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Şişli HB, Hayal TB, Şenkal S, Bulut E, Kıratlı B, Asutay AB, Şahin F, Bayrak ÖF, Doğan A. Activation of Wnt Pathway Suppresses Growth of MUG-Chor1 Chordoma Cell Line. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:823-837. [PMID: 37751039 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Chordoma as a malignant bone tumor, occurs along the axial skeleton and does not have an effective therapy. Brachyury, which is a crucial player for the formation of early embryonic notochord, is abundantly found in both sporadic and familial chordoma. During embryonic development, Brachyury expression was reported to be regulated by the Wnt pathway. The objective of the study is to investigate the role of Wnt signaling in a human chordoma cell line in terms of proliferation, survival, and invasiveness. We tried to elucidate the signaling events that regulate Chordoma cancer. In this regard, Wnt pathway was activated or inhibited using various strategies including small molecules, siRNA-based knockdown and overexpression applications. The results indicated the negative regulatory effect of Wnt signaling activity on proliferation and migration capacity of the chordoma cells. It was revealed that when GSK3β was inhibited, the Wnt pathway was activated and negatively regulated T/Bra expression. Activity of the Wnt pathway caused cell cycle arrest, reduced migration potential of the cells, and led to cell death. Therefore, the present study suggests that the Wnt pathway plays a key role in suppressing the proliferation and invasive characteristics of human chordoma cells and has a great potential as a therapeutic target in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bulut
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Binnur Kıratlı
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ayla Burçin Asutay
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Bayrak
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey.
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2
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Howell MC, Green R, Cianne J, Dayhoff GW, Uversky VN, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra S. EGFR TKI resistance in lung cancer cells using RNA sequencing and analytical bioinformatics tools. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9808-9827. [PMID: 36524419 PMCID: PMC10272293 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2153269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling and EGFR mutations play key roles in cancer pathogenesis, particularly in the development of drug resistance. For the ∼20% of all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that harbor an activating mutation, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) provide initial clinical responses. However, long-term efficacy is not possible due to acquired drug resistance. Despite a gradually increasing knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the development of resistance in tumors, there has been very little success in overcoming it and it is probable that many additional mechanisms are still unknown. Herein, publicly available RNASeq (RNA sequencing) datasets comparing lung cancer cell lines treated with EGFR TKIs until resistance developed with their corresponding parental cells and protein array data from our own EGFR TKI treated xenograft tumors, were analyzed for differential gene expression, with the intent to investigate the potential mechanisms of drug resistance to EGFR TKIs. Pathway analysis, as well as structural disorder analysis of proteins in these pathways, revealed several key proteins, including DUSP1, DUSP6, GAB2, and FOS, that could be targeted using novel combination therapies to overcome EGFR TKI resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Howell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center for Research & Education in Nanobioengineering, Division of Translational Medicine, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center for Research & Education in Nanobioengineering, Division of Translational Medicine, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Junior Cianne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Guy W Dayhoff
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam Mohapatra
- Center for Research & Education in Nanobioengineering, Division of Translational Medicine, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
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3
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Shen X, Gao C, Li H, Liu C, Wang L, Li Y, Liu R, Sun C, Zhuang J. Natural compounds: Wnt pathway inhibitors with therapeutic potential in lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1250893. [PMID: 37841927 PMCID: PMC10568034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1250893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is abnormally activated in most lung cancer tissues and considered to be an accelerator of carcinogenesis and lung cancer progression, which is closely related to increased morbidity rates, malignant progression, and treatment resistance. Although targeting the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway shows significant potential for lung cancer therapy, it still faces challenges owing to its complexity, tumor heterogeneity and wide physiological activity. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the role of the abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in lung cancer progression. Moreover, Wnt inhibitors used in lung cancer clinical trials are expected to break existing therapeutic patterns, although their adverse effects limit the treatment window. This is the first study to summarize the research progress on various compounds, including natural products and derivatives, that target the canonical Wnt pathway in lung cancer to develop safer and more targeted drugs or alternatives. Various natural products have been found to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin in various ways, such as through upstream and downstream intervention pathways, and have shown encouraging preclinical anti-tumor efficacy. Their diversity and low toxicity make them a popular research topic, laying the foundation for further combination therapies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Shen
