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Leandro H P Assis
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V Honorato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Paulo S L de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Pravin Mahajan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Roy E Larson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mario T Murakami
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil.
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El-Gebali S, Bentz S, Hediger MA, Anderle P. Solute carriers (SLCs) in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:719-34. [PMID: 23506905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During tumor progression cells acquire an altered metabolism, either as a cause or as a consequence of an increased need of energy and nutrients. All four major classes of macromolecules are affected: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. As a result of the changed needs, solute carriers (SLCs) which are the major transporters of these molecules are differently expressed. This renders them important targets in the treatment of cancer. Blocking or activating SLCs is one possible therapeutic strategy. For example, some SLCs are upregulated in tumor cells due to the increased demand for energy and nutritional needs. Thus, blocking them and turning off the delivery of fuel or nutrients could be one way to interfere with tumor progression. Specific drug delivery to cancer cells via transporters is another approach. Some SLCs are also interesting as chemosensitizing targets because blocking or activating them may result in an altered response to chemotherapy. In this review we summarize the roles of SLCs in cancer therapy and specifically their potential as direct or indirect targets, as drug carriers or as chemosensitizing targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El-Gebali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Weng TY, Chiu WT, Liu HS, Cheng HC, Shen MR, Mount DB, Chou CY. Glycosylation regulates the function and membrane localization of KCC4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1133-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Chen YF, Chen YT, Chiu WT, Shen MR. Remodeling of calcium signaling in tumor progression. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:23. [PMID: 23594099 PMCID: PMC3639169 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ is one of the crucial signalings that modulate various cellular functions. The dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis has been suggested as an important event in driving the expression of the malignant phenotypes, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell migration is an early prerequisite for tumor metastasis that has a significant impact on patient prognosis. During cell migration, the exquisite spatial and temporal organization of intracellular Ca2+ provides a rapid and robust way for the selective activation of signaling components that play a central role in cytoskeletal reorganization, traction force generation, and focal adhesion dynamics. A number of known molecular components involved in Ca2+ influx pathways, including stromal interaction molecule (STIM)/Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, have been implicated in cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. The clinical significance of these molecules, such as STIM proteins and the TRPM7 channel, in tumor progression and their diagnostic and prognostic potentials have also been demonstrated in specific cancer types. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the important roles and regulatory mechanisms of these Ca2+ influx pathways on malignant behaviors of tumor cells. The clinical implications in facilitating current diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Fung Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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27
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Schwab A, Fabian A, Hanley PJ, Stock C. Role of ion channels and transporters in cell migration. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1865-913. [PMID: 23073633 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is central to tissue homeostasis in health and disease, and there is hardly any cell in the body that is not motile at a given point in its life cycle. Important physiological processes intimately related to the ability of the respective cells to migrate include embryogenesis, immune defense, angiogenesis, and wound healing. On the other side, migration is associated with life-threatening pathologies such as tumor metastases and atherosclerosis. Research from the last ≈ 15 years revealed that ion channels and transporters are indispensable components of the cellular migration apparatus. After presenting general principles by which transport proteins affect cell migration, we will discuss systematically the role of channels and transporters involved in cell migration.
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Mao S, Garzon-Muvdi T, Di Fulvio M, Chen Y, Delpire E, Alvarez FJ, Alvarez-Leefmans FJ. Molecular and functional expression of cation-chloride cotransporters in dorsal root ganglion neurons during postnatal maturation. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:834-52. [PMID: 22457464 PMCID: PMC3424090 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00970.