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Bailey SM, Cross EM, Kinner-Bibeau L, Sebesta HC, Bedford JS, Tompkins CJ. Monitoring Genomic Structural Rearrangements Resulting from Gene Editing. J Pers Med 2024; 14:110. [PMID: 38276232 PMCID: PMC10817574 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytogenomics-based methodology of directional genomic hybridization (dGH) enables the detection and quantification of a more comprehensive spectrum of genomic structural variants than any other approach currently available, and importantly, does so on a single-cell basis. Thus, dGH is well-suited for testing and/or validating new advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing systems. In addition to aberrations detected by traditional cytogenetic approaches, the strand specificity of dGH facilitates detection of otherwise cryptic intra-chromosomal rearrangements, specifically small inversions. As such, dGH represents a powerful, high-resolution approach for the quantitative monitoring of potentially detrimental genomic structural rearrangements resulting from exposure to agents that induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), including restriction endonucleases and ionizing radiations. For intentional genome editing strategies, it is critical that any undesired effects of DSBs induced either by the editing system itself or by mis-repair with other endogenous DSBs are recognized and minimized. In this paper, we discuss the application of dGH for assessing gene editing-associated structural variants and the potential heterogeneity of such rearrangements among cells within an edited population, highlighting its relevance to personalized medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- KromaTiD, Inc., Longmont, CO 80501, USA; (E.M.C.); (L.K.-B.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Erin M. Cross
- KromaTiD, Inc., Longmont, CO 80501, USA; (E.M.C.); (L.K.-B.); (H.C.S.)
| | | | - Henry C. Sebesta
- KromaTiD, Inc., Longmont, CO 80501, USA; (E.M.C.); (L.K.-B.); (H.C.S.)
| | - Joel S. Bedford
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- KromaTiD, Inc., Longmont, CO 80501, USA; (E.M.C.); (L.K.-B.); (H.C.S.)
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2
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O'Neill E, Mosley M, Cornelissen B. Imaging DNA damage response by γH2AX in vivo predicts treatment response to Lutetium-177 radioligand therapy and suggests senescence as a therapeutically desirable outcome. Theranostics 2023; 13:1302-1310. [PMID: 36923536 PMCID: PMC10008745 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: An effective absorbed dose response relationship is yet to be established for Lutetium-177 based radionuclide therapies such as 177Lu-DOTATATE and 177Lu-PSMA. The inherent biological heterogeneity of neuroendocrine and prostate cancers may make the prospect of establishing cohort-based dose-response relationships unobtainable. Instead, an individual-based approach, monitoring the dose-response within each tumor could provide the necessary metric to monitor treatment efficacy. Methods: We developed a dual isotope SPECT imaging strategy to monitor the change over time in the relationship between 177Lu-DOTATATE and 111In-anti-γH2AX-TAT, a modified radiolabelled antibody that allows imaging of DNA double strand breaks, in mice bearing rat pancreatic cancer xenografts. The dynamics of γH2AX foci, apoptosis and senescence following exposure to 177Lu-DOTATATE was further investigated in vitro and in ex vivo tumor sections. Results: The change in slope of the 111In-anti-γH2AX-TAT to 177Lu signal between days 5 and 7 was found to be highly predictive of survival (r = 0.955, P < 0.0001). This pivotal timeframe was investigated further in vitro: clonogenic survival correlated with the number of γH2AX foci at day 6 (r = -0.995, P < 0.0005). While there was evidence of continuously low levels of apoptosis, delayed induction of senescence in vitro appeared to better account for the γH2AX response to 177Lu. The induction of senescence was further investigated by ex vivo analysis and corresponded with sustained retention of 177Lu within tumor regions. Conclusions: Dual isotope SPECT imaging can provide individualized tumor dose-responses that can be used to predict lutetium-177 treatment efficacy. This bio-dosimeter metric appears to be dependent upon the extent of senescence induction and suggests an integral role that senescence plays in lutetium-177 treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O'Neill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Mosley