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chundi Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Longyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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4
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Lv Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Yi B, Chu T, Feng Z, Liu J, Wan X, Wang Y. Platycodin D represses β-catenin to suppress metastasis of cetuximab-treated KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023:10.1007/s10585-023-10218-6. [PMID: 37326719 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, is extensively used for clinical therapy in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, some patients still cannot get benefit from the therapy, because metastasis and resistance occur frequently after cetuximab treatment. New adjunctive therapy is urgently needed to suppress metastasis of cetuximab-treated CRC cells. In this study, we used two KRAS wild-type CRC cells, HT29 and CaCo2, to investigate whether platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Chinese medicinal herb Platycodon grandifloras, is able to suppress the metastasis of cetuximab-treated CRC. Label-free quantitative proteomics analyses showed that platycodin D but not cetuximab significantly inhibited expression of β-catenin in both CRC cells, and suggested that platycodin D counteracted the inhibition effect of cetuximab on cell adherence and functioned in repressing cell migration and invasion. Western blot results showed that single platycodin D treatment or combined platycodin D and cetuximab enhanced inhibition effects on expressions of key genes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, c-Myc, Cyclin D1 and MMP-7, compared to single cetuximab treatment. Scratch wound-healing and transwell assays showed that platycodin D combined with cetuximab suppressed migration and invasion of CRC cells, respectively. Pulmonary metastasis model of HT29 and CaCo2 in nu/nu nude mice consistently showed that combined treatment using platycodin D and cetuximab inhibited metastasis significantly in vivo. Our findings provide a potential strategy to inhibit CRC metastasis during cetuximab therapy by addition of platycodin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Lv
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhong Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben Yi
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhao Chu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehua Wan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yijia Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) promotes EGFR-TKI resistance by enhancing GSK3β Ser9 autophosphorylation independent of its kinase activity in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1233-1246. [PMID: 36869126 PMCID: PMC10079535 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a major challenge for clinicians and patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) is a key oncoprotein in the EGFR/AKT pathway that participates in tumorigenesis. We found that high SRPK1 expression was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced NSCLC undergoing gefitinib treatment. Both in vitro and in vivo assays suggested that SRPK1 reduced the ability of gefitinib to induce apoptosis in sensitive NSCLC cells independently of its kinase activity. Moreover, SRPK1 facilitated binding between LEF1, β-catenin and the EGFR promoter region to increase EGFR expression and promote the accumulation and phosphorylation of membrane EGFR. Furthermore, we verified that the SRPK1 spacer domain bound to GSK3β and enhanced its autophosphorylation at Ser9 to activate the Wnt pathway, thereby promoting the expression of Wnt target genes such as Bcl-X. The correlation between SRPK1 and EGFR expression was confirmed in patients. In brief, our research suggested that the SRPK1/GSK3β axis promotes gefitinib resistance by activating the Wnt pathway and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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6
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Ochi N, Takeyama M, Miyake N, Fuchigami M, Yamane H, Fukazawa T, Nagasaki Y, Kawahara T, Nakanishi H, Takigawa N. The complexity of EGFR exon 19 deletion and L858R mutant cells as assessed by proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Exp Cell Res 2023; 424:113503. [PMID: 36731710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Most lung adenocarcinoma-associated EGFR tyrosine kinase mutations are either an exon 19 deletion (19Del) or L858R point mutation in exon 21. Although patients whose tumors contain either of these mutations exhibit increased sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, progression-free and overall survival appear to be longer in patients with 19Del than in those with L858R. In mutant-transfected Ba/F3 cells, 19Del and L858R were compared by multi-omics analyses including proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Proteome analysis identified increased plastin-2, TKT, PDIA5, and ENO1 expression in L858R cells, and increased EEF1G expression in 19Del cells. RNA sequencing showed significant differences between 19Del and L858R cells in 112 genes. Metabolome analysis showed that amino acids, adenylate, guanylate, NADPH, lactic acid, pyruvic acid glucose 6-phosphate, and ribose 5-phosphate were significantly different between the two mutant cells. Because GSH was increased with L858R, we combined osimertinib with the GSH inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine in L858R cells and observed synergistic effects. The complexity of EGFR 19Del and L858R mutant cells was demonstrated by proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics analyses. Therapeutic strategies for lung cancer with different EGFR mutations could be considered because of their different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ochi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masami Takeyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Maki Fuchigami
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamane
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nagasaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nakanishi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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7
