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Han M, Zhu H, Chen X, Luo X. 6-O-endosulfatases in tumor metastasis: heparan sulfate proteoglycans modification and potential therapeutic targets. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:897-916. [PMID: 38455409 PMCID: PMC10915330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Although advances in the targeted treatment and immunotherapy have improved the management of some cancers, the prognosis of metastatic cancers remains unsatisfied. Therefore, the specific mechanisms in tumor metastasis need further investigation. 6-O-endosulfatases (SULFs), comprising sulfatase1 (SULF1) and sulfatase 2 (SULF2), play pivotal roles in the post-synthetic modifications of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Consequently, these extracellular enzymes can regulate a variety of downstream pathways by modulating HSPGs function. During the past decades, researchers have detected the expression of SULF1 and SULF2 in most cancers and revealed their roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein we reviewed the metastasis steps which SULFs participated in, elucidated the specific roles and mechanisms of SULFs in metastasis process, and discussed the effects of SULFs in different types of cancers. Moreover, we summarized the role of targeting SULFs in combination therapy to treat metastatic cancers, which provided some novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Han
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - He Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary DiseasesWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Chang X, Obianwuna UE, Wang J, Zhang H, Qi G, Qiu K, Wu S. Glycosylated proteins with abnormal glycosylation changes are potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123855. [PMID: 36868337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer management relies on tumor type and stage for diagnosis and treatment, which leads to recurrence and metastasis and death in young women. Early detection of proteins in the serum aids diagnosis, progression, and clinical outcomes, possibly improving survival rate of breast cancer patients. In this review, we provided an insight into the influence of aberrant glycosylation on breast cancer development and progression. Examined literatures revealed that mechanisms underlying glycosylation moieties alteration could enhance early detection, monitoring, and therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer patients. This would serve as a guide for the development of new serum biomarkers with higher sensitivity and specificity, providing possible serological biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shugeng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Role of Prosaposin and Extracellular Sulfatase Sulf-1 Detection in Pleural Effusions as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Malignant Mesothelioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112803. [PMID: 36359323 PMCID: PMC9687327 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. Unilateral pleural effusion is frequently the initial clinical sign requiring therapeutic thoracentesis, which also offers a diagnostic opportunity. Detection of soluble biomarkers can support diagnosis, but few show good diagnostic accuracy. Here, we studied the expression levels and discriminative power of two putative biomarkers, prosaposin and extracellular sulfatase SULF-1, identified by proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, respectively. Pleural effusions from a total of 44 patients (23 with mesothelioma, 8 with lung cancer, and 13 with non-malignant disease) were analyzed for prosaposin and SULF-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pleural effusions from mesothelioma patients had significantly higher levels of prosaposin and SULF-1 than those from non-malignant disease patients. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that both biomarkers have good discriminating power as pointed out by an AUC value of 0.853 (p = 0.0005) and 0.898 (p < 0.0001) for prosaposin and SULF-1, respectively. Combining data ensued a model predicting improvement of the diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.916, p < 0.0001). In contrast, prosaposin couldn’t discriminate mesothelioma patients from lung cancer patients while ROC analysis of SULF-1 data produced an AUC value of 0.821 (p = 0.0077) but with low sensitivity. In conclusion, prosaposin and SULF-1 levels determined in pleural effusion may be promising biomarkers for differential diagnosis between mesothelioma and non-malignant pleural disease. Instead, more patients need to be enrolled before granting the possible usefulness of these soluble proteins in differentiating mesothelioma pleural effusions from those linked to lung cancer.
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He G, Peng X, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Huang M, Tang S, Jin H, Liu J, Zhang S, Zheng H, Fan Q, Liu J, Yang L, Li H. Exosomes in the hypoxic TME: from release, uptake and biofunctions to clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:19. [PMID: 35039054 PMCID: PMC8762953 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the expression of cancer hallmarks (increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, immune evasion, and so on) and more frequent cell communication. Because of the adaptation of cancer cells to hypoxia, exploring the association between cell communication mediators and hypoxia has become increasingly important. Exosomes are important information carriers in cell-to-cell communication. Abundant evidence has proven that hypoxia effects in the TME are mediated by exosomes, with the occasional formation of feedback loops. In this review, we equally focus on the biogenesis and heterogeneity of cancer-derived exosomes and their functions under hypoxia and describe the known and potential mechanism ascribed to exosomes and hypoxia. Notably, we call attention to the size change of hypoxic cancer cell-derived exosomes, a characteristic long neglected, and propose some possible effects of this size change. Finally, jointly considering recent developments in the understanding of exosomes and tumors, we describe noteworthy problems in this field that urgently need to be solved for better research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng He
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyu Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Lu J, Wang Y, Hu Y, Yang B. Lnc-H19 enhances anaerobic glycolysis of keloid fibroblasts by targeting the miR-214-5p/FGF2 axis. Burns 2021:S0305-4179(21)00200-X. [PMID: 34887123 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 has been demonstrated as vital regulator in tumors. However, whether lnc-H19 mediated the development of keloid fibroblasts (KD) was unknown, this study was aimed to clarify the role and molecular mechanisms of lnc-H19 in KD. We have investigated the expression levels of lnc-H19, miR-214-5p and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in KD skin samples and normal skin tissues as well as matched cells by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. The glycolysis ability of keloid fibroblasts was assessed by measuring glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP level. The western blot assay was used to assay the expression levels of FGF2 and hexokinase 2 (HK2). Migration and invasion were analyzed by transwell in keloid fibroblasts. The bioinformatics database and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to search and identify the target of miR-214-5p and lnc-H19. Lnc-H19 was overexpressed in KD tissues and keloid fibroblasts than normal skin tissues and normal fibroblasts, respectively. Small interfering RNA of lnc-H19 treatment markedly inhibited glycolysis, migration and invasion of keloid fibroblasts exposed to hypoxia, which was reserved by silencing of miR-214-5p or upregulation of FGF2. Mechanistically, lnc-H19 regulated KD development by regulation of miR-214-5p/FGF2 axis. In summary, lnc-H19 may exert regulatory functions in KD by targeting miR-214-5p/FGF2 axis, further regulated glycolysis, migration and invasion in keloid fibroblasts exposed to hypoxia, which might be a potential marker of KD diagnosis or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxu Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanuan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Biaobing Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
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Anticancer Effects of Herbal Medicine Compounds and Novel Formulations: a Literature Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:765-773. [PMID: 32140897 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many agents disrupt the cell cycle and its signaling circuits leading to cancer progress. Cancer therapy is performed by surgery, radiation, and chemical drugs remaining some side effects. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anticancer traits of herbal medicines. METHODS We collected previously published data in searching engines (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and SCOPUS) by searching key words "herbal medicine," "anticancer effect," "compounds," and "fractions." RESULTS Herbal medicines have unraveled anticancer effects mostly through cancer cells apoptosis via blocking NF-κB pathway by curcumin and terpenoides; CD95 signaling and enhancement of CD95L expression by resveratrol; and inhibiting tyrosine kinas, angiogenesis, and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase by β-lapachone-genistein and cytochrome-c release into the cytosol and caspase-9 activation by biocalein and quercetin. Additionally, impeding cell cycle in the G1 phase in ovarian cancer cells by 7-hydroxystaurosporine, immune cells enrichment (neutrophils and NK cells activation by Viscum album L., T cells and NK cells activation and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor release by Ganoderma lucidum and microRNAs regulation (by Sinomeniumacutum, shikonin, Oleaeuropaea, curcumin and ginseng). These effects have implications for proper cancer cells elimination. It has been revealed that cytotoxic effects of herbal compounds (mostly those secondary metabolites) have exerted anticancer properties against several cancer cell lines. In addition, targeting microRNAs, nanoparticle-assisted herbal synergism, and novel drug delivery systems and combination chemotherapies have also emerged exerting higher efficacies for specific cell targeting as novel cancer therapy approaches. CONCLUSION Considering side effects, toxicity, and higher costs of common cancer therapy approaches, application of novel herbal medicine-based therapies will confer promising insights for health outcomes.