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA depolarizes and excites central neurons during early development, becoming inhibitory and hyperpolarizing with maturation. This "developmental shift" occurs abruptly, reflecting a decrease in intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) and a hyperpolarizing shift in Cl(-) equilibrium potential due to upregulation of the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2b, a neuron-specific Cl(-) extruder. In contrast, primary afferent neurons (PANs) are depolarized by GABA throughout adulthood because of expression of NKCC1, a Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter that accumulates Cl(-) above equilibrium. The GABA(A)-mediated depolarization of PANs determines presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, a key mechanism gating somatosensory information. Little is known about developmental changes in Cl(-) transporter expression and Cl(-) homeostasis in PANs. Whether NKCC1 is expressed in PANs of all phenotypes or is restricted to subpopulations (e.g., nociceptors) is debatable. Likewise, whether PANs express KCC2s is controversial. We investigated NKCC1 and K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter expression in rat and mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with molecular methods. Using fluorescence imaging microscopy, we measured [Cl(-)](i) in acutely dissociated rat DRG neurons (P0-P21) loaded with N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide and classified with phenotypic markers. DRG neurons of all sizes express two NKCC1 mRNAs, one full-length and a shorter splice variant lacking exon 21. Immunolabeling with validated antibodies revealed ubiquitous expression of NKCC1 in DRG neurons irrespective of postnatal age and phenotype. As maturation progresses [Cl(-)](i) decreases gradually, persisting above equilibrium in >95% mature neurons. DRG neurons express mRNAs for KCC1, KCC3s, and KCC4, but not for KCC2s. Mechanisms underlying PANs' developmental changes in Cl(-) homeostasis are discussed and compared with those of central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA
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Garzon-Muvdi T, Schiapparelli P, ap Rhys C, Guerrero-Cazares H, Smith C, Kim DH, Kone L, Farber H, Lee DY, An SS, Levchenko A, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Regulation of brain tumor dispersal by NKCC1 through a novel role in focal adhesion regulation. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001320. [PMID: 22570591 PMCID: PMC3341330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly invasive and lethal brain tumor due to its universal recurrence. Although it has been suggested that the electroneutral Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) can play a role in glioma cell migration, the precise mechanism by which this ion transporter contributes to GB aggressiveness remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of NKCC1 in the invasion of human primary glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. NKCC1 expression levels were significantly higher in GB and anaplastic astrocytoma tissues than in grade II glioma and normal cortex. Pharmacological inhibition and shRNA-mediated knockdown of NKCC1 expression led to decreased cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, knockdown of NKCC1 in glioma cells resulted in the formation of significantly larger focal adhesions and cell traction forces that were approximately 40% lower than control cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which promotes migration of glioma cells, increased the phosphorylation of NKCC1 through a PI3K-dependant mechanism. This finding is potentially related to WNK kinases. Taken together, our findings suggest that NKCC1 modulates migration of glioma cells by two distinct mechanisms: (1) through the regulation of focal adhesion dynamics and cell contractility and (2) through regulation of cell volume through ion transport. Due to the ubiquitous expression of NKCC1 in mammalian tissues, its regulation by WNK kinases may serve as new therapeutic targets for GB aggressiveness and can be exploited by other highly invasive neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paula Schiapparelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Colette ap Rhys
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cazares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lyonell Kone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harrison Farber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Y. Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven S. An
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Wei WC, Akerman CJ, Newey SE, Pan J, Clinch NWV, Jacob Y, Shen MR, Wilkins RJ, Ellory JC. The potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 promotes cervical cancer cell migration and invasion by an ion transport-independent mechanism. J Physiol 2011; 589:5349-59. [PMID: 21911617 PMCID: PMC3240877 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.214635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) play a fundamental role in epithelial cell function, both in the context of ionic homeostasis and also in cell morphology, cell division and locomotion. Unlike other ubiquitously expressed KCC isoforms, expression of KCC2 is widely considered to be restricted to neurons, where it is responsible for maintaining a low intracellular chloride concentration to drive hyperpolarising postsynaptic responses to the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Here we report a novel finding that KCC2 is widely expressed in several human cancer cell lines including the cervical cancer cell line (SiHa). Membrane biotinylation assays and immunostaining showed that endogenous KCC2 is located on the cell membrane of SiHa cells. To elucidate the role of KCC2 in cervical tumuorigenesis, SiHa cells with stable overexpression or knockdown of KCC2 were employed. Overexpression of KCC2 had no significant effect on cell proliferation but dramatically suppressed cell spreading and stress fibre organization, while knockdown of KCC2 showed opposite effects. In addition, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-induced cell migration and invasiveness were significantly increased by overexpression of KCC2. KCC2-induced cell migration and invasion were not dependent on KCC2 transport function since overexpression of an activity-deficient mutant KCC2 still increased IGF-1-induced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, overexpression of KCC2 significantly diminished the number of focal adhesions, while knockdown of KCC2 increased their number. Taken together, our data establish that KCC2 expression and function are not restricted to neurons and that KCC2 serves to increase cervical tumourigenesis via an ion transport-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Calcium store sensor stromal-interaction molecule 1-dependent signaling plays an important role in cervical cancer growth, migration, and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15225-30. [PMID: 