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Remmerie M, Dok R, Wang Z, Omella JD, Alen S, Cokelaere C, Lenaerts L, Dreesen E, Nuyts S, Derua R, Janssens V. The PPP2R1A cancer hotspot mutant p.R183W increases clofarabine resistance in uterine serous carcinoma cells by a gain-of-function mechanism. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00963-5. [PMID: 38888850 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is generally associated with poor prognosis due to a high recurrence rate and frequent treatment resistance; hence, there is a need for improved therapeutic strategies. Molecular analysis of USC identified several molecular markers, useful to improve current treatments or identify new druggable targets. PPP2R1A, encoding the Aα subunit of the tumor suppressive Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A, is mutated in up to 40% of USCs. Here, we investigated the effect of the p.R183W PPP2R1A hotspot variant on treatment response to the nucleoside analogue clofarabine. METHODS AND RESULTS USC cells stably expressing p.R183W Aα showed increased resistance to clofarabine treatment in vitro and, corroborated by decreased clofarabine-induced apoptosis, G1 phase arrest, DNA-damage (γH2AX) and activation of ATM and Chk1/2 kinases. Phenotypic rescue by pharmacologic PP2A inhibition or dicer-substrate siRNA (dsiRNA)-mediated B56δ subunit knockdown supported a gain-of-function mechanism of Aα p.R183W, promoting dephosphorylation and inactivation of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), the cellular enzyme responsible for the conversion of clofarabine into its bioactive form. Therapeutic assessment of related nucleoside analogues (gemcitabine, cladribine) revealed similar effects, but in a cell line-dependent manner. Expression of two other PPP2R1A USC mutants (p.P179R or p.S256F) did not affect clofarabine response in our cell models, arguing for mutant-specific effects on treatment outcome as well. CONCLUSIONS While our results call for PPP2R1A mutant and context-dependent effects upon clofarabine/nucleoside analogue monotherapy, combining clofarabine with a pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor proved synergistically in all tested conditions, highlighting a new generally applicable strategy to improve treatment outcome in USC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Remmerie
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Sophie Alen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Célie Cokelaere
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lisa Lenaerts
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- SybioMA, Proteomics Core Facility, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, PO-box 901, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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Huang S, Bian Y, Huang C, Miao L. Is Monitoring of the Intracellular Active Metabolite Levels of Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogs Ready for Precision Medicine Applications? Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:761-775. [PMID: 35915365 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase and nucleoside analogs (NAs) play important roles in cancer therapy. Although there are obvious individual differences in NA treatments, most NAs lack direct relationships between their plasma concentration and efficacy or adverse effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intracellular active metabolite levels of NAs predict patient outcomes. This article reviewed the relationships between NA intracellular active metabolite levels and their efficacy or adverse effects. The factors affecting the formation of intracellular active metabolites and combination regimens that elevate intracellular active metabolite levels were also reviewed. Given the mechanism of NA cytotoxicity, NA intracellular active metabolite levels may be predictive of clinical outcomes. Many clinical studies support this hypothesis. Therefore, the monitoring of intracellular active metabolite levels is beneficial for individualized NA treatment. However, to perform clinical monitoring in practice, well-designed studies are needed to explore the optimal threshold or range and the appropriate regimen adjustment strategies based on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Role of Drug Transporters in Elucidating Inter-Individual Variability in Pediatric Chemotherapy-Related Toxicities and Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080990. [PMID: 36015138 PMCID: PMC9415926 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancer treatment has evolved significantly in recent decades. The implementation of risk stratification strategies and the selection of evidence-based chemotherapy combinations have improved survival outcomes. However, there is large interindividual variability in terms of chemotherapy-related toxicities and, sometimes, the response among this population. This variability is partly attributed to the functional variability of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) and drug transporters (DTS) involved in the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The DTS, being ubiquitous, affects drug disposition across membranes and has relevance in determining chemotherapy response in pediatric cancer patients. Among the factors affecting DTS function, ontogeny or maturation is important in the pediatric population. In this narrative review, we describe the role of drug uptake/efflux transporters in defining pediatric chemotherapy-treatment-related toxicities and responses. Developmental differences in DTS and the consequent implications are also briefly discussed for the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs in the pediatric population.