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Chen F, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Liu Q, Pu F. HSulf‑1 and palbociclib exert synergistic antitumor effects on RB‑positive triple‑negative breast cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:223-236. [PMID: 32377705 PMCID: PMC7252455 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sulfatase-1 (HSulf-1) is emerging as a novel prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Previous studies demonstrated HSulf-1 to function as a negative regulator of cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Accumulating preclinical evidence is supporting the efficacy of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors against the luminal androgen receptor sub-type of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). It was therefore hypothesized that HSulf-1 may cooperate with CDK4/6 inhibitors to control cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells. HSulf-1 expression was found to be downregulated in TNBC tissues and cell lines compared with that in healthy tissues and non-breast cancer cell lines, respectively. High levels of HSulf-1 expression was also found to be associated with increased progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with TNBC. Functionally, it was demonstrated that HSulf-1 served as tumor suppressor in TNBC by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis whilst inhibiting proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion. Subsequent overexpression of HSulf-1 coupled with treatment with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib exhibited a synergistic antitumor effect on retinoblastoma (RB)-positive TNBC. Further studies revealed the mechanism underlying this cooperative antiproliferative effect involved to be due to the prohibitive effects of HSulf-1 on the palbociclib-induced accumulation of cyclin D1 through AKT/STAT3 and ERK1/2/STAT3 signaling. Taken together, findings from the present study not only suggest that HSulf-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for TNBC, but also indicate that combinatorial treatment could be an alternative therapeutic option for RB-positive TNBC, which may open novel perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of The Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, P.R. China
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Sulfated glycolipid PG545 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and augments autophagic flux by enhancing anticancer chemotherapy efficacy in endometrial cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114003. [PMID: 32360360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated glycolipid PG545 shows promising antitumor activity in various cancers. This study was conducted to explore the effects and the mechanism of PG545 action in endometrial cancer (EC). PG545 exhibited strong synergy as assessed by the Chou-Talalay-Method in vitro when combined with cisplatin, or paclitaxel in both type I (Hec1B) and type II (ARK2) EC cell lines. While PG545 showed antitumor activity as monotherapy, a combination of PG545 with paclitaxel and cisplatin was highly effective in reducing the tumor burden and significantly prolonged survival of both Hec1B and ARK2 xenograft bearing mice. Mechanistically, PG545 elicits ER stress as an early response with resultant induction of autophagy. Our data demonstrated an increase in pERK, Bip/Grp78, IRE1α, Calnexin and CHOP/GADD153 within 6-24 hrs of PG545 treatment in EC cells. In parallel, PG545 also blocked FGF2 and HB-EGF mediated signaling in EC cells. Moreover, melatonin-mediated ER stress inhibition reduced PG545-mediated autophagy and PG545 in combination with cisplatin further heightened this stress response. Collectively these data indicate that PG545 exhibits strong synergistic effects with chemotherapeutics in vitro and showed promising antitumor activity in vivo. Our preclinical data indicates that in future studies PG545 can be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy in endometrial cancer.
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Chen X, Zhao H, Chen C, Li J, He J, Fu X, Zhao H. The HPA/SDC1 axis promotes invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by activating EMT via FGF2 upregulation. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:211-220. [PMID: 31897132 PMCID: PMC6924090 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by the absence of early specific clinical symptoms, accompanied with rapid metastasis and invasion. It is one of the most prevalent types of cancer and more importantly, one of the most common types of malignant cancer with the highest mortality rate of all cancer types. The heparanase (HPA)/syndecan-1 (SDC1) axis has been reported to promote tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis in a variety of cancer types; however, studies into the role and mechanism of the HPA/SDC1 axis in pancreatic cancer are limited. The present study aimed to investigate the biological function and clinical significance of the HPA/SDC1 axis in pancreatic cancer. The results demonstrated that HPA is elevated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines, and that its high expression was associated with poor prognosis. HPA was revealed to mediate an increase in fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression by upregulating the expression of SDC1. Conversely, silencing HPA mediated the suppression of FGF2 expression. Furthermore, upregulated FGF2 was observed to increase the expression of downstream Palladin proteins by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and also lead to the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Subsequently, EMT was found to promote the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. In summary, the HPA/SDC1 axis was revealed to serve an important role in the regulation of FGF2, and was found to promote the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings indicated that the HPA/SDC1 axis may be used as an effective therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidong Chen
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Changzhou Chen
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Jiefeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Haoliang Zhao
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
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Kumar S, Oien DB, Khurana A, Cliby W, Hartmann L, Chien J, Shridhar V. Coiled-Coil and C2 Domain-Containing Protein 1A (CC2D1A) Promotes Chemotherapy Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:986. [PMID: 31632917 PMCID: PMC6779793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence within 6 months of the last round of chemotherapy is clinically defined as platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Gene expression associated with early recurrence may provide insights into platinum resistant recurrence. Prior studies identified a 14-gene model that accurately predicted early or late recurrence in 86% of patients. One of the genes identified was CC2D1A (encoding coiled-coil and C2 domain containing 1A), which showed higher expression in tumors from patients with early recurrence. Here, we show that CC2D1A protein expression was higher in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines compared to cisplatin-sensitive cell lines. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of patient tumors on a tissue microarray (n = 146) showed that high levels of CC2D1A were associated with a significantly worse overall and progression-free survival (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.006, respectively). To understand the contribution of CC2D1A in chemoresistance, we generated shRNA-mediated knockdown of CC2D1A in SKOV3ip and PEO4 cell lines. Cell death and clonogenic assays of these isogenic clonal lines clearly showed that downregulation of CC2D1A resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, nude mice bearing SKOV3ip xenografts with stably downregulated CC2D1A were more sensitive to chemotherapy as evidenced by a significantly longer survival time compared to xenografts derived from cells stably transduced with non-targeting shRNA. These results suggest CC2D1A promotes chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Derek B Oien
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William Cliby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lynn Hartmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Morla S. Glycosaminoglycans and Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics in Cancer and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081963. [PMID: 31013618 PMCID: PMC6514582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biomolecules expressed virtually on all mammalian cells and usually covalently attached to proteins, forming proteoglycans. They are present not only on the cell surface, but also in the intracellular milieu and extracellular matrix. GAGs interact with multiple ligands, both soluble and insoluble, and modulate an important role in various physiological and pathological processes including cancer, bacterial and viral infections, inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, and many more. Considering their involvement in multiple diseases, their use in the development of drugs has been of significant interest in both academia and industry. Many GAG-based drugs are being developed with encouraging results in animal models and clinical trials, showcasing their potential for development as therapeutics. In this review, the role GAGs play in both the development and inhibition of cancer and inflammation is presented. Further, advancements in the development of GAGs and their mimetics as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Morla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of biomolecules expressed virtually on all mammalian cells and usually covalently attached to proteins, forming proteoglycans. They are present not only on the cell surface, but also in the intracellular milieu and extracellular matrix. GAGs interact with multiple ligands, both soluble and insoluble, and modulate an important role in various physiological and pathological processes including cancer, bacterial and viral infections, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and many more. Considering their involvement in multiple diseases, their use in the development of drugs has been of significant interest in both academia and industry. Many GAG-based drugs are being developed with encouraging results in animal models and clinical trials, showcasing their potential for development as therapeutics. In this review, the role GAGs play in both the development and inhibition of cancer and inflammation is presented. Further, advancements in the development of GAGs and their mimetics as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents are discussed.