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Zhao Y, Hou X, Chai J, Zhang Z, Xue X, Huang F, Liu J, Shi L, Liu Y. Stapled Liposomes Enhance Cross-Priming of Radio-Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107161. [PMID: 34767279 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and their cross-presentation in dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for radio-immunotherapy. However, the irradiation resistance of tumor cells usually results in limited TAA generation and release. Importantly, TAAs internalized by DCs are easily degraded in lysosomes, resulting in unsatisfactory extent of TAA cross-presentation. Herein, an antigen-capturing stapled liposome (ACSL) with a robust structure and bioactive surface is developed. The ACSLs capture and transport TAAs from lysosomes to the cytoplasm in DCs, thereby enhancing TAA cross-presentation. l-arginine encapsulated in ACSLs induces robust T cell-dependent antitumor response and immune memory in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after local irradiation, resulting in significant tumor suppression and an abscopal effect. Replacing l-arginine with radiosensitizers, photosensitizers, and photothermal agents may make ACSL a universal platform for the rapid development of various combinations of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jingshan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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4
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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Rodríguez-Barbeito P, Díaz-Botana P, Gago-Arias A, Feijoo M, Neira S, Guiu-Souto J, López-Pouso Ó, Gómez-Caamaño A, Pardo-Montero J. A Model of Indirect Cell Death Caused by Tumor Vascular Damage after High-Dose Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:6044-6053. [PMID: 31641030 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that high doses of radiotherapy, like those delivered in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), trigger indirect mechanisms of cell death. Such effect seems to be two-fold. High doses may trigger an immune response and may cause vascular damage, leading to cell starvation and death. Development of mathematical response models, including indirect death, may help clinicians to design SBRT optimal schedules. Despite increasing experimental literature on indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular damage, efforts on modeling this effect have been limited. In this work, we present a biomathematical model of this effect. In our model, tumor oxygenation is obtained by solving the reaction-diffusion equation; radiotherapy kills tumor cells according to the linear-quadratic model, and also endothelial cells (EC), which can trigger loss of functionality of capillaries. Capillary death will affect tumor oxygenation, driving nearby tumor cells into severe hypoxia. Capillaries can recover functionality due to EC proliferation. Tumor cells entering a predetermined severe hypoxia status die according to a hypoxia-death model. This model fits recently published experimental data showing the effect of vascular damage on surviving fractions. It fits surviving fraction curves and qualitatively reproduces experimental values of percentages of functional capillaries 48 hours postirradiation, and hypoxic cells pre- and 48 hours postirradiation. This model is useful for exploring aspects of tumor and EC response to radiotherapy and constitutes a stepping stone toward modeling indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular damage and accounting for this effect during SBRT planning. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel biomathematical model of indirect tumor cell death caused by vascular radiation damage could potentially help clinicians interpret experimental data and design better radiotherapy schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-Barbeito
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz-Botana
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Galician Supercomputation Center (CESGA), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Araceli Gago-Arias
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Manuel Feijoo
- Department of Particle Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Neira
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Guiu-Souto
- Department of Medical Physics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Medical Physics, Fundación Centro Oncolóxico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pouso
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Caamaño
- Department of Radiotherapy, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Pardo-Montero
- Group of Medical Physics and Biomathematics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Medical Physics, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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6