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Zhang F, Zhang J, Li J, Yan P, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Zhou J, Deng L, Zhang Z. Effect of VD3 on cell proliferation and the Wnt signaling pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Theriogenology 2022; 193:68-76. [PMID: 36156426 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) deficiency plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various uterine diseases. At present, most studies on the mechanism of VD in the Wnt signaling pathway focus on cancer, while there are no relevant reports on its mechanism in endometritis. This study investigated the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) on the Wnt signaling pathway in endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BEECs obtained from bovine uteri were treated with VD3 (0, 50 ng/mL) and LPS (0, 10, 100 ng/mL) separately or in combination, and treated with the Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor IWR-1 to study the mechanism of action. The proliferation of BEECs was evaluated by a CCK-8 assay. qRT-PCR was used to assess the gene expression of Wnt pathway-related factors, including MYC, PCNA, LGR5, GREM1, β-catenin, FZD7, FZD2, Wnt4 and VDR. The results showed that VD3 had no significant effect on cell proliferation (P > 0.05); LPS inhibited BEEC proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and cells treated with LPS at different concentrations for 24-48 h in combination with VD3 promoted cell proliferation to varying degrees. IWR-1 inhibited cell proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, while LPS + IWR-1 treatment also significantly promoted cell proliferation after VD3 treatment (P < 0.01). The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of Wnt4 and PCNA genes showed different trends with different LPS concentrations for stimulation, and the expression of the MYC and GREM1 genes was only stimulated by high-dose (100 ng/mL) LPS stimulation. The expression of FZD7, LGR5, FZD2 and β-catenin was upregulated by LPS at both concentrations. LPS + VD3 significantly downregulated the expression of the Wnt pathway-related genes MYC, PCNA, LGR5, GREM1 and β-catenin (P < 0.001), Wnt4 and FZD2 (P < 0.01), and significantly upregulated the expression of VDR (P < 0.05). After LPS + IWR-1 treatment, the expression of the β-catenin (P < 0.01) and LGR5 (P < 0.05) genes was significantly downregulated, while the Wnt4 (P < 0.01) and VDR (P < 0.001) genes were significantly upregulated, MYC was downregulated but without a significant difference (P > 0.05). In conclusion, VD3 treatment can mitigate the LPS-induced abnormal expression of Wnt signaling pathway genes in BEECs, showing that the Wnt pathway may be a protective pathway of VD3 against LPS-induced gene overexpression in BEECs. The results suggest that VD3 may play a regulatory role in pathways other than the Wnt signaling pathway. Whether VD3 affects the Wnt signaling pathway by affecting Wnt4 gene expression requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Juntao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Juanjuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yiping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yujie Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lixin Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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8
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Wilson C, Murnane JP. High-throughput screen to identify compounds that prevent or target telomere loss in human cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac029. [PMID: 36196242 PMCID: PMC9527662 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an early step in carcinogenesis that promotes tumor cell progression and resistance to therapy. Using plasmids integrated adjacent to telomeres, we have previously demonstrated that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) contributes to telomere loss and CIN in cancer. A high-throughput screen was created to identify compounds that affect telomere loss due to subtelomeric DSBs introduced by I-SceI endonuclease, as detected by cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). A screen of a library of 1832 biologically-active compounds identified a variety of compounds that increase or decrease the number of GFP-positive cells following activation of I-SceI. A curated screen done in triplicate at various concentrations found that inhibition of classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) increased DSB-induced telomere loss, demonstrating that C-NHEJ is functional in subtelomeric regions. Compounds that decreased DSB-induced telomere loss included inhibitors of mTOR, p38 and tankyrase, consistent with our earlier hypothesis that the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DSBs is a result of inappropriate resection during repair. Although this assay was also designed to identify compounds that selectively target cells experiencing telomere loss and/or chromosome instability, no compounds of this type were identified in the current screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John P Murnane
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 415 680 4434;
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9
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Guan S, Chen X, Chen Y, Xie W, Liang H, Zhu X, Yang Y, Fang W, Huang Y, Zhao H, Zhuang W, Liu S, Huang M, Wang X, Zhang L. FOXM1 Variant Contributes to Gefitinib Resistance via Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Pathway in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3770-3784. [PMID: 35695863 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although gefitinib prolonged the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), unpredictable resistance limited its clinical efficacy. Novel predictive biomarkers with explicit mechanisms are urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 282 patients with NSCLC with gefitinib treatment were randomly assigned in a 7:3 ratio to exploratory (n = 192) and validation (n = 90) cohorts. The candidate polymorphisms were selected with Haploview4.2 in Hapmap and genotyped by a MassARRAY system, and the feature variables were identified through Randomforest Survival analysis. Tanswell and clonogenic assays, base editing and cell-derived tumor xenograft model were performed to uncover