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13
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Zhang B, Ban D, Gou X, Zhang Y, Yang L, Chamba Y, Zhang H. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs under high-altitude hypoxia. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:25. [PMID: 30867905 PMCID: PMC6397503 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tibetan pigs, which inhabit the Tibetan Plateau, exhibit distinct phenotypic and physiological characteristics from those of lowland pigs and have adapted well to the extreme conditions at high altitude. However, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of hypoxic adaptation in animals remain unclear. Methods Whole-genome DNA methylation data were generated for heart tissues of Tibetan pigs grown in the highland (TH, n = 4) and lowland (TL, n = 4), as well as Yorkshire pigs grown in the highland (YH, n = 4) and lowland (YL, n = 4), using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing. Results We obtained 480 million reads and detected 280679, 287224, 259066, and 332078 methylation enrichment peaks in TH, YH, TL, and YL, respectively. Pairwise TH vs. YH, TL vs. YL, TH vs. TL, and YH vs. YL comparisons revealed 6829, 11997, 2828, and 1286 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), respectively. These DMRs contained 384, 619, 192, and 92 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), respectively. DMGs that were enriched in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway and pathways involved in cancer and hypoxia-related processes were considered to be important candidate genes for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan pigs. Conclusions This study elucidates the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms involved in hypoxic adaptation in pigs and may help further understand human hypoxia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dongmei Ban
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiao Gou
- 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lin Yang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yangzom Chamba
- 3College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000 Tibet China
| | - Hao Zhang
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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14
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Huang X, Wang L, Liu W, Li F. MicroRNA-497-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating FGF2. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3425-3431. [PMID: 30867780 PMCID: PMC6396182 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In particular, microRNA-497-5p (miR-497-5p) has been proposed as a tumor suppressor miRNA in human cancers. However, the role of miR-497-5p and its potential molecular mechanism associated with NSCLC are less studied. Therefore, the role of miR-497-5p in the pathogenesis of NSCLC was investigated. In the present study, the expression of miR-497-5p was significantly downregulated in NSCLC. Moreover, overexpression of miR-497-5p inhibited the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells by suppressing FGF2. In addition, FGF2 was a downstream target of miR-497-5p in NSCLC. FGF2 was upregulated in NSCLC promoting cell proliferation and invasion. Overexpression of FGF2 impaired the inhibitory effect of miR-497-5p in NSCLC. Taken together, these results demonstrate that miR-497-5p is a tumor suppressor miRNA and demonstrate its potential for future use in the treatment of human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaori Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, P.R. China
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15
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Lyu Y, Cheng Y, Wang B, Chen L, Zhao S. Sulfatase 1 expression in pancreatic cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological features and postoperative prognosis. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:701-707. [PMID: 29843217 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) plays a crucial role in the genesis, development, and progression of tumors. However, there have been few studies on the role of SULF1 in pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE The present study examined the differences in SULF1 expression levels between pancreatic cancer and normal tissues, and their correlation with the clinicopathological features and prognosis. METHODS A total of 65 pancreatic cancer samples were enrolled in this study. An immunohistochemical assay were used in this study. The relationship between SULF1 expression and clinicopathological features were tested using χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative survival rates of the patients. RESULTS The study showed that the SULF1 expression level was higher in pancreatic cancer tissues than in normal tissues. Analysis of the clinical and pathological data of patients revealed that high SULF1 expression was associated with later T, N, and TNM stages, higher CA19-9 levels, smaller tumor size, and poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that SULF1 could be an indicator of the clinicopathological features and prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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16
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Sulfatase-1 knockdown promotes in vitro and in vivo aggressive behavior of murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-P cells through up-regulation of mesothelin. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:603-613. [PMID: 29275459 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study (Oncotarget 2016; 7:46) demonstrated that the over-expression of sulfatase-1 in murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cell line (a murine HCC cell with lymph node metastatic [LNM] rate of >75%) downregulates mesothelin and leads to reduction in lymphatic metastasis, both in vitro and in vivo. In current work, we investigated the effects of Sulf-1 knockdown on mesothelin (Msln) and it's effects on the in vitro cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and in vivo tumor growth and LNM rate for Hca-P cells (a murine HCC cell with LNM rate of <25%). Western blotting and qRT-PCR assay indicated that both in vitro and in vivo Sulf-1 was down-regulated by 75% and 68% and led to up regulation of Msln by 55% in shRNA-transfected-Sulf-1-Hca-P cells compared with Hca-P and nonspecific sequence control plasmid transfected Hca-P cell (shRNA-Nc-Hca-P). The in vitro proliferation, migration and invasion potentials were significantly enhanced following Sulf-1 stable down-regulation. In addition, Sulf-1 knock-down significantly promoted tumor growth and increased LNM rates of shRNA-Sulf-1-Hca-P-transplanted mice by 78.6% (11 out of 14 lymph nodes were positive of cancer). Consistent with our previous work, we confirmed that Sulf-1 plays an important role in hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. The interaction between Sulf-1 and Msln is a potential therapeutic target in the development of liver cancer therapy.
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17
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Wang J, Li L, Jiang M, Li Y. MicroRNA-195 inhibits human gastric cancer by directly targeting basic fibroblast growth factor. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1320-1328. [PMID: 28500362 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the fatal malignancies worldwide with high occurrences but poor outcomes. bFGF has been shown to play significant roles in GC. Yet, whether bFGF affects the development of GC is less studied. METHODS MicroRNA assays, real-time PCR, and western blot were conducted for expression analysis of miR-195-5p and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Luciferase activity was measured with mutated bFGF 3'-UTR sequence at the 3' end of the luciferase gene. Two GC cell lines, SNU-1 and KATO-3 overexpressing miR-195-5p and bFGF were subjected to wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay. Mouse GC xenograft model was established and subjected to tumor size analysis. RESULTS Expression levels of miR-195-5p and bFGF showed negative correlation in human GC tissues. MiR-195-5p directly targeted bFGF 3'-UTR as demonstrated by luciferase activity assay. MiR-195-5p, through downregulating bFGF, inhibited the migration and invasion of SNU-1 and KATO-3 cells, as well as tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model, which could be restored by re-introduction of bFGF. CONCLUSIONS MiR-195-5p inhibits tumorigenesis of GC through suppressing bFGF, which supports both miR-195-5p and bFGF as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.,Department of General Surgery, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei Second People's Hospital, GuangDe Road, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - L Li
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei Second People's Hospital, GuangDe Road, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - M Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei Second People's Hospital, GuangDe Road, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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18
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Wang F, Jiang H, Wang S, Chen B. Dual Functional MicroRNA-186-5p Targets both FGF2 and RelA to Suppress Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1433-1442. [PMID: 28213656 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malignant cancers. MicroRNAs (miRs) were reported to play important roles in GBM recently. However, the role of a novel miR-186-5p in GBM tumorigenesis is still elusive. Using bioinformatics, miR-186-5p was identified as potential regulators of both fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and NF-κB subunit RelA. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the direct recognition FGF2 and RelA mRNAs by miR-186-5p. Invasion and migration assays were employed to study the effect of miR-186-5p on GBM cell growth in vitro. Xenograft tumor animal model was established to elucidate the in vivo function of miR-186-5p. MiR-186-5p directly targeted mRNAs of both FGF2 and RelA, and repressed their expressions. Invasive and migratory abilities of GBM cells and growth of xenograft tumors were significantly inhibited by miR-186-5p, which can be restored by re-introduction of FGF2 and RelA expressions. MiR-186-5p is a novel tumor suppressor miR that functions to inhibit tumorigenesis of GBM both in vitro and in vivo, by targeting both FGF2 and RelA. MiR-186-5p/FGF2/RelA pathway may be potentially used as molecular targets of in the clinical treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fachen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, No. 4138 Linglongshan Road, Qingzhoushi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Qingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.2727 Haidai Road, Qingzhoushi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, No. 4138 Linglongshan Road, Qingzhoushi, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Wang F, Yang L, Sun J, Zheng J, Shi L, Zhang G, Cui N. Tumor suppressors microRNA-302d and microRNA-16 inhibit human glioblastoma multiforme by targeting NF-κB and FGF2. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1345-1354. [PMID: 28497156 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-302d and microRNA-16 inhibit glioblastoma multiforme by targeting NF-κB p65 and FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Baoding City
- Baoding 071051
- China
| | - Gengshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Reproductive Medicine
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
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20
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Overexpression of sulfatase-1 in murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cell line downregulates mesothelin and leads to reduction in lymphatic metastasis, both in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 7:75052-75063. [PMID: 27626699 PMCID: PMC5342722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels function as transport channels for tumor cells to metastasize from the primary site into the lymph nodes. In this experiment we evaluated the effect of Sulfatase-1 (Sulf-1) on metastasis by upregulating it in murine hepatocarcinoma cell line Hca-F with high lymph node metastatic rate of >75%. The study in vitro showed that upregulation of Sulf-1 in Hca-F cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion (p<0.05). Also, the forced expression of Sulf-1 downregulated Mesothelin (Msln) at both the protein and mRNA levels. The experiment in vivo further showed that up-regulation of Sulf-1 with the attendant downregulation of mesothelin delayed tumor growth and decreased lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, our findings show that Sulf-1 is an important tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its overexpression downregulates Msln and results in a decrease in HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and lymphatic metastasis. This functional relationship between Sulf-1 and Msln could be exploited for the development of a novel liver cancer therapy.
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21
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Khurana A, Roy D, Kalogera E, Mondal S, Wen X, He X, Dowdy S, Shridhar V. Quinacrine promotes autophagic cell death and chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer and attenuates tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:36354-69. [PMID: 26497553 PMCID: PMC4742182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising new strategy for cancer therapy is to target the autophagic pathway. In the current study, we demonstrate that the antimalarial drug Quinacrine (QC) reduces cell viability and promotes chemotherapy-induced cell death in an autophagy-dependent manner more extensively in chemoresistant cells compared to their isogenic chemosensitive control cells as quantified by the Chou-Talalay methodology. Our preliminary data, in vitro and in vivo, indicate that QC induces autophagy by downregulating p62/SQSTM1 to sensitize chemoresistant cells to autophagic- and caspase-mediated cell death in a p53-independent manner. QC promotes autophagosome accumulation and enhances autophagic flux by clearance of p62 in chemoresistant ovarain cancer (OvCa) cell lines to a greater extent compared to their chemosensitive controls. Notably, p62 levels were elevated in chemoresistant OvCa cell lines and knockdown of p62 in these cells resulted in a greater response to QC treatment. Bafilomycin A, an autophagy inhibitor, restored p62 levels and reversed QC-mediated cell death and thus chemosensitization. Importantly, our in vivo data shows that QC alone and in combination with carboplatin suppresses tumor growth and ascites in the highly chemoresistant HeyA8MDR OvCa model compared to carboplatin treatment alone. Collectively, our preclinical data suggest that QC in combination with carboplatin can be an effective treatment for patients with chemoresistant OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eleftheria Kalogera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sean Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Mondal S, Roy D, Camacho-Pereira J, Khurana A, Chini E, Yang L, Baddour J, Stilles K, Padmabandu S, Leung S, Kalloger S, Gilks B, Lowe V, Dierks T, Hammond E, Dredge K, Nagrath D, Shridhar V. HSulf-1 deficiency dictates a metabolic reprograming of glycolysis and TCA cycle in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33705-19. [PMID: 26378042 PMCID: PMC4741796 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect has emerged as a potential hallmark of many cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms that led to this metabolic state of aerobic glycolysis, particularly in ovarian cancer (OVCA) have not been completely elucidated. HSulf-1 predominantly functions by limiting the bioavailability of heparan binding growth factors and hence their downstream signaling. Here we report that HSulf-1, a known putative tumor suppressor, is a negative regulator of glycolysis. Silencing of HSulf-1 expression in OV202 cell line increased glucose uptake and lactate production by upregulating glycolytic genes such as Glut1, HKII, LDHA, as well as metabolites. Conversely, HSulf-1 overexpression in TOV21G cells resulted in the down regulation of glycolytic enzymes and reduced glycolytic phenotype, supporting the role of HSulf-1 loss in enhanced aerobic glycolysis. HSulf-1 deficiency mediated glycolytic enhancement also resulted in increased inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) thus blocking the entry of glucose flux into TCA cycle. Consistent with this, metabolomic and isotope tracer analysis showed reduced glucose flux into TCA cycle. Moreover, HSulf-1 loss is associated with lower oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and impaired mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, lack of HSulf-1 promotes c-Myc induction through HB-EGF-mediated p-ERK activation. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Myc reduced HB-EGF induced glycolytic enzymes implicating a major role of c-Myc in loss of HSulf-1 mediated altered glycolytic pathway in OVCA. Similarly, PG545 treatment, an agent that binds to heparan binding growth factors and sequesters growth factors away from their ligand also blocked HB-EGF signaling and reduced glucose uptake in vivo in HSulf-1 deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Juliana Camacho-Pereira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eduardo Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joelle Baddour
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Stilles
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seth Padmabandu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sam Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steve Kalloger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Val Lowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Edward Hammond
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Yin W, Wang Y, Lu J. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in microRNA-binding site of SULF1 target gene as a protective factor against the susceptibility to breast cancer: a case-control study. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2749-57. [PMID: 27274271 PMCID: PMC4869662 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous clinical studies have suggested that chemopreventive drugs for breast cancer such as tamoxifen and exemestane can effectively reduce the incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, it remains unclear how to identify those who are susceptible to ER-positive breast cancer. Accordingly, there is a great demand for a probe into the predisposing factors so as to provide precise chemoprevention. Recent evidence has indicated that ERα expression can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-206, in breast cancer. We assumed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the miR-206-binding sites of the target genes may be associated with breast cancer susceptibility with different ER statuses. Methods We genotyped the SNPs that reside in and around the miR-206-binding sites of two target genes – heparan sulfatase 1 (SULF1) and RPTOR-independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin Complex 2 (RICTOR) – which were related to the progression or metastasis of breast cancer cells in 710 breast cancer patients and 294 controls by the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry method. Modified odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by a multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the potential association between the SNPs and breast cancer susceptibility. Results For rs3802278, which is located in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of SULF1, the frequency of the AA genotype was less in breast cancer patients than that in the controls as compared to that of the GG + GA genotype not only for ER-positive breast cancer patients (adjusted OR =0.663, P=0.032) but also for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients (adjusted OR =0.610, P=0.018). Besides, the frequency of the AA genotype was less than that of the GG genotype between the ER-positive breast cancer patients and the controls (adjusted OR =0.791, P=0.038). For rs66916453, which is located in the 3′-UTR of RICTOR, no significant difference was observed between the case and the control group for the genotypes or alleles (P>0.05). Conclusion The SNPs in the miRNA-binding sites within the 3′-UTR of SULF1 may serve as protective factors against the susceptibility to breast cancer, especially to ER-positive breast cancer in the Chinese population. These SNPs are promising candidate biomarkers to predict the susceptibility of breast cancer and guide the administration of targeted preventive endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhu C, He L, Zhou X, Nie X, Gu Y. Sulfatase 2 promotes breast cancer progression through regulating some tumor-related factors. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1318-28. [PMID: 26708018 PMCID: PMC4750748 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies Sulf2 has been evidenced to play an important role in tumor progression through editing sulfate moieties on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and modulating heparin binding growth factors. However, the role of Sulf2 in breast cancer progression is still poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that Sulf2 promoted breast cancer progression. Two different breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, were chosen for this study because of high and low Sulf2 expression levels. We also altered their Sulf2 expression by establishing Sulf2 knockdown and overexpressing breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 shSulf2 and MDA-MB-231 Sulf2. To evaluate the functions of Sulf2, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, mobility and adhesion of these cell lines were measured in vitro, and xenograft formation, invasion and metastasis ability were examined in vivo. Furthermore, expression of related genes were screened and were certified in these cell lines. We found that Sulf2 increased breast cancer proliferation, invasion, mobility and adhesion both in vitro and in vivo. Sulf2 also decreased cisplatin inducing breast cancer apoptosis without affecting the cell cycle. Sulf2 upregulated c-fos induced growth factor (FIGF) and nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) expression and downregulated the cluster of differentiation 82 (CD82) and platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) expression in breast cancer. Our data confirmed that Sulf2 promoted breast cancer progression and regulated the expression of tumor-related genes in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Liu He
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Shire A, Lomberk G, Lai JP, Zou H, Tsuchiya N, Aderca I, Moser CD, Gulaid KH, Oseini A, Hu C, Warsame O, Jenkins RB, Roberts LR. Restoration of epigenetically silenced SULF1 expression by 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:1-18. [PMID: 26236329 PMCID: PMC4520440 DOI: 10.1159/000375461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC cell lines in vitro but also has an oncogenic effect in some HCCs in vivo. Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms regulating SULF1 and its function in HCC. Methods First, SULF1 mRNA and protein expression were examined. Second, we examined SULF1 gene copy numbers in HCC cells. Third, we assessed whether DNA methylation or methylation and/or acetylation of histone marks on the promoter regulate SULF1 expression. Finally, we examined the effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) on sulfatase activity and drug-induced apoptosis. Results SULF1 mRNA was downregulated in nine of eleven HCC cell lines, but only in six of ten primary tumors. SULF1 mRNA correlated with protein expression. Gene copy number assessment by fluorescence in situ hybridization showed intact SULF1 alleles in low-SULF1-expressing cell lines. CpG island methylation in the SULF1 promoter and two downstream CpG islands did not show an inverse correlation between DNA methylation and SULF1 expression. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the SULF1 promoter acquires a silenced chromatin state in low-SULF1-expressing cells through an increase in di/trimethyl-K9H3 and trimethyl-K27H3 and a concomitant loss of activating acetyl K9, K14H3 marks. 5-Aza-dC restored SULF1 mRNA expression in SULF1-negative cell lines, with an associated increase in sulfatase activity and sensitization of HCC cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Conclusion SULF1 gene silencing in HCC occurs through histone modifications on the SULF1 promoter. Restoration of SULF1 mRNA expression by 5-Aza-dC sensitized HCC cells to drug-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirashid Shire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Jin-Ping Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Hongzhi Zou
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Norihiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543 Japan
| | - Ileana Aderca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Catherine D Moser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Kadra H Gulaid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Abdul Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Chunling Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Omar Warsame
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
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Roy D, Mondal S, Wang C, He X, Khurana A, Giri S, Hoffmann R, Jung DB, Kim SH, Chini EN, Periera JC, Folmes CD, Mariani A, Dowdy SC, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Riska SM, Oberg AL, Karoly ED, Bell LN, Chien J, Shridhar V. Loss of HSulf-1 promotes altered lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer. Cancer Metab 2014; 2:13. [PMID: 25225614 PMCID: PMC4164348 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of the endosulfatase HSulf-1 is common in ovarian cancer, upregulates heparin binding growth factor signaling and potentiates tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. However, metabolic differences between isogenic cells with and without HSulf-1 have not been characterized upon HSulf-1 suppression in vitro. Since growth factor signaling is closely tied to metabolic alterations, we determined the extent to which HSulf-1 loss affects cancer cell metabolism. Results Ingenuity pathway analysis of gene expression in HSulf-1 shRNA-silenced cells (Sh1 and Sh2 cells) compared to non-targeted control shRNA cells (NTC cells) and subsequent Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) database analysis showed altered metabolic pathways with changes in the lipid metabolism as one of the major pathways altered inSh1 and 2 cells. Untargeted global metabolomic profiling in these isogenic cell lines identified approximately 338 metabolites using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS platforms. Knockdown of HSulf-1 in OV202 cells induced significant changes in 156 metabolites associated with several metabolic pathways including amino acid, lipids, and nucleotides. Loss of HSulf-1 promoted overall fatty acid synthesis leading to enhance the metabolite levels of long chain, branched, and essential fatty acids along with sphingolipids. Furthermore, HSulf-1 loss induced the expression of lipogenic genes including FASN, SREBF1, PPARγ, and PLA2G3 stimulated lipid droplet accumulation. Conversely, re-expression of HSulf-1 in Sh1 cells reduced the lipid droplet formation. Additionally, HSulf-1 also enhanced CPT1A and fatty acid oxidation and augmented the protein expression of key lipolytic enzymes such as MAGL, DAGLA, HSL, and ASCL1. Overall, these findings suggest that loss of HSulf-1 by concomitantly enhancing fatty acid synthesis and oxidation confers a lipogenic phenotype leading to the metabolic alterations associated with the progression of ovarian cancer. Conclusions Taken together, these findings demonstrate that loss of HSulf-1 potentially contributes to the metabolic alterations associated with the progression of ovarian pathogenesis, specifically impacting the lipogenic phenotype of ovarian cancer cells that can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Robert Hoffmann
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Deok-Beom Jung
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center (CPMRC), College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung H Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center (CPMRC), College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Clifford D Folmes
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrea Mariani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sean C Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jamie N Bakkum-Gamez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shaun M Riska
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KN 66160, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Hammond E, Khurana A, Shridhar V, Dredge K. The Role of Heparanase and Sulfatases in the Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans within the Tumor Microenvironment and Opportunities for Novel Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2014; 4:195. [PMID: 25105093 PMCID: PMC4109498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an integral and dynamic part of normal tissue architecture at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. The modification of HSPGs in the tumor microenvironment is known to result not just in structural but also functional consequences, which significantly impact cancer progression. As substrates for the key enzymes sulfatases and heparanase, the modification of HSPGs is typically characterized by the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) chains/sulfation patterns via the endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf1 and Sulf2) or by heparanase, an endo-glycosidase that cleaves the HS polymers releasing smaller fragments from HSPG complexes. Numerous studies have demonstrated how these enzymes actively influence cancer cell proliferation, signaling, invasion, and metastasis. The activity or expression of these enzymes has been reported to be modified in a variety of cancers. Such observations are consistent with the degradation of normal architecture and basement membranes, which are typically compromised in metastatic disease. Moreover, recent studies elucidating the requirements for these proteins in tumor initiation and progression exemplify their importance in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, as the influence of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression becomes more apparent, the focus on targeting enzymes that degrade HSPGs highlights one approach to maintain normal tissue architecture, inhibit tumor progression, and block metastasis. This review discusses the role of these enzymes in the context of the tumor microenvironment and their promise as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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Phosphorylation of RSK2 at Tyr529 by FGFR2-p38 enhances human mammary epithelial cells migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2461-70. [PMID: 25014166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The members of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of Ser/Thr kinases are downstream effectors of MAPK/ERK pathway that regulate diverse cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation and survival. In carcinogenesis, RSKs are thought to modulate cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Herein, we have studied an involvement of RSKs in FGF2/FGFR2-driven behaviours of mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. We found that both silencing and inhibiting of FGFR2 attenuated phosphorylation of RSKs, whereas FGFR2 overexpression and/or its stimulation with FGF2 enhanced RSKs activity. Moreover, treatment with ERK, Src and p38 inhibitors revealed that p38 kinase acts as an upstream RSK2 regulator. We demonstrate for the first time that in FGF2/FGFR2 signalling, p38 but not MEK/ERK, indirectly activated RSK2 at Tyr529, which facilitated phosphorylation of its other residues (Thr359/Ser363, Thr573 and Ser380). In contrast to FGF2-triggered signalling, inhibition of p38 in the EGF pathway affected only RSK2-Tyr529, without any impact on the remaining RSK phosphorylation sites. p38-mediated phosphorylation of RSK2-Tyr529 was crucial for the transactivation of residues located at kinase C-terminal domain and linker-region, specifically, in the FGF2/FGFR2 signalling pathway. Furthermore, we show that FGF2 promoted anchorage-independent cell proliferation, formation of focal adhesions and cell migration, which was effectively abolished by treatment with RSKs inhibitor (FMK). These indicate that RSK2 activity is indispensable for FGF2/FGFR2-mediated cellular effects. Our findings identified a new FGF2/FGFR2-p38-RSK2 pathway, which may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer and, hence, may present a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of FGFR2-expressing tumours.
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Vivès RR, Seffouh A, Lortat-Jacob H. Post-Synthetic Regulation of HS Structure: The Yin and Yang of the Sulfs in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 3:331. [PMID: 24459635 PMCID: PMC3890690 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex polysaccharide that takes part in most major cellular processes, through its ability to bind and modulate a very large array of proteins. These interactions involve saccharide domains of specific sulfation pattern (S-domains), the assembly of which is tightly orchestrated by a highly regulated biosynthesis machinery. Another level of structural control does also take place at the cell surface, where degrading enzymes further modify HS post-synthetically. Amongst them are the Sulfs, a family of extracellular sulfatases (two isoforms in human) that catalyze the specific 6-O-desulfation of HS. By targeting HS functional sulfated domains, Sulfs dramatically alter its ligand binding properties, thereby modulating a broad range of signaling pathways. Consequently, Sulfs play major roles during development, as well as in tissue homeostasis and repair. Sulfs have also been associated with many pathologies including cancer, but despite increasing interest, the role of Sulfs in tumor development still remains unclear. Studies have been hindered by a poor understanding of the Sulf enzymatic activities and conflicting data have shown either anti-oncogenic or tumor-promoting effects of these enzymes, depending on the tumor models analyzed. These opposite effects clearly illustrate the fine tuning of HS functions by the Sulfs, and the need to clarify the mechanisms involved. In this review, we will detail the present knowledge on the structural and functional properties of the Sulfs, with a special focus on their implication during tumor progression. Finally, we will discuss attempts and perspectives of using the Sulfs as a biomarker of cancer prognosis and diagnostic and as a target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain R Vivès
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Amal Seffouh
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
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Abstract
We have previously reported on the inhibition of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor α)-regulated pathways by HEXIM1 [HMBA (hexamethylene-bis-acetamide)-inducible protein 1]. Disruption of HEXIM1 activity in a knock-in mouse model expressing a mutant HEXIM1 protein resulted in increased susceptibility to the development of mammary tumours, partly by up-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression, HIF-1α expression and aberrant vascularization. We now report on the mechanistic basis for HEXIM1 regulation of HIF-1α. We observed direct interaction between HIF-1α and HEXIM1, and HEXIM1 up-regulated hydroxylation of HIF-1α, resulting in the induction of the interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein) and ubiquitination of HIF-1α. The up-regulation of hydroxylation involves HEXIM1-mediated induction of PHD3 (prolyl hydroxylase 3) expression and interaction of PHD3 with HIF-1α. Acetylation of HIF-1α has been proposed to result in increased interaction of HIF-1α with pVHL and induced pVHL-mediated ubiquitination, which leads to the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. HEXIM1 also attenuated the interaction of HIF-1α with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), resulting in acetylation of HIF-1α. The consequence of HEXIM1 down-regulation of HIF-1α protein expression is attenuated expression of HIF-1α target genes in addition to VEGF and inhibition of HIF-1α-regulated cell invasion.
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Adams A, van Brussel ASA, Vermeulen JF, Mali WPTM, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Elias SG. The potential of hypoxia markers as target for breast molecular imaging--a systematic review and meta-analysis of human marker expression. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:538. [PMID: 24206539 PMCID: PMC3903452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular imaging of breast cancer is a promising emerging technology, potentially able to improve clinical care. Valid imaging targets for molecular imaging tracer development are membrane-bound hypoxia-related proteins, expressed when tumor growth outpaces neo-angiogenesis. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of such hypoxia marker expression rates in human breast cancer to evaluate their potential as clinically relevant molecular imaging targets. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles describing membrane-bound proteins that are related to hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), the key regulator of the hypoxia response. We extracted expression rates of carbonic anhydrase-IX (CAIX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4), or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in human breast disease, evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We pooled study results using random-effects models and applied meta-regression to identify associations with clinicopathological variables. Results Of 1,705 identified articles, 117 matched our selection criteria, totaling 30,216 immunohistochemistry results. We found substantial between-study variability in expression rates. Invasive cancer showed pooled expression rates of 35% for CAIX (95% confidence interval (CI): 26-46%), 51% for GLUT1 (CI: 40-61%), 46% for CXCR4 (CI: 33-59%), and 46% for IGF1R (CI: 35-70%). Expression rates increased with tumor grade for GLUT1, CAIX, and CXCR4 (all p < 0.001), but decreased for IGF1R (p < 0.001). GLUT1 showed the highest expression rate in grade III cancers with 58% (45-69%). CXCR4 showed the highest expression rate in small T1 tumors with 48% (CI: 28-69%), but associations with size were only significant for CAIX (p < 0.001; positive association) and IGF1R (p = 0.047; negative association). Although based on few studies, CAIX, GLUT1, and CXCR4 showed profound lower expression rates in normal breast tissue and benign breast disease (p < 0.001), and high rates in carcinoma in situ. Invasive lobular carcinoma consistently showed lower expression rates (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results support the potential of hypoxia-related markers as breast cancer molecular imaging targets. Although specificity is promising, combining targets would be necessary for optimal sensitivity. These data could help guide the choice of imaging targets for tracer development depending on the envisioned clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Adams
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Portalska KJ, Groen N, Krenning G, Georgi N, Mentink A, Harmsen MC, van Blitterswijk C, de Boer J. The effect of donor variation and senescence on endothelial differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2318-29. [PMID: 23676150 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of autologous cells is considered for a broad range of regenerative therapies because it is not surrounded by the immunological and ethical issues of allo- or xenogenic cells. However, isolation, expansion, and application of autologous cells do suffer from variability in therapeutic efficacy due to donor to donor differences and due to prolonged culture. One important source of autologous cells is mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which can differentiate toward endothelial-like cells, thus making them an ideal candidate as cell source for tissue vascularization. Here we screened MSCs from 20 donors for their endothelial differentiation capacity and correlated it with the gene expression profile of the whole genome in the undifferentiated state. Cells of all donors were able to form tubes on Matrigel and induced the expression of endothelial genes, although with quantitative differences. In addition, we analyzed the effect of prolonged in vitro expansion on the multipotency of human MSCs and found that endothelial differentiation is only mildly sensitive to expansion-induced loss of differentiation as compared to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Our results show the robustness of the endothelial differentiation protocol and the gene expression data give insight in the differences in endothelial differentiation between donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Janeczek Portalska
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sogi KM, Gartner ZJ, Breidenbach MA, Appel MJ, Schelle MW, Bertozzi CR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3406 is a type II alkyl sulfatase capable of sulfate scavenging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65080. [PMID: 23762287 PMCID: PMC3675115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes nine putative sulfatases, none of which have a known function or substrate. Here, we characterize Mtb’s single putative type II sulfatase, Rv3406, as a non-heme iron (II) and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidation and subsequent cleavage of alkyl sulfate esters. Rv3406 was identified based on its homology to the alkyl sulfatase AtsK from Pseudomonas putida. Using an in vitro biochemical assay, we confirmed that Rv3406 is a sulfatase with a preference for alkyl sulfate substrates similar to those processed by AtsK. We determined the crystal structure of the apo Rv3406 sulfatase at 2.5 Å. The active site residues of Rv3406 and AtsK are essentially superimposable, suggesting that the two sulfatases share the same catalytic mechanism. Finally, we generated an Rv3406 mutant (Δrv3406) in Mtb to study the sulfatase’s role in sulfate scavenging. The Δrv3406 strain did not replicate in minimal media with 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate as the sole sulfur source, in contrast to wild type Mtb or the complemented strain. We conclude that Rv3406 is an iron and α-ketoglutarate-dependent sulfate ester dioxygenase that has unique substrate specificity that is likely distinct from other Mtb sulfatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Sogi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Breidenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mason J. Appel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Schelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bao L, Yan Y, Xu C, Ji W, Shen S, Xu G, Zeng Y, Sun B, Qian H, Chen L, Wu M, Su C, Chen J. MicroRNA-21 suppresses PTEN and hSulf-1 expression and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through AKT/ERK pathways. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:226-36. [PMID: 23684551 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been believed to associate with malignant progression including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. However, the functions of miRNAs are intricate, one miRNA can directly or indirectly target multiple genes and function as oncogene or tumor suppressor gene. In this study, we found that miR-21 inhibits PTEN and human sulfatase-1 (hSulf-1) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The hSulf-1 is a heparin-degrading endosulfatase, which can inhibit the heparin binding growth factor-mediated signaling transduction into cells. Therefore, miR-21-mediated suppression of both hSulf-1 and PTEN led to activation of AKT/ERK pathways and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells, and finally enhance the activity of HCC cell proliferation and movement and promote HCC xenograft tumor growth in mouse models. These findings may provide candidate targets for prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Bao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Liu H, Fu X, Ji W, Liu K, Bao L, Yan Y, Wu M, Yang J, Su C. Human sulfatase-1 inhibits the migration and proliferation of SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by downregulating the growth factor signaling. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:516-25. [PMID: 22900980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The human sulfatase-1 (hSulf-1) gene regulates the sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and suppresses tumorigenesis and angiogenesis by inhibiting several growth factor signaling pathways. Because the serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways are critical in cell survival, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, the possible correlation between hSulf-1 and AKT/ERK signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells needs further exploration. METHODS Adenovirus Ad5-hSulf1 carrying the hSulf-1 gene, and vectors carrying hSulf-1 shRNA, AKT shRNA and ERK shRNA were constructed and used to manipulate the expression of hSulf-1, AKT and ERK in SMMC-7721 cells. The scarification test, transwell and 3-(4 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays were used to examine the cellular migration and proliferation, and the expression of hSulf-1 and signaling factors, including the total and phosphorylated AKT and ERK, was analyzed by western blot in SMMC-7721 cells. RESULTS After infection with Ad5-hSulf1, the expression of hSulf-1 was increased with viral multiplicity of infection in SMMC-7721 cells. Compared with the control adenovirus Ad5-EGFP and blank control groups, cells in the Ad5-hSulf1 group were showed that the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK was decreased. Meanwhile, the cell migration and cell viability were obviously suppressed. CONCLUSION The expression of hSulf-1 mediated by adenovirus in HCC cells could downregulate the activity of AKT and ERK signaling pathways, and inhibit HCC cell migration and proliferation. The hSulf-1 gene may be considered as a candidate of antitumor factor for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Liu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital and Institute Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kim JH, Chan C, Elwell C, Singer MS, Dierks T, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H, Rosen SD, Engel JN. Endosulfatases SULF1 and SULF2 limit Chlamydia muridarum infection. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1560-71. [PMID: 23480519 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first step in attachment of Chlamydia to host cells is thought to involve reversible binding to host heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), polymers of variably sulfated repeating disaccharide units coupled to diverse protein backbones. However, the key determinants of HSPG structure that are involved in Chlamydia binding are incompletely defined. A previous genome-wide Drosophila RNAi screen suggested that the level of HSPG 6-O sulfation rather than the identity of the proteoglycan backbone maybe a critical determinant for binding. Here, we tested in mammalian cells whether SULF1 or SULF2, human endosulfatases, which remove 6-O sulfates from HSPGs, modulate Chlamydia infection. Ectopic expression of SULF1 or SULF2 in HeLa cells, which decreases cell surface HSPG sulfation, diminished C. muridarum binding and decreased vacuole formation. ShRNA depletion of endogenous SULF2 in a cell line that primarily expresses SULF2 augmented binding and increased vacuole formation. C. muridarum infection of diverse cell lines resulted indownregulation of SULF2 mRNA. In a murine model of acute pneumonia, mice genetically deficient in both endosulfatases or in SULF2 alone demonstrated increased susceptibility to C. muridarum lung infection. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the level of HSPG 6-O sulfation is a critical determinant of C. muridarum infection in vivo and that 6-O endosulfatases are previously unappreciated modulators of microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Aquaporin3 is required for FGF-2-induced migration of human breast cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56735. [PMID: 23468877 PMCID: PMC3585269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aquaporin (AQP) family consists of a number of small integral membrane proteins that transport water and glycerol. AQPs are critical for trans-epithelial fluid transport. Recent reports demonstrated that AQPs, particularly AQP1 and AQP5, are expressed in high grade tumor cells of a variety of tissue origins, and that AQPs are involved in cell migration and metastasis. Based on this background, we examined whether AQP3, another important member of the AQP family, could facilitate cell migration in human breast cancers. METHODS Potential role of AQP3 was examined using two representative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and Bcap-37). Briefly, AQP3 expression was inhibited with a lentivirus construct that stably expressed shRNA against the AQP3 mRNA. AQP3 expression inhibition was verified with Western blot. Cell migration was examined using a wound scratch assay in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In additional experiments, AQP3 was inhibited by CuSO4. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) kinase inhibitor PD173074, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 were used to dissect the molecular mechanism of FGF-2 induced AQP3 expression. RESULTS FGF-2 treatment increased AQP3 expression and induced cell migration in a dose dependent manner. Silencing AQP3 expression by a lentiviral shRNA inhibited FGF-2 induced cell migration. CuSO4, a water transport inhibitor selective for AQP3, also suppressed FGF-2-induced cell migration. The FGFR kinase inhibitor PD173074, significantly inhibited FGF-2-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited, but not fully blocked, FGF-2-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS AQP3 is required for FGF-2-induced cell migration in cultured human breast cancer cells. Our findings also suggest the importance of FGFR-PI3K and FGFR-ERK signaling in FGF-2-induced AQP3 expression. In summary, our findings suggest a novel function of AQP3 in cell migration and metastasis of breast cancers.
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Khurana A, Jung-Beom D, He X, Kim SH, Busby RC, Lorenzon L, Villa M, Baldi A, Molina J, Goetz MP, Shridhar V. Matrix detachment and proteasomal inhibitors diminish Sulf-2 expression in breast cancer cell lines and mouse xenografts. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:407-15. [PMID: 23412907 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase 2 (Sulf-2) has been previously shown to be upregulated in breast cancer. Sulf-2 removes sulfate moieties on heparan sulfate proteoglycans which in turn modulate heparin binding growth factor signaling. Here we report that matrix detachment resulted in decreased Sulf-2 expression in breast cancer cells and increased cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase. Silencing of Sulf-2 promotes matrix detachment induced cell death in MCF10DCIS cells. In an attempt to identify Sulf-2 specific inhibitor, we found that proteasomal inhibitors such as MG132, Lactacystin and Bortezomib treatment abolished Sulf-2 expression in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Additionally, we show that Bortezomib treatment of MCF10DCIS cell xenografts in mouse mammary fat pads significantly reduced tumor size, caused massive apoptosis and more importantly reduced Sulf-2 levels in vivo. Finally, our immunohistochemistry analysis of Sulf-2 expression in cohort of patient derived breast tumors indicates that Sulf-2 is significantly upregulated in autologous metastatic lesions compared to primary tumors (p < 0.037, Pearson correlation, Chi-Square analysis). In all, our data suggest that Sulf-2 might play an important role in breast cancer progression from ductal carcinoma in situ into an invasive ductal carcinoma potentially by resisting cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, S.W., 2-46 Stabile, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Khurana A, Beleford D, He X, Chien J, Shridhar V. Role of heparan sulfatases in ovarian and breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:34-45. [PMID: 23359864 PMCID: PMC3555198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosulfatases HSulf-1 and -2 (also referred to as Sulf1 and -2) represent a family of enzymes that modulate heparin binding growth factor signaling. Heparan sulfatase 1 (HSulf-1) and heparan sulfatase 2 (HSulf-2) are two important 6-O endosulfatases which remove or edit 6-O sulfate residues of N-glucosamine present on highly sulfated HS. Alteration of heparan sulfatases have been identified in the context of several cancer types. Many cancer types either exhibit increased or decreased HSulfs expression at the transcript levels. Specifically, HSulf-1 was found to be downregulated in early-stage ovarian tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic breast cancer patients. HSulf-2 was found to be upregulated in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma, whereas limited information is present about HSulf-2 expression in different stages of ovarian cancers. Here, we review the important role of these sulfatases play in ovarian and breast cancers in terms of tumorigenesis such as angiogenesis, chemoresistance, apoptosis, growth factor signaling, hypoxia and metastasis. These recent discoveries have added significant understanding about these sulfate editing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniah Beleford
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA
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Tsai YP, Wu KJ. Hypoxia-regulated target genes implicated in tumor metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:102. [PMID: 23241400 PMCID: PMC3541338 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important microenvironmental factor that induces cancer metastasis. Hypoxia/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) regulates many important steps of the metastatic processes, especially epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is one of the crucial mechanisms to cause early stage of tumor metastasis. To have a better understanding of the mechanism of hypoxia-regulated metastasis, various hypoxia/HIF-1α-regulated target genes are categorized into different classes including transcription factors, histone modifiers, enzymes, receptors, kinases, small GTPases, transporters, adhesion molecules, surface molecules, membrane proteins, and microRNAs. Different roles of these target genes are described with regards to their relationship to hypoxia-induced metastasis. We hope that this review will provide a framework for further exploration of hypoxia/HIF-1α-regulated target genes and a comprehensive view of the metastatic picture induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Li-Nong St., Sec.2, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Fang L, Zhang Q, Zheng Q, Tong J, Fu X, Jiang X, Su C, Zheng J. An oncolytic adenovirus regulated by a radiation-inducible promoter selectively mediates hSulf-1 gene expression and mutually reinforces antitumor activity of I131-metuximab in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23182495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy and antibody approaches are crucial auxiliary strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Previously, we established a survivin promoter-regulated oncolytic adenovirus that has inhibitory effect on HCC growth. The human sulfatase-1 (hSulf-1) gene can suppress the growth factor signaling pathways, then inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and enhance cellular sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. I(131)-metuximab (I(131)-mab) is a monoclonal anti-HCC antibody that conjugated to I(131) and specifically recognizes the HAb18G/CD147 antigen on HCC cells. To integrate the oncolytic adenovirus-based gene therapy and the I(131)-mab-based radioimmunotherapy, this study combined the CArG element of early growth response-l (Egr-l) gene with the survivin promoter to construct a radiation-inducible enhanced promoter, which was used to recombine a radiation-inducible oncolytic adenovirus as hSulf-1 gene vector. When I(131)-mab was incorporated into the treatment regimen, not only could the antibody produce radioimmunotherapeutic effect, but the I(131) radiation was able to further boost adenoviral proliferation. We demonstrated that the CArG-enhanced survivin promoter markedly improved the proliferative activity of the oncolytic adenovirus in HCC cells, thereby augmenting hSulf-1 expression and inducing cancer cell apoptosis. This novel strategy that involved multiple, synergistic mechanisms, including oncolytic therapy, gene therapy and radioimmunotherapy, was demonstrated to exert an excellent anti-cancer outcome, which will be a promising approach in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Radiotherapy, Nanjing Second Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China
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The mechanisms that regulate the localization and overexpression of VEGF receptor-2 are promising therapeutic targets in cancer biology. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:347-54. [PMID: 22261741 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32835004ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family has been proposed to be the most important signaling protein family in vessel formation and maturation. VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) plays an abundant role in the most common forms of cancer. The localization of VEGFR-2 expression is important in cancer pathogenesis; however, so far, little attention has been paid to this phenomenon. Induced cytoplasmic VEGFR-2 transition from the nucleus is associated with poor prognostic cancer stages. Current VEGFR-2-targeted therapy approaches are effective in inhibiting or arresting tumor growth. Moreover, VEGFR-2-targeted therapy was demonstrated to restore the abnormal vasculature in tumors, enhancing their susceptibility toward conventional therapy. Most effects can be found when VEGFR-2-targeted therapy inhibits not only the induced angiogenesis but also the cancer cells that sometimes overexpress VEGFR-2. Nevertheless, we still have little knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate VEGFR-2 expression and how its localization is exactly involved in cancer prognosis. Further research and evaluation of VEGFR-2 regulation and its nuclear transition is necessary to develop more accurate therapeutic strategies to improve the patients' quality of life and their survival.
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Khurana A, McKean H, Kim H, Kim SH, mcguire J, Roberts LR, Goetz MP, Shridhar V. Silencing of HSulf-2 expression in MCF10DCIS.com cells attenuate ductal carcinoma in situ progression to invasive ductal carcinoma in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R43. [PMID: 22410125 PMCID: PMC3446377 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a heterogeneous group of proliferative cellular lesions that have the potential to become invasive. Very little is known about the molecular alterations involved in the progression from DCIS to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Heparan endosulfatase (HSulf-2) edits sulfate moieties on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and has been implicated in modulating heparin binding growth factor signaling, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, the role of HSulf-2 in breast cancer progression is poorly understood. MCF10DCIS.com cells (referred as MCF10DCIS) express HSulf-2 and form comedo type DCIS and progress to IDC when transplanted in immune-deficient mice and, therefore, is an ideal model to study breast cancer progression. We evaluated the role of HSulf-2 in progression from DCIS to IDC using mouse fat pad mammary xenografts. METHODS Non-target control (NTC) and HSulf-2 knockdown in MCF10DCIS breast cancer cells were achieved by NTC shRNA and two different lentiviral shRNA against HSulf-2 respectively. Xenografts were established by injecting NTC and HSulf-2 deficient MCF10DCIS cells in mouse mammary fat pads. Xenografts were subjected to H&E staining for morphological analysis, TUNEL and Propidium iodide staining (to determine the extent of apoptosis), Western blot analysis and zymography. RESULTS Using a mouse mammary fat pad derived xenograft model, we observed that compared to control treated xenografts, down-regulation of HSulf-2 was associated with significant delays in growth at Week 7 (P-value < 0.05). Histological examination of the tumors demonstrated substantial differences in comedo necrosis, with marked luminal apoptosis and up-regulation of apoptotic markers Bim, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 in HSulf-2 depleted xenografts. Furthermore, HSulf-2 depleted xenografts retained the basement membrane integrity with decreased activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), an enzyme critical for degradation of extracellular matrix compared to nontargeted control. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HSulf-2 expression may be critical for human breast cancer progression. Down-regulation of HSulf-2 leads to retention of comedo type DCIS and delays the progression of DCIS to IDC. Further studies are necessary to determine if therapeutic targeting of HSulf-2 expression might delay the progression of DCIS to IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Afratis N, Gialeli C, Nikitovic D, Tsegenidis T, Karousou E, Theocharis AD, Pavão MS, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Glycosaminoglycans: key players in cancer cell biology and treatment. FEBS J 2012; 279:1177-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kao S, Mo J, Baird A, Eliceiri BP. Basic fibroblast growth factor in an animal model of spontaneous mammary tumor progression. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1807-14. [PMID: 22407271 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) was the first pro-angiogenic molecule discovered, it has numerous activities on the growth and differentiation of non-vascular cell types. FGF2 is both stimulatory and inhibitory, depending on the cell type evaluated, the experimental design used and the context in which it is tested. Here, we investigated the effects of manipulating endogenous FGF2 on the development of mammary cancer to determine whether its endogenous contribution in vivo is pro- or anti-tumorigenic. Specifically, we examined the effects of FGF2 gene dosing in a cross between a spontaneous breast tumor model (PyVT+ mice) and FGF2-/- (FGF KO) mice. Using these mice, the onset and progression of mammary tumors was determined. As predicted, female FGF2 WT mice developed mammary tumors starting around 60 days after birth and by 80 days, 100% of FGF2 WT female mice had mammary tumors. In contrast, 80% of FGF2 KO female mice had no palpable tumors until nearly three weeks later (85 days) at times when 100% of the WT cohort was tumor positive. All FGF KO mice were tumor-bearing by 115 days. When we compared the onset of mammary tumor development and the tumor progression curves between FGF het and FGF KO mice, we observed a difference, which suggested a gene dosing effect. Analysis of the tumors demonstrated that there were significant differences in tumor size depending on FGF2 status. The delay in tumor onset supports a functional role for FGF2 in mammary tumor progression, but argues against an essential role for FGF2 in overall mammary tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kao
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC 8236, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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