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Shen L, Wang Q, Liu R, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhou P, Wang Z. LncRNA lnc-RI regulates homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks by stabilizing RAD51 mRNA as a competitive endogenous RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:717-729. [PMID: 29216366 PMCID: PMC5778505 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is critical for the maintenance of genome stability. The current models of the mechanism of DSB repair are based on studies of DNA repair proteins. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as new regulatory molecules, with diverse functions in biological processes. In the present study, we found that expression of the ionizing radiation-inducible lncRNA, lnc-RI, was correlate negatively with micronucleus frequencies in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Knockdown of lnc-RI significantly increased spontaneous DSBs levels, which was confirmed to be associated with the decreased efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) repair of DSBs. The expression of RAD51, a key recombinase in the HR pathway, decreased sharply in lnc-RI-depressed cells. In a further investigation, we demonstrated that miR-193a-3p could bind with both lnc-RI and RAD51 mRNA and depressed the expression of lnc-RI and RAD51 mRNA. Lnc-RI acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to stabilize RAD51 mRNA via competitive binding with miR-193a-3p and release of its inhibition of RAD51 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the role of lnc-RI in regulating HR repair of DSBs. The feedback loop established in the current study suggests that lnc-RI is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ruixue Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
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7
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Kurashige T, Shimamura M, Nagayama Y. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine protects thyroid cells against DNA damage induced by external and internal irradiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:405-412. [PMID: 28871381 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and micronuclei (MN) induced by internal and external irradiation using a rat thyroid cell line PCCL3. In internal irradiation experiments, ROS and DSB levels increased immediately after 131I addition and then gradually declined, resulting in very high levels of MN at 24 and 48 h. NAC administration both pre- and also post-131I addition suppressed ROS, DSB and MN. In external irradiation experiments with a low dose (0.5 Gy), ROS and DSB increased shortly and could be prevented by NAC administration pre-, but not post-irradiation. In contrast, external irradiation with a high dose (5 Gy) increased ROS and DSB in a bimodal way: ROS and DSB levels increased immediately after irradiation, quickly returned to the basal levels and gradually rose again after >24 h. The second phase was in parallel with an increase in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The number of MN induced by the second wave of ROS/DSB elevations was much higher than that by the first peak. In this situation, NAC administered pre- and post-irradiation comparably suppressed MN induced by a delayed ROS elevation. In conclusion, a prolonged ROS increase during internal irradiation and a delayed ROS increase after external irradiation with a high dose caused serious DNA damage, which were efficiently prevented by NAC. Thus, NAC administration even both after internal or external irradiation prevents ROS increase and eventual DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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8
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Dynamic In Vivo Profiling of DNA Damage and Repair after Radiotherapy Using Canine Patients as a Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061176. [PMID: 28587165 PMCID: PMC5485999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Time resolved data of DNA damage and repair after radiotherapy elucidates the relation between damage, repair, and cell survival. While well characterized in vitro, little is known about the time-course of DNA damage response in tumors sampled from individual patients. Kinetics of DNA damage after radiotherapy was assessed in eight dogs using repeated in vivo samples of tumor and co-irradiated normal tissue analyzed with comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) immunohistochemistry. In vivo results were then compared (in silico) with a dynamic mathematical model for DNA damage formation and repair. Maximum %DNA in tail was observed at 15–60 min after irradiation, with a rapid decrease. Time-courses of γH2AX-foci paralleled these findings with a small time delay and were not influenced by covariates. The evolutionary parameter search based on %DNA in tail revealed a good fit of the DNA repair model to in vivo data for pooled sarcoma time-courses, but fits for individual sarcoma time-courses suffer from the heterogeneous nature of the in vivo data. It was possible to follow dynamics of comet tail intensity and γH2AX-foci during a course of radiation using a minimally invasive approach. DNA repair can be quantitatively investigated as time-courses of individual patients by integrating this resulting data into a dynamic mathematical model.
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Knight JC, Koustoulidou S, Cornelissen B. Imaging the DNA damage response with PET and SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:1065-1078. [PMID: 28058462 PMCID: PMC5397662 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity is constantly challenged by endogenous and exogenous factors that can alter the DNA sequence, leading to mutagenesis, aberrant transcriptional activity, and cytotoxicity. Left unrepaired, damaged DNA can ultimately lead to the development of cancer. To overcome this threat, a series of complex mechanisms collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR) are able to detect the various types of DNA damage that can occur and stimulate the appropriate repair process. Each DNA damage repair pathway leads to the recruitment, upregulation, or activation of specific proteins within the nucleus, which, in some cases, can represent attractive targets for molecular imaging. Given the well-established involvement of DDR during tumorigenesis and cancer therapy, the ability to monitor these repair processes non-invasively using nuclear imaging techniques may facilitate the earlier detection of cancer and may also assist in monitoring response to DNA damaging treatment. This review article aims to provide an overview of recent efforts to develop PET and SPECT radiotracers for imaging of DNA damage repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Sofia Koustoulidou
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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10
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Bestgen S, Seidl C, Wiesner T, Zimmer A, Falk M, Köberle B, Austeri M, Paradies J, Bräse S, Schepers U, Roesky PW. Double-Strand DNA Breaks Induced by Paracyclophane Gold(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:6315-6322. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carmen Seidl
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martina Falk
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Köberle
- Institute of Applied Biosciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Martina Austeri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstraße 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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11
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Guo N, Du G, Liu W, Guo J, Wu R, Chen H, Wei J. Live cell imaging combined with high-energy single-ion microbeam. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:034301. [PMID: 27036791 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks can lead to cell carcinogenesis or cell death if not repaired rapidly and efficiently. An online live cell imaging system was established at the high energy microbeam facility at the Institute of Modern Physics to study early and fast cellular response to DNA damage after high linear energy transfer ion radiation. The HT1080 cells expressing XRCC1-RFP were irradiated with single high energy nickel ions, and time-lapse images of the irradiated cells were obtained online. The live cell imaging analysis shows that strand-break repair protein XRCC1 was recruited to the ion hit position within 20 s in the cells and formed bright foci in the cell nucleus. The fast recruitment of XRCC1 at the ion hits reached a maximum at about 200 s post-irradiation and then was followed by a slower release into the nucleoplasm. The measured dual-exponential kinetics of XRCC1 protein are consistent with the proposed consecutive reaction model, and the measurements obtained that the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 recruitment to DNA strand break is 1.2 × 10(-3) s(-1) and the reaction rate constant of the XRCC1 release from the break-XRCC1 complex is 1.2 × 10(-2) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guanghua Du
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruqun Wu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junzhe Wei
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Gago-Arias A, Aguiar P, Espinoza I, Sánchez-Nieto B, Pardo-Montero J. Modelling radiation-induced cell death and tumour re-oxygenation: local versus global and instant versus delayed cell death. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:1204-16. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/3/1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Knight JC, Topping C, Mosley M, Kersemans V, Falzone N, Fernández-Varea JM, Cornelissen B. PET imaging of DNA damage using (89)Zr-labelled anti-γH2AX-TAT immunoconjugates. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:1707-1717. [PMID: 26031435 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of most anticancer treatments, including radiotherapy, depends on an ability to cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Very early during the DNA damage signalling process, the histone isoform H2AX is phosphorylated to form γH2AX. With the aim of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of DSBs, we synthesized a (89)Zr-labelled anti-γH2AX antibody, modified with the cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, which includes a nuclear localization sequence. METHODS (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was synthesized using EDC/NHS chemistry for TAT peptide linkage. Desferrioxamine conjugation allowed labelling with (89)Zr. Uptake and retention of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was evaluated in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-468 in vitro or as xenografts in athymic mice. External beam irradiation was used to induce DSBs and expression of γH2AX. Since (89)Zr emits ionizing radiation, detailed radiobiological measurements were included to ensure (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT itself does not cause any additional DSBs. RESULTS Uptake of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was similar to previous results using (111)In-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Retention of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was eightfold higher at 1 h post irradiation, in cells expressing γH2AX, compared to non-irradiated cells or to non-specific IgG control. PET imaging of mice showed higher uptake of (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT in irradiated xenografts, compared to non-irradiated or non-specific controls (12.1 ± 1.6 vs 5.2 ± 1.9 and 5.1 ± 0.8%ID/g, respectively; p < 0.0001). The mean absorbed dose to the nucleus of cells taking up (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT was twofold lower compared to (111)In-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Additional exposure of neither irradiated nor non-irradiated cells nor tissues to (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT resulted in any significant changes in the number of observable DNA DSBs, γH2AX foci or clonogenic survival. CONCLUSION (89)Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT allows PET imaging of DNA DSBs in a tumour xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Caitríona Topping
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Michael Mosley
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Nadia Falzone
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Burns FJ, Tang MS, Wu F, Schmid E. Linking Gamma-H2AX Foci and Cancer in Rat Skin Exposed to Heavy Ions and Electron Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 109:157-170. [PMID: 26107436 PMCID: PMC4480601 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study uses acute doses of three test radiations, [Ar ions (L = 125 keVμ), Ne ions (L = 25 keVμ) and electron radiation] to examine a potential quantitative link between rat skin cancer induction and gamma-H2AX foci in rat keratinocytes exposed in vitro to radiations with comparable L values. Theory provided a testable link between cancer yield and gamma-H2AX foci yields: YCa(D,L)rat = (NF)2YAX(D,L)keratinocyte (eqn 1), where YCa(D,L) is cancers(rat) at 1.0 y, YAX(D,L) is in vitro gamma-H2AX foci(keratinocyte) , D is radiation dose, L is linear energy transfer, N is irradiated keratinocytes in vivo, and F is the error rate of end joining. An explicit expression for cancer yield was derived based on cancers arising in the ion track region in proportion to D and L (first term) and independently in proportion to D in the delta ray region in between the ion tracks (second term): YCa(D,L) = CCaLD + BCaD (eqn 1a). Parameters quantified include: CCa = 0.000589 ± 0.000150 cancers-micron[rat(kev)Gy]; BCa = 0.0088 ± 0.0035 cancers(ratGy), F = (8.18 ± 0.91) × 10; N = (8.8 ± 1.2) × 10 and (NF)2 = 0.036 ± 0.006 cancer keratinocyte(rat H2AX foci). Verification of eqns (1) and (1a) and the constancy of F support the hypothesis that end-rejoining errors play a major role in radiation carcinogenesis in rat skin. Cancer yields per rat were consistently predictable based on gamma-H2AX foci yields in keratinocytes in vitro such that 27.8 H2AXfoci(keratinocyte) predicted 1.0 cancer(rat) at 1 y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric J. Burns
- *NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987; †University of Munich, Institute of Cell Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- *NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987; †University of Munich, Institute of Cell Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Feng Wu
- *NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987; †University of Munich, Institute of Cell Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Schmid
- *NYU School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987; †University of Munich, Institute of Cell Biology, Munich, Germany
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Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Lake MC, Aboagye EO. Luciferase fragment complementation imaging in preclinical cancer studies. Oncoscience 2014; 1:310-25. [PMID: 25594026 PMCID: PMC4278313 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The luciferase fragment complementation assay (LFCA) enables molecular events to be non-invasively imaged in live cells in vitro and in vivo in a comparatively cheap and safe manner. It is a development of previous enzyme complementation assays in which reporter genes are split into two, individually enzymatically inactive, fragments that are able to complement one another upon interaction. This complementation can be used to externally visualize cellular activities. In recent years, the number of studies which have used LFCAs to probe questions relevant to cancer have increased, and this review summarizes the most significant and interesting of these. In particular, it focuses on work conducted on the epidermal growth factor, nuclear and chemokine receptor families, and intracellular signaling pathways, including IP3, cAMP, Akt, cMyc, NRF2 and Rho GTPases. LFCAs which have been developed to image DNA methylation and detect RNA transcripts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madryn C. Lake
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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TACC3 deregulates the DNA damage response and confers sensitivity to radiation and PARP inhibition. Oncogene 2014; 34:1667-78. [PMID: 24769898 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), an important factor in the centrosome-microtubule system, has been linked to a variety of human cancer types. We have recently reported on the oncogenic potential of TACC3; however, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 mediates oncogenic function remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that high levels of TACC3 lead to the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and disrupt the normal cellular response to DNA damage, at least in part, by negatively regulating the expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the subsequent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling cascade. Cells expressing high levels of TACC3 display defective checkpoints and DSB-mediated homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair systems, leading to genomic instability. Importantly, high levels of TACC3 confer cellular sensitization to radiation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Overall, our findings provide critical information regarding the mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to genomic instability, potentially leading to cancer development, and suggest a novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer types expressing high levels of TACC3.