21876174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is the principal Ca(2+) entry mechanism in nonexcitable cells. Stromal-interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensor that triggers SOCE activation. However, the role of STIM1 in regulating cancer progression remains controversial and its clinical relevance is unclear. Here we show that STIM1-dependent signaling is important for cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. STIM1 overexpression in tumor tissue is noted in 71% cases of early-stage cervical cancer. In tumor tissues, the level of STIM1 expression is significantly associated with the risk of metastasis and survival. EGF-stimulated cancer cell migration requires STIM1 expression and EGF increases the interaction between STIM1 and Orai1 in juxta-membrane areas, and thus induces Ca(2+) influx. STIM1 involves the activation of Ca(2+)-regulated protease calpain, as well as Ca(2+)-regulated cytoplasmic kinase Pyk2, which regulate the focal-adhesion dynamics of migratory cervical cancer cells. Because of an increase of p21 protein levels and a decrease of Cdc25C protein levels, STIM1-silencing in cervical cancer cells significantly inhibits cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at the S and G2/M phases. STIM1 also regulates the production of VEGF in cervical cancer cells. Interference with STIM1 expression or blockade of SOCE activity inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth in animal models, confirming the crucial role of STIM1-mediated Ca(2+) influx in aggravating tumor development in vivo. These results make STIM1-dependent signaling an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Cuddapah VA, Sontheimer H. Ion channels and transporters [corrected] in cancer. 2. Ion channels and the control of cancer cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C541-9. [PMID: 21543740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00102.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of high-grade cancers is the ability of malignant cells to invade unaffected tissue and spread disease. This is particularly apparent in gliomas, the most common and lethal type of primary brain cancer affecting adults. Migrating cells encounter restricted spaces and appear able to adjust their shape to accommodate to narrow extracellular spaces. A growing body of work suggests that cell migration/invasion is facilitated by ion channels and transporters. The emerging concept is that K(+) and Cl(-) function as osmotically active ions, which cross the plasma membrane in concert with obligated water thereby adjusting a cell's shape and volume. In glioma cells Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (NKCC1) actively accumulate K(+) and Cl(-), establishing a gradient for KCl efflux. Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and voltage-gated Cl(-) channels are largely responsible for effluxing KCl promoting hydrodynamic volume changes. In other cancers, different K(+) or even Na(+) channels may function in concert with a variety of Cl(-) channels to support similar volume changes. Channels involved in migration are frequently regulated by Ca(2+) signaling, most likely coupling extracellular stimuli to cell migration. Importantly, the inhibition of ion channels and transporters appears to be clinically relevant for the treatment of cancer. Recent preclinical data indicates that inhibition of NKCC1 with an FDA-approved drug decreases neoplastic migration. Additionally, ongoing clinical trials demonstrate that an inhibitor of chloride channels may be a therapy for the treatment of gliomas. Data reviewed here strongly indicate that ion channels are a promising target for the development of novel therapeutics to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Anand Cuddapah
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Chen YF, Chou CY, Ellory JC, Shen MR. The emerging role of KCl cotransport in tumor biology. Am J Transl Res 2010; 2:345-355. [PMID: 20733945 PMCID: PMC2923859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electroneutral KCl cotransport carried out by the KCl cotransporter family (KCC) plays a significant role in the ionic and osmotic homeostasis of epithelial cells. Here we review the emerging importance of KCl cotransport in epithelial carcinogenesis and tumor malignant behaviors. The malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells is associated with the differential expression of volume-sensitive KCC isoforms. The loss-of-function KCC mutant cervical cancer cells exhibit inhibited cell growth accompanied by decreased activities of the cell cycle regulators and matrix metalloproteinase. Additionally, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation of KCl cotransport plays an important role in IGF-1 signaling to promote growth and spread of gynecological cancers. IGF-1 upregulates KCC3 and KCC4 which are differentially required for cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. KCC3 overexpression downregu-lates E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex formation by inhibiting the transcription of E-cadherin gene and accelerating the proteosome-dependent degradation of beta-catenin protein. That therefore promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells, and thereby stimulating tumor progression. Moreover, epidermal-growth factor (EGF) and IGF-1 stimulate the membrane recruitment of KCC4 at lamellipodia through myosin Va-actin trafficking route. KCC4 functions as a membrane scaffold forthe assembly of signal complexes via the association with the actin-binding protein, ezrin. The molecular studies of surgical specimens suggest that the expression of KCC3, KCC4, and their stimulators, EGF or IGF-1, exhibit a close association with the clinical outcome of cancer patients. Therefore, KCC3, KCC4, EGF, and IGF-1 may be a panel of biomarkers to predict cancer patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Fung Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Chou
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
| | - J Clive Ellory
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, OX13PT, UK
| | - Meng-Ru Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan 704, Taiwan
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