the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that the germline missense polymorphism rs3742076 (A>G, S628P), located in transactivation domain of FOXM1, was associated with PFS in exploratory (median PFS: GG vs. GA&AA, 9.20 vs. 13.37 months, P = 0.00039, HR = 2.399) and validation (median PFS: GG vs. GA&AA, 8.13 vs. 13.80 months, P = 0.048, HR = 2.628) cohorts. We elucidated that rs3742076_G conferred resistance to gefitinib by increasing protein stability of FOXM1 and facilitating an aggressive phenotype in vitro and in vivo through activating wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, FOXM1 level was highly associated with prognosis in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Mechanistically, FOXM1 rs3742076_G upregulated wnt/β-catenin activity by directly binding to β-catenin in cytoplasm and promoting transcription of β-catenin in nucleus. Remarkably, inhibition of β-catenin markedly reversed rs3742076_G-induced gefitinib resistance and aggressive phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings characterized rs3742076_G as a gain-of-function polymorphism in mediating gefitinib resistance and tumor aggressiveness, and highlighted the variant as a predictive biomarker in guiding gefitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxing Guan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youhao Chen
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Heng Liang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xueding Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Basu A, Paul MK, Alioscha-Perez M, Grosberg A, Sahli H, Dubinett SM, Weiss S. Statistical parametrization of cell cytoskeleton reveals lung cancer cytoskeletal phenotype with partial EMT signature. Commun Biol 2022; 5:407. [PMID: 35501466 PMCID: PMC9061773 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a multi-step process that involves cytoskeletal rearrangement. Here, developing and using an image quantification tool, Statistical Parametrization of Cell Cytoskeleton (SPOCC), we have identified an intermediate EMT state with a specific cytoskeletal signature. We have been able to partition EMT into two steps: (1) initial formation of transverse arcs and dorsal stress fibers and (2) their subsequent conversion to ventral stress fibers with a concurrent alignment of fibers. Using the Orientational Order Parameter (OOP) as a figure of merit, we have been able to track EMT progression in live cells as well as characterize and quantify their cytoskeletal response to drugs. SPOCC has improved throughput and is non-destructive, making it a viable candidate for studying a broad range of biological processes. Further, owing to the increased stiffness (and by inference invasiveness) of the intermediate EMT phenotype compared to mesenchymal cells, our work can be instrumental in aiding the search for future treatment strategies that combat metastasis by specifically targeting the fiber alignment process. A computational method for automated quantification of actin stress fiber alignment in fluorescence images of cultured cells is presented, used to detect changes in stress fiber organization during EMT, with pathways regulating actin dynamics manipulated leading to the discovery of a cytoskeletal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel Alioscha-Perez
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hichem Sahli
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Yu M, Yang Y, Sykes M, Wang S. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Tankyrases as Prospective Therapeutics for Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5244-5273. [PMID: 35306814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrases are multifunctional poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases that regulate diverse biological processes including telomere maintenance and cellular signaling. These processes are often implicated in a number of human diseases, with cancer being the most prevalent example. Accordingly, tankyrase inhibitors have gained increasing attention as potential therapeutics. Since the discovery of XAV939 and IWR-1 as the first tankyrase inhibitors over two decades ago, tankyrase-targeted drug discovery has made significant progress. This review starts with an introduction of tankyrases, with emphasis placed on their cancer-related functions. Small-molecule inhibitors of tankyrases are subsequently delineated based on their distinct modes of binding to the enzymes. In addition to inhibitors that compete with oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for binding to the catalytic domain of tankyrases, non-NAD+-competitive inhibitors are detailed. This is followed by a description of three clinically trialled tankyrase inhibitors. To conclude, some of challenges and prospects in developing tankyrase-targeted cancer therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Yu
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Yuchao Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew Sykes
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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12
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Emerging Molecular Dependencies of Mutant EGFR-Driven Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123553. [PMID: 34944063 PMCID: PMC8699920 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the molecular driver of a subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC); tumors that harbor these mutations are often dependent on sustained oncogene signaling for survival, a concept known as “oncogene addiction”. Inhibiting EGFR with tyrosine kinase inhibitors has improved clinical outcomes for patients; however, successive generations of inhibitors have failed to prevent the eventual emergence of resistance to targeted agents. Although these tumors have a well-established dependency on EGFR signaling, there remain questions about the underlying genetic mechanisms necessary for EGFR-driven oncogenesis and the factors that allow tumor cells to escape EGFR dependence. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on mutant EGFR dependencies, co-operative drivers, and molecular mechanisms that underlie sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. Additionally, we offer perspective on how these discoveries may inform novel combination therapies tailored to EGFR mutant NSCLC.