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18
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Grosse N, van Loon B, Rohrer Bley C. DNA damage response and DNA repair - dog as a model? BMC Cancer 2014; 14:203. [PMID: 24641873 PMCID: PMC3995094 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Companion animals like dogs frequently develop tumors with age and similarly to human malignancies, display interpatient tumoral heterogeneity. Tumors are frequently characterized with regard to their mutation spectra, changes in gene expression or protein levels. Among others, these changes affect proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), which served as a basis for the development of numerous clinically relevant cancer therapies. Even though the effects of different DNA damaging agents, as well as DDR kinetics, have been well characterized in mammalian cells in vitro, very little is so far known about the kinetics of DDR in tumor and normal tissues in vivo. Discussion Due to (i) the similarities between human and canine genomes, (ii) the course of spontaneous tumor development, as well as (iii) common exposure to environmental agents, canine tumors are potentially an excellent model to study DDR in vivo. This is further supported by the fact that dogs show approximately the same rate of tumor development with age as humans. Though similarities between human and dog osteosarcoma, as well as mammary tumors have been well established, only few studies using canine tumor samples addressed the importance of affected DDR pathways in tumor progression, thus leaving many questions unanswered. Summary Studies in humans showed that misregulated DDR pathways play an important role during tumor development, as well as in treatment response. Since dogs are proposed to be a good tumor model in many aspects of cancer research, we herein critically investigate the current knowledge of canine DDR and discuss (i) its future potential for studies on the in vivo level, as well as (ii) its possible translation to veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Cyran CC, Paprottka PM, Eisenblätter M, Clevert DA, Rist C, Nikolaou K, Lauber K, Wenz F, Hausmann D, Reiser MF, Belka C, Niyazi M. Visualization, imaging and new preclinical diagnostics in radiation oncology. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:3. [PMID: 24387195 PMCID: PMC3903445 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative strategies in cancer radiotherapy are stimulated by the growing knowledge on cellular and molecular tumor biology, tumor pathophysiology, and tumor microenvironment. In terms of tumor diagnostics and therapy monitoring, the reliable delineation of tumor boundaries and the assessment of tumor heterogeneity are increasingly complemented by the non-invasive characterization of functional and molecular processes, moving preclinical and clinical imaging from solely assessing tumor morphology towards the visualization of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Functional and molecular imaging techniques allow for the non-invasive characterization of tissues in vivo, using different modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI). With novel therapeutic concepts combining optimized radiotherapy with molecularly targeted agents focusing on tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell death, the non-invasive assessment of tumor microcirculation and tissue water diffusion, together with strategies for imaging the mechanisms of cellular injury and repair is of particular interest. Characterizing the tumor microenvironment prior to and in response to irradiation will help to optimize the outcome of radiotherapy. These novel concepts of personalized multi-modal cancer therapy require careful pre-treatment stratification as well as a timely and efficient therapy monitoring to maximize patient benefit on an individual basis. Functional and molecular imaging techniques are key in this regard to open novel opportunities for exploring and understanding the underlying mechanisms with the perspective to optimize therapeutic concepts and translate them into a personalized form of radiotherapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens C Cyran
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiology, University of Munich Hospitals, Campus Großhadern, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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20
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White RR, Sung P, Vestal CG, Benedetto G, Cornelio N, Richardson C. Double-strand break repair by interchromosomal recombination: an in vivo repair mechanism utilized by multiple somatic tissues in mammals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84379. [PMID: 24349572 PMCID: PMC3862804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for accurate genome duplication and maintenance of genome stability. In eukaryotes, chromosomal double strand breaks (DSBs) are central to HR during specialized developmental programs of meiosis and antigen receptor gene rearrangements, and form at unusual DNA structures and stalled replication forks. DSBs also result from exposure to ionizing radiation, reactive oxygen species, some anti-cancer agents, or inhibitors of topoisomerase II. Literature predicts that repair of such breaks normally will occur by non-homologous end-joining (in G1), intrachromosomal HR (all phases), or sister chromatid HR (in S/G2). However, no in vivo model is in place to directly determine the potential for DSB repair in somatic cells of mammals to occur by HR between repeated sequences on heterologs (i.e., interchromosomal HR). To test this, we developed a mouse model with three transgenes—two nonfunctional green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes each containing a recognition site for the I-SceI endonuclease, and a tetracycline-inducible I-SceI endonuclease transgene. If interchromosomal HR can be utilized for DSB repair in somatic cells, then I-SceI expression and induction of DSBs within the GFP reporters may result in a functional GFP+ gene. Strikingly, GFP+ recombinant cells were observed in multiple organs with highest numbers in thymus, kidney, and lung. Additionally, bone marrow cultures demonstrated interchromosomal HR within multiple hematopoietic subpopulations including multi-lineage colony forming unit–granulocyte-erythrocyte-monocyte-megakaryocte (CFU-GEMM) colonies. This is a direct demonstration that somatic cells in vivo search genome-wide for homologous sequences suitable for DSB repair, and this type of repair can occur within early developmental populations capable of multi-lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. White
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patricia Sung
- Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - C. Greer Vestal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory Benedetto
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noelle Cornelio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lyons SK, Patrick PS, Brindle KM. Imaging mouse cancer models in vivo using reporter transgenes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:685-99. [PMID: 23906907 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mouse models of cancer with reporter transgenes has become a relatively common experimental approach in the laboratory, which allows noninvasive and longitudinal investigation of diverse aspects of tumor biology in vivo. Our goal here is to outline briefly the principles of the relevant imaging modalities, emphasizing particularly their strengths and weaknesses and what the researcher can expect in a practical sense from each of these techniques. Furthermore, we discuss how relatively subtle modifications in the way reporter transgene expression is regulated in the cell underpin the ability of reporter transgenes as a whole to provide readouts on such varied aspects of tumor biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Lyons
- Department of Molecular Imaging, CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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Vignard J, Mirey G, Salles B. Ionizing-radiation induced DNA double-strand breaks: a direct and indirect lighting up. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:362-9. [PMID: 23849169 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation has been extensively studied by biochemical or cell imaging techniques. Cell imaging development relies on technical advances as well as our knowledge of the cell DNA damage response (DDR) process. The DDR involves a complex network of proteins that initiate and coordinate DNA damage signaling and repair activities. As some DDR proteins assemble at DSBs in an established spatio-temporal pattern, visible nuclear foci are produced. In addition, post-translational modifications are important for the signaling and the recruitment of specific partners at damaged chromatin foci. We briefly review here the most widely used methods to study DSBs. We also discuss the development of indirect methods, using reporter expression or intra-nuclear antibodies, to follow the production of DSBs in real time and in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Vignard
- INRA, UMR1331, Université de Toulouse, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), F-31027 Toulouse, France
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Ivashkevich A, Redon CE, Nakamura AJ, Martin RF, Martin OA. Use of the γ-H2AX assay to monitor DNA damage and repair in translational cancer research. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:123-33. [PMID: 22198208 PMCID: PMC3329565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of γ-H2AX in response to DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) provides the basis for a sensitive assay of DNA damage in human biopsies. The review focuses on the application of γ-H2AX-based methods to translational studies to monitor the clinical response to DNA targeted therapies such as some forms of chemotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, radionuclide therapy or combinations thereof. The escalating attention on radiation biodosimetry has also highlighted the potential of the assay including renewed efforts to assess the radiosensitivity of prospective radiotherapy patients. Finally the γ-H2AX response has been suggested as a basis for an in vivo imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ivashkevich
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Roger F. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Brogan J, Li F, Li W, He Z, Huang Q, Li CY. Imaging molecular pathways: reporter genes. Radiat Res 2012; 177:508-13. [PMID: 22348248 DOI: 10.1667/rr2918.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a rapidly advancing field that allows cancer biologists to look deeper into the complex inner workings of tumor cells, or whole tumors, in a non-invasive manner. In this review, we will summarize some recent advances that enable investigators to study various important biological processes in tumors in vivo. We will discuss novel imaging approaches that allow investigators to visualize and quantify molecular pathways, such as receptor tyrosine kinase activation, hypoxia signal transduction, apoptosis, and DNA double-strand breaks. Select examples of these applications will be discussed. Because of the limited scope of this review, we will only focus on natural reporters, such as bioluminescence and fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brogan
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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25
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Ho B, Baker PM, Singh S, Shih SJ, Vaughan AT. Localized DNA cleavage secondary to genotoxic exposure adjacent to an Alu inverted repeat. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:501-9. [PMID: 22334386 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a potent inducer of DNA damage leading to both random DNA loss and mutation. As part of a study focused on the mechanism whereby cells undergo loss of heterozygosity (LOH), a region of common LOH telomeric termination at 11q24 was observed in clones of H292 mucoepidermoid cells established after irradiation (IR). A 10-kbp region including the telomeric extent of LOH termination was analyzed after IR using six sets of ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to detect the presence of DNA breaks. A cluster of DNA breaks was detected that closely mapped to the telomeric extent of LOH and which were observed up to 8 hr after IR. Repeating the experiment in the presence of the inhibitor of apoptosis, zVAD.fmk, did not change the location or amount of cleavage. A similar distribution of breaks was also seen in the MCF-10A breast cancer cell line after IR. Further inspection of the involved region showed that 22/32 and 7/7 DNA breaks found in H292 and MCF-10A cells, respectively, were located either in or immediately adjacent to an AluSx1 sequence, itself ≈ 1 kbp 5' to an AluSq2 that was in an inverted orientation to the AluSx1. The region between the inverted Alu repeats was notable for both DNAse hypersensitivity and an open chromatin conformation inferred from histone modification data. These factors may contribute to genomic instability at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bay Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Okayasu R. Repair of DNA damage induced by accelerated heavy ions--a mini review. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:991-1000. [PMID: 21935920 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing use of heavy ions for cancer therapy and concerns from exposure to heavy charged particles in space necessitate the study of the basic biological mechanisms associated with exposure to heavy ions. As the most critical damage induced by ionizing radiation is DNA double strand break (DSB), this review focuses on DSBs induced by heavy ions and their repair processes. Compared with X- or gamma-rays, high-linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ion radiation induces more complex DNA damage, categorized into DSBs and non-DSB oxidative clustered DNA lesions (OCDL). This complexity makes the DNA repair process more difficult, partially due to retarded enzymatic activities, leading to increased chromosome aberrations and cell death. In general, the repair process following heavy ion exposure is LET-dependent, but with nonhomologous end joining defective cells, this trend is less emphasized. The variation in cell survival levels throughout the cell cycle is less prominent in cells exposed to high-LET heavy ions when compared with low LET, but this mechanism has not been well understood until recently. Involvement of several DSB repair proteins is suggested to underlie this interesting phenomenon. Recent improvements in radiation-induced foci studies combined with high-LET heavy ion exposure could provide a useful opportunity for more in depth study of DSB repair processes. Accelerated heavy ions have become valuable tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying repair of DNA DSBs, the most crucial form of DNA damage induced by radiation and various chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okayasu
- International Open Laboratory and Heavy-ion Radiobiology Research Group, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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