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Ertl IE, Lemberger U, Ilijazi D, Hassler MR, Bruchbacher A, Brettner R, Kronabitter H, Gutmann M, Vician P, Zeitler G, Koren A, Lardeau CH, Mohr T, Haitel A, Compérat E, Oszwald A, Wasinger G, Clozel T, Elemento O, Kubicek S, Berger W, Shariat SF. Molecular and Pharmacological Bladder Cancer Therapy Screening: Discovery of Clofarabine as a Highly Active Compound. Eur Urol 2022; 82:261-270. [PMID: 35393162 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of bladder cancers (BCs) is a major challenge for the development of novel therapies. However, given the high rates of recurrence and/or treatment failure, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies is an urgent clinical need. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish a model system for drug identification/repurposing in order to identify novel therapies for the treatment of BC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A collection of commercially available BC cell lines (n = 32) was comprehensively characterized. A panel of 23 cell lines, representing a broad spectrum of BC, was selected to perform a high-throughput drug screen. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Positive hits were defined as compounds giving >50% inhibition in at least one BC cell line. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Amongst >1700 tested chemical compounds, a total of 471 substances exhibited antineoplastic effects. Clofarabine, an antimetabolite drug used as third-line treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, was amongst the limited number of drugs with inhibitory effects on cell lines of all intrinsic subtypes. We, thus, reassessed the substance and confirmed its inhibitory effects on commercially available cell lines and patient-derived cell cultures representing various disease stages, intrinsic subtypes, and histologic variants. To verify these effects in vivo, a patient-derived cell xenograft model for urothelial carcinoma (UC) was used. Well-tolerated doses of clofarabine induced complete remission in all treated animals (n = 12) suffering from both early- and late-stage disease. We further took advantage of another patient-derived cell xenograft model originating from the rare disease entity sarcomatoid carcinoma (SaC). Similarly to UC xenograft mice, clofarabine induced subcomplete to complete tumour remissions in all treated animals (n = 8). CONCLUSIONS The potent effects of clofarabine in vitro and in vivo suggest that our findings may be of high clinical relevance. Clinical trials are needed to assess the value of clofarabine in improving BC patient care. PATIENT SUMMARY We used commercially available cell lines for the identification of novel drugs for the treatment of bladder cancer. We confirmed the effects of one of these drugs, clofarabine, in patient-derived cell lines and two different mouse models, thereby demonstrating a potential clinical relevance of this substance in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Ertl
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Lemberger
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dafina Ilijazi
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie R Hassler
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bruchbacher
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Brettner
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Kronabitter
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gutmann
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Vician
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Zeitler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Koren
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Haitel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - André Oszwald
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Wasinger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Clozel
- OWKIN, New York City, NY, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
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Hellendahl KF, Fehlau M, Hans S, Neubauer P, Kurreck A. Semi-Automated High-Throughput Substrate Screening Assay for Nucleoside Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11558. [PMID: 34768989 PMCID: PMC8584170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside kinases (NKs) are key enzymes involved in the in vivo phosphorylation of nucleoside analogues used as drugs to treat cancer or viral infections. Having different specificities, the characterization of NKs is essential for drug design and nucleotide analogue production in an in vitro enzymatic process. Therefore, a fast and reliable substrate screening method for NKs is of great importance. Here, we report on the validation of a well-known luciferase-based assay for the detection of NK activity in a 96-well plate format. The assay was semi-automated using a liquid handling robot. Good linearity was demonstrated (r² > 0.98) in the range of 0-500 µM ATP, and it was shown that alternative phosphate donors like dATP or CTP were also accepted by the luciferase. The developed high-throughput assay revealed comparable results to HPLC analysis. The assay was exemplarily used for the comparison of the substrate spectra of four NKs using 20 (8 natural, 12 modified) substrates. The screening results correlated well with literature data, and additionally, previously unknown substrates were identified for three of the NKs studied. Our results demonstrate that the developed semi-automated high-throughput assay is suitable to identify best performing NKs for a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja F. Hellendahl
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Maryke Fehlau
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hans
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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Chambers IG, Willoughby MM, Hamza I, Reddi AR. One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them: The trafficking of heme without deliverers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118881. [PMID: 33022276 PMCID: PMC7756907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme, as a hydrophobic iron-containing organic ring, is lipid soluble and can interact with biological membranes. The very same properties of heme that nature exploits to support life also renders heme potentially cytotoxic. In order to utilize heme, while also mitigating its toxicity, cells are challenged to tightly control the concentration and bioavailability of heme. On the bright side, it is reasonable to envision that, analogous to other transition metals, a combination of membrane-bound transporters, soluble carriers, and chaperones coordinate heme trafficking to subcellular compartments. However, given the dual properties exhibited by heme as a transition metal and lipid, it is compelling to consider the dark side: the potential role of non-proteinaceous biomolecules including lipids and nucleic acids that bind, sequester, and control heme trafficking and bioavailability. The emergence of inter-organellar membrane contact sites, as well as intracellular vesicles derived from various organelles, have raised the prospect that heme can be trafficked through hydrophobic channels. In this review, we aim to focus on heme delivery without deliverers - an alternate paradigm for the regulation of heme homeostasis through chaperone-less pathways for heme trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Chambers
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Mathilda M Willoughby
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America.
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S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is Not a Selective Inhibitor of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters but Also Blocks Efflux Activity of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:58. [PMID: 32086630 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is routinely used at concentrations of 0.10 μM and 0.10 mM to specifically inhibit transport of nucleosides mediated by equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (ENT1) and 2 (ENT2), respectively. We recently showed that NBMPR (0.10 mM) might also inhibit placental active efflux of [3H]zidovudine and [3H]tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Here we test the hypothesis that NBMPR abolishes the activity of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). METHODS We performed accumulation assays with Hoechst 33342 (a model dual substrate of ABCB1 and ABCG2) and bi-directional transport studies with the ABCG2 substrate [3H]glyburide in transduced MDCKII cells, accumulation studies in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells, and in situ dual perfusions of rat term placenta with glyburide. RESULTS NBMPR inhibited Hoechst 33342 accumulation in MDCKII-ABCG2 cells (IC50 = 53 μM) but not in MDCKII-ABCB1 and MDCKII-parental cells. NBMPR (0.10 mM) also inhibited bi-directional [3H]glyburide transport across monolayers of MDCKII-ABCG2 cells and blocked ABCG2-mediated [3H]glyburide efflux by rat term placenta in situ. CONCLUSION NBMPR at a concentration of 0.10 mM abolishes ABCG2 activity. Researchers using NBMPR to evaluate the effect of ENTs on pharmacokinetics must therefore interpret their results carefully if studying compounds that are substrates of both ENTs and ABCG2.
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Gose T, Shafi T, Fukuda Y, Das S, Wang Y, Allcock A, Gavan McHarg A, Lynch J, Chen T, Tamai I, Shelat A, Ford RC, Schuetz JD. ABCG2 requires a single aromatic amino acid to "clamp" substrates and inhibitors into the binding pocket. FASEB J 2020; 34:4890-4903. [PMID: 32067270 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902338rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) is a homodimeric ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that not only has a key role in helping cancer cells to evade the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, but also in protecting organisms from multiple xeno- and endobiotics. Structural studies indicate that substrate and inhibitor (ligands) binding to ABCG2 can be differentiated quantitatively by the number of amino acid contacts, with inhibitors displaying more contacts. Although binding is the obligate initial step in the transport cycle, there is no empirical evidence for one amino acid being primarily responsible for ligand binding. By mutagenesis and biochemical studies, we demonstrated that the phylogenetically conserved amino acid residue, F439, was critical for both transport and the binding of multiple substrates and inhibitors. Structural modeling implied that the π-π interactions from each F439 monomer mediated the binding of a surprisingly diverse array of structurally unrelated substrates and inhibitors and that this symmetrical π-π interaction "clamps" the ligand into the binding pocket. Key molecular features of diverse ABCG2 ligands using the π-π clamp along with structural studies created a pharmacophore model. These novel findings have important therapeutic implications because key properties of ligands interacting with ABCG2 have been disovered. Furthermore, mechanistic insights have been revealed by demonstrating that for ABCG2 a single amino acid is essential for engaging and initiating transport of multiple drugs and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Talha Shafi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alice Allcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ailsa Gavan McHarg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of cladribine (CLA) and six of its derivatives containing a formamidine group at position 6 (CLA-FDM, CLA-FPAZ, CLA-FPIR, CLA-FPIP, CLA-FHEX, and CLA-FMOR) on acute promyelocytic, lymphoblastic, and acute monocytic leukemia cells. The role of ATR kinase in deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) activation in response to DNA damage was assessed. The presence of DNA lesions was assessed by measurement phosphorylation of H2AX and by using the alkaline comet assay with proteinase K post-treatment following assessment of the cell cycle. Apoptotic events such as alterations in intracellular calcium concentration, caspase-3/7 activity and increased sub-G1 cell population were measured. CLA derivatives were highly effective against leukemic cells, showing high cytotoxicity, causing DNA fragmentation, and inducing DNA-protein cross-links in leukemic cells. CLA-FMOR showed the highest efficacy. CLA derivatives increased the levels of intracellular calcium ions, caspase-3/7 and the percentage of sub-G1 apoptotic cells and blocked cells in the S phase of the cell cycle to a greater extent than free CLA. The selective ATR inhibitor VE-821 significantly suppressed the increase in dCK activity and decreased basal dCK activity. The present results suggested that ATR kinase controls dCK activity in response to synthetic CLA derivatives.
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Windt T, Tóth S, Patik I, Sessler J, Kucsma N, Szepesi Á, Zdrazil B, Özvegy-Laczka C, Szakács G. Identification of anticancer OATP2B1 substrates by an in vitro triple-fluorescence-based cytotoxicity screen. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:953-964. [PMID: 30863990 PMCID: PMC6510822 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The cellular accumulation of many drugs is the result of the net function of efflux and influx transporters. Efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 have been shown to confer multidrug resistance in cancer. Although expression of uptake transporters has been confirmed in cancer cells, their role in chemotherapy response has not been systematically investigated. In the present study we have adapted a fluorescence-based cytotoxic assay to characterize the influence of key drug-transporters on the toxicity of approved anticancer drugs. Co-cultures of fluorescently labeled parental and transporter-expressing cells (expressing ABCB1, ABCG2 or OATP2B1) were screened against 101 FDA-approved anticancer drugs, using a novel, automated, triple fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay. By measuring the survival of parental and transporter-expressing cells in co-cultures, we identify those FDA-approved anticancer drugs, whose toxicity is influenced by ABCB1, ABCG2 or OATP2B1. In addition to confirming known substrates of ABCB1 and ABCG2, the fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assays identified anticancer agents whose toxicity was increased in OATP2B1 expressing cells. Interaction of these compounds with OATP2B1 was verified in dedicated transport assays using cell-impermeant fluorescent substrates. Understanding drug-transporter interactions is needed to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Our results highlight the potential of the fluorescence-based HT screening system for identifying transporter substrates, opening the way for the design of therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition or even the exploitation of transporters in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Windt
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Izabel Patik
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Judit Sessler
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Nóra Kucsma
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Áron Szepesi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Tiribelli M, Michelutti A, Fanin R, Damiani D. ABCG2 overexpression and deoxyadenosine analogue activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2017; 123:4934-4935. [PMID: 29053186 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Tiribelli
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Angela Michelutti
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Renato Fanin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniela Damiani
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Udine, Italy
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12
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Fluorinated nucleosides as an important class of anticancer and antiviral agents. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1809-1833. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing nucleoside analogs (NAs) represent a significant class of the US FDA-approved chemotherapeutics widely used in the clinic. The incorporation of fluorine into drug-like agents modulates lipophilic, electronic and steric parameters, thus influencing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Fluorine can block oxidative metabolism of drugs and the formation of undesired metabolites by changing H-bonding interactions. In this review, we focus our attention on chemical fluorination reagents and methods used in the NAs field, including positron emission tomography radiochemistry. We briefly discuss both the cellular biology and clinical properties of FDA-approved and fluorine-containing nucleoside/nucleotide analogs in development as well as common resistance mechanisms associated with their use. Finally, we emphasize pronucleotide strategies used to improve therapeutic outcome of NAs in the clinic.
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13
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Matt U, Selchow P, Dal Molin M, Strommer S, Sharif O, Schilcher K, Andreoni F, Stenzinger A, Zinkernagel AS, Zeitlinger M, Sander P, Nemeth J. Chloroquine enhances the antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and pyrazinamide by reversing inflammation-induced macrophage efflux. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:55-62. [PMID: 28506804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is notorious for persisting within host macrophages. Efflux pumps decrease intracellular drug levels, thus fostering persistence of MTB during therapy. Isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) are substrates of the efflux pump breast cancer resistance protein-1 (BCRP-1), which is inhibited by chloroquine (CQ). In this study, BCRP-1 was found to be expressed on macrophages of human origin and on foamy giant cells at the site of MTB infection. In the current in vitro study, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) increased the expression of BCRP-1 in macrophages derived from the human monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1. Using a BCRP-1-specific fluorescent dye and radioactively labelled INH, it was demonstrated that efflux from macrophages increased upon activation with IFNγ. CQ was able to inhibit active efflux and augmented the intracellular concentrations both of INH and the dye. In agreement, CQ and specific inhibition of BCRP-1 increased the antimycobacterial activity of INH against intracellular MTB. Although PZA behaved differently, CQ had comparable advantageous effects on the intracellular pharmacokinetics and activity of PZA. The adjunctive effects of CQ on intracellular killing of MTB were measurable at concentrations achievable in humans at approved therapeutic doses. Therefore, CQ, a widely used and worldwide available drug, may potentiate the efficacy of standard MTB therapy against bacteria in the intracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Matt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Selchow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Dal Molin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Strommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Sharif
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Schilcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Andreoni
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A S Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Nemeth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Caetano-Pinto P, Jansen J, Assaraf YG, Masereeuw R. The importance of breast cancer resistance protein to the kidneys excretory function and chemotherapeutic resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 30:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Fan LX, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang ZD, Zhang YM, Chen HL. Clinical Significance of ABC Transporter Expression in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.25.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-xin Fan
- Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Station, Dalian Medical University
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Dalian
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Pathology, The Sixth Hospital of Dalian
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Dalian
| | - Zhi-dong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Pathology, The Sixth Hospital of Dalian
| | - Yong-mei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Dalian
| | - Hai-long Chen
- Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Station, Dalian Medical University
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16
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Rahmati-Yamchi M, Zarghami N, Nozad Charoudeh H, Ahmadi Y, Baradaran B, Khalaj-Kondori M, Milani M, Akbarzadeh A, Shaker M, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M. Clofarabine Has Apoptotic Effect on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line via P53R2 Gene Expression. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:471-6. [PMID: 26819918 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clofarabine, a purine nucleoside analogue and inhibitor of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR), is used for treatment of leukemia. Clofarabine-induced defect in DNA replication, induces p53 and subsequently P53R2 genes as subunit of RR. clofarabine deregulated P53R2 gene expression leading to the elevated levels of P53R2 which impose resistance to DNA damaging drugs. In this study the apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of clofarabine has been investigated on breast cancer cell line. METHODS Cofarabine cytotoxicity on T47D cells has been studied by MTT assay. T47D cells were exposed to the different concentrations of clofarabine for 24, 48 and 72 hours intervals. Relative expression of P53R2 gene has been studied using real-time PCR. Moreover, after treating with clofarabine the apoptotic and necrotic cells were detected using Annexin V and propodium iodide (PI) reagents by flowcytometry technique. RESULTS MTT assay results showed that the clofarabine IC50 on T47D cell line were 3 and 2.5µM after 48 and 72 h exposure, respectively. Clofarabine did not show any significant cytotoxic effect after 24 h exposure. The analysis of qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in P53R2 gene expression in treated cells with both 2.5 and 3 μM doses and also, the results of flowcytometry revealed 26.91 and 74.46 percent apoptosis induction in 48 and 72h treatments respectively in comparison to the control groups. CONCLUSION Our results showed that apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of clofarabine on T47D cell line were in time and dose dependent manner; therefore it could be considered a new candidate in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahmati-Yamchi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yasin Ahmadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal disease research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal disease research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsud Shaker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Yamanishi M, Narazaki H, Asano T. Melatonin overcomes resistance to clofarabine in two leukemic cell lines by increased expression of deoxycytidine kinase. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:207-14. [PMID: 25461250 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a serious problem in leukemia therapy. Among newly developed nucleoside antimetabolites, clofarabine has broad cytotoxic activity showing therapeutic promise and is currently approved for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for clofarabine resistance, we established two clofarabine-resistant lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines from parental lines. To elucidate the mechanisms against clofarabine resistance in two newly established clofarabine-resistant cell lines, we measured the expression of export pumps multidrug resistance protein 1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2. There were no differences in the expression between clofarabine-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. Next, we determined expression of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), which phosphorylates clofarabine to exert cytotoxicity, in clofarabine-sensitive and -resistant cells. Clofarabine-resistant cells showed significantly decreased expression of dCK RNA when compared with sensitive cells. To elucidate the mechanisms of decreased dCK expression in clofarabine-resistant cells, we analyzed the methylation status of CpG islands of the dCK promoter and found no differences in methylation status between clofarabine-sensitive and -resistant cells. Next, we measured the acetylation status of histone and found that total histone acetylation, and histone H3 and H4 acetylation on chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were significantly decreased in resistant cells. Melatonin is an indolamine that functions in the regulation of chronobiological rhythms to exert cytotoxic effects. We examined the effects of melatonin in clofarabine-resistant cells and found that melatonin treatment led to significantly increased cytotoxicity with clofarabine in resistant cells via increased acetylation. Melatonin may be a useful candidate for overcoming clofarabine resistance in two newly established clofarabine resistant leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Yamanishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Narazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan.
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18
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Lee MW, Parker WB, Xu B. New insights into the synergism of nucleoside analogs with radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:223. [PMID: 24066967 PMCID: PMC3851323 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have been frequently used in combination with radiotherapy in the clinical setting, as it has long been understood that inhibition of DNA repair pathways is an important means by which many nucleoside analogs synergize. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a critical enzyme required for the anti-tumor activity for many nucleoside analogs, have clarified the mechanistic role this kinase plays in chemo- and radio-sensitization. A heretofore unrecognized role of dCK in the DNA damage response and cell cycle machinery has helped explain the synergistic effect of these agents with radiotherapy. Since most currently employed nucleoside analogs are primarily activated by dCK, these findings lend fresh impetus to efforts focused on profiling and modulating dCK expression and activity in tumors. In this review we will briefly review the pharmacology and biochemistry of the major nucleoside analogs in clinical use that are activated by dCK. This will be followed by discussions of recent advances in our understanding of dCK activation via post-translational modifications in response to radiation and current strategies aimed at enhancing this activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd,, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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19
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Fukuda Y, Takenaka K, Sparreboom A, Cheepala SB, Wu CP, Ekins S, Ambudkar SV, Schuetz JD. Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors interact with ATP binding cassette transporter 4/multidrug resistance protein 4: a basis for unanticipated enhanced cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:361-71. [PMID: 23775562 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.086967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pharmacotherapy, by combining different drug classes such as nucleoside analogs and HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), has increased HIV-patient life expectancy. Consequently, among these patients, an increase in non-HIV-associated cancers has produced a patient cohort requiring both HIV and cancer chemotherapy. We hypothesized that multidrug resistance protein 4/ATP binding cassette transporter 4 (MRP4/ABCC4), a widely expressed transporter of nucleoside-based antiviral medications as well as cancer therapeutics might interact with PIs. Among the PIs evaluated (nelfinavir, ritonavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, and indinavir), only nelfinavir both effectively stimulated MRP4 ATPase activity and inhibited substrate-stimulated ATPase activity. Saos2 and human embryonic kidney 293 cells engineered to overexpress MRP4 were then used to assess transport and cytotoxicity. MRP4 expression reduced intracellular accumulation of nelfinavir and consequently conferred survival advantage to nelfinavir cytotoxicity. Nelfinavir blocked Mrp4-mediated export, which is consistent with its ability to increase the sensitivity of MRP4-expressing cells to methotrexate. In contrast, targeted inactivation of Abcc4/Mrp4 in mouse cells specifically enhanced nelfinavir and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine cytotoxicity. These results suggest that nelfinavir is both an inhibitor and substrate of MRP4. Because nelfinavir is a new MRP4/ABCC4 substrate, we developed a MRP4/ABCC4 pharmacophore model, which showed that the nelfinavir binding site is shared with chemotherapeutic substrates such as adefovir and methotrexate. Our studies reveal, for the first time, that nelfinavir, a potent and cytotoxic PI, is both a substrate and inhibitor of MRP4. These findings suggest that HIV-infected cancer patients receiving nelfinavir might experience both enhanced antitumor efficacy and unexpected adverse toxicity given the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in exporting nucleoside-based antiretroviral medications and cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Xia CQ, Smith PG. Drug Efflux Transporters and Multidrug Resistance in Acute Leukemia: Therapeutic Impact and Novel Approaches to Mediation. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:1008-21. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Koczor CA, Torres RA, Lewis W. The role of transporters in the toxicity of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:665-76. [PMID: 22509856 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.680885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two families of nucleoside analogs have been developed to treat viral infections and cancer, but these compounds can cause tissue- and cell-specific toxicity related to their uptake and subcellular activity, which are dictated by host enzymes and transporters. Cellular uptake of these compounds requires nucleoside transporters that share functional similarities but differ in substrate specificity. Tissue-specific cellular expression of these transporters enables nucleoside analogs to produce their tissue-specific toxic effects, a limiting factor in the treatment of retroviruses and cancer. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the families of nucleoside transporters and how they mediate cellular uptake of nucleoside analogs. Specific focus is placed on examples of known cases of transporter-mediated cellular toxicity and classification of the toxicities resulting. Efflux transporters are also explored as a contributor to analog toxicity and cell-specific effects. EXPERT OPINION Efforts to modulate transporter uptake/clearance remain long-term goals of oncologists and virologists. Accordingly, subcellular approaches that either increase or decrease intracellular nucleoside analog concentrations are eagerly sought and include transporter inhibitors and targeting transporter expression. However, additional understanding of nucleoside transporter kinetics, tissue expression and genetic polymorphisms is required to design better molecules and better therapies.
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22
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Fukuda Y, Schuetz JD. ABC transporters and their role in nucleoside and nucleotide drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1073-83. [PMID: 22285911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters confer drug resistance against a wide range of chemotherapeutic agents, including nucleoside and nucleotide based drugs. While nucleoside based drugs have been used for many years in the treatment of solid and hematological malignancies as well as viral and autoimmune diseases, the potential contribution of ABC transporters has only recently been recognized. This neglect is likely because activation of nucleoside derivatives require an initial carrier-mediated uptake step followed by phosphorylation by nucleoside kinases, and defects in uptake or kinase activation were considered the primary mechanisms of nucleoside drug resistance. However, recent studies demonstrate that members of the ABCC transporter subfamily reduce the intracellular concentration of monophosphorylated nucleoside drugs. In addition to the ABCC subfamily members, ABCG2 has been shown to transport nucleoside drugs and nucleoside-monophosphate derivatives of clinically relevant nucleoside drugs such as cytarabine, cladribine, and clofarabine to name a few. This review will discuss ABC transporters and how they interact with other processes affecting the efficacy of nucleoside based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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23
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Shimizu T, Sugiura T, Wakayama T, Kijima A, Nakamichi N, Iseki S, Silver DL, Kato Y. PDZK1 Regulates Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2148-54. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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