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13
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Boehi F, Manetsch P, Hottiger MO. Interplay between ADP-ribosyltransferases and essential cell signaling pathways controls cellular responses. Cell Discov 2021; 7:104. [PMID: 34725336 PMCID: PMC8560908 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling cascades provide integrative and interactive frameworks that allow the cell to respond to signals from its environment and/or from within the cell itself. The dynamic regulation of mammalian cell signaling pathways is often modulated by cascades of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). ADP-ribosylation is a PTM that is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyltransferases and manifests as mono- (MARylation) or poly- (PARylation) ADP-ribosylation depending on the addition of one or multiple ADP-ribose units to protein substrates. ADP-ribosylation has recently emerged as an important cell regulator that impacts a plethora of cellular processes, including many intracellular signaling events. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the intracellular diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family members and five selected signaling pathways (including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Wnt-β-catenin, MAPK, PI3K/AKT), which are frequently described to control or to be controlled by ADP-ribosyltransferases and how these interactions impact the cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurina Boehi
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Cancer Biology PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Manetsch
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Rosell R, Cardona AF, Arrieta O, Aguilar A, Ito M, Pedraz C, Codony-Servat J, Santarpia M. Coregulation of pathways in lung cancer patients with EGFR mutation: therapeutic opportunities. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1602-1611. [PMID: 34373568 PMCID: PMC8351231 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung adenocarcinoma are a frequent class of driver mutations. Single EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) provides substantial clinical benefit, but almost nil radiographic complete responses. Patients invariably progress, although survival can reach several years with post-treatment therapies, including EGFR TKIs, chemotherapy or other procedures. Endeavours have been clinically oriented to manage the acquisition of EGFR TKI-resistant mutations; however, basic principles on cancer evolution have not been considered in clinical trials. For years, evidence has displayed rapidly adaptive mechanisms of resistance to selective monotherapy, posing several dilemmas for the practitioner. Strict adherence to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) guidelines is not always practical for addressing the clinical progression that EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients suffer. The purpose of this review is to highlight regulatory mechanisms and signalling pathways that cause therapy-induced resistance to EGFR TKIs. It suggests combinatorial therapies that target EGFR, as well as potential mechanisms underlying EGFR-mutant NSCLC, alerting the reader to clinical opportunities that may lead to a deeper and more durable response. Molecular reprogramming contributes to EGFR TKI resistance, and the compiled information is relevant in understanding the development of new combined targeted strategies in EGFR-mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain. .,Oncology Institute Dr Rosell, IOR, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institute of Oncologyt, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México.,Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México
| | | | - Masaoki Ito
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Carlos Pedraz
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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15
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Suda K, Mitsudomi T. Drug Tolerance to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Lung Cancers with EGFR Mutations. Cells 2021; 10:1590. [PMID: 34202566 PMCID: PMC8306990 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) serve as the standard of care for the first-line treatment of patients with lung cancers with EGFR-activating mutations. However, the acquisition of resistance to EGFR TKIs is almost inevitable, with extremely rare exceptions, and drug-tolerant cells (DTCs) that demonstrate reversible drug insensitivity and that survive the early phase of TKI exposure are hypothesized to be an important source of cancer cells that eventually acquire irreversible resistance. Numerous studies on the molecular mechanisms of drug tolerance of EGFR-mutated lung cancers employ lung cancer cell lines as models. Here, we reviewed these studies to generally describe the features, potential origins, and candidate molecular mechanisms of DTCs. The rapid development of an optimal treatment for EGFR-mutated lung cancer will require a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the drug insensitivity of DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suda
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan;
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16
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Zamudio-Martinez E, Herrera-Campos AB, Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Vargas JM, Oliver FJ. Tankyrases as modulators of pro-tumoral functions: molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:144. [PMID: 33910596 PMCID: PMC8080362 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1) and tankyrase 2 (TNKS2) are two homologous proteins that are gaining increasing importance due to their implication in multiple pathways and diseases such as cancer. TNKS1/2 interact with a large variety of substrates through the ankyrin (ANK) domain, which recognizes a sequence present in all the substrates of tankyrase, called Tankyrase Binding Motif (TBM). One of the main functions of tankyrases is the regulation of protein stability through the process of PARylation-dependent ubiquitination (PARdU). Nonetheless, there are other functions less studied that are also essential in order to understand the role of tankyrases in many pathways. In this review, we concentrate in different tankyrase substrates and we analyze in depth the biological consequences derived of their interaction with TNKS1/2. We also examine the concept of both canonical and non-canonical TBMs and finally, we focus on the information about the role of TNKS1/2 in different tumor context, along with the benefits and limitations of the current TNKS inhibitors targeting the catalytic PARP domain and the novel strategies to develop inhibitors against the ankyrin domain. Available data indicates the need for further deepening in the knowledge of tankyrases to elucidate and improve the current view of the role of these PARP family members and get inhibitors with a better therapeutic and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Zamudio-Martinez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, CIBERONC, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Vargas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, CIBERONC, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, CIBERONC, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Mehta CC, Bhatt HG. Tankyrase inhibitors as antitumor agents: a patent update (2013 - 2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:645-661. [PMID: 33567917 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1888929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tankyrase inhibitors gained significant attention as therapeutic targets in oncology because of their potency. Their primary role in inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway makes them an important class of compounds with the potential to be used as a combination therapy in future treatments of colorectal cancer. AREAS COVERED This review describes pertinent work in the development of tankyrase inhibitors with a great emphasis on the recently patented TNKS inhibitors published from 2013 to 2020. This article also highlights a couple of promising candidates having tankyrase inhibitory effects and are currently undergoing clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Following the successful clinical applications of PARP inhibitors, tankyrase inhibition has gained significant attention in the research community as a target with high therapeutic potential. The ubiquitous role of tankyrase in cellular homeostasis and Wnt-dependent tumor proliferation brought difficulties for researchers to strike the right balance between potency and on-target toxicity. The need for novel tankyrase inhibitors with a better ADMET profile can introduce an additional regimen in treating various malignancies in monotherapy or adjuvant therapy. The development of combination therapies, including tankyrase inhibitors with or without PARP inhibitory properties, can potentially benefit the larger population of patients with unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag C Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad India
| | - Hardik G Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad India
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18
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Ohara S, Suda K, Fujino T, Hamada A, Koga T, Nishino M, Chiba M, Shimoji M, Takemoto T, Soh J, Mitsudomi T. Dose-dependence in acquisition of drug tolerant phenotype and high RYK expression as a mechanism of osimertinib tolerance in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 154:84-91. [PMID: 33631449 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergence of acquired resistance is almost inevitable during EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations. Drug tolerance, a reversible state of drug insensitivity in the early phases of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, is considered to serve as the basis of recurrent disease. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of drug tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five EGFR-mutated NSCLC cell lines were used in this study. We established drug-tolerant cells (DTCs) via 72 h treatment with osimertinib (600 nM) or afatinib (60 nM). Acquisition of drug tolerance was evaluated by growth inhibitory assay, and the molecular mechanisms of drug tolerance were analyzed by phospho-RTK array. RESULTS DTCs were successfully induced in PC9, HCC4006, and H1975 cells against osimertinib and in PC9 cells against afatinib. We observed that a high drug concentration was required to induce DTCs, and HCC4006 cells become tolerant when a higher dose of afatinib (>180 nM) was used. In the analysis of HCC4006 DTCs against osimertinib, we observed increased receptor-like tyrosine kinase (RYK) expression, and siRNA-mediated RYK knockdown inhibited the proliferation of DTCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that induction of DTCs is dose-dependent, and increased RYK expression was the mechanism of drug tolerance in HCC4006 cells against osimertinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Ohara
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Suda
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Toshio Fujino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Akira Hamada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Koga
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Masaya Nishino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Masato Chiba
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimoji
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Takemoto
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Junichi Soh
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Mitsudomi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
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19
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Therapy-Induced Evolution of Human Lung Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Cell 2020; 182:1232-1251.e22. [PMID: 32822576 PMCID: PMC7484178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of metastatic lung cancer was performed using 49 clinical biopsies obtained from 30 patients before and during targeted therapy. Over 20,000 cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem. scRNA-seq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically. Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition, whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways. Active T-lymphocytes and decreased macrophages were present at RD and immunosuppressive cell states characterized PD. Biological features revealed by scRNA-seq were biomarkers of clinical outcomes in independent cohorts. This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes. scRNA-seq is feasible in metastatic human NSCLCs and reveals a rich tumor ecosystem Individual tumors and cancer cells exhibit substantial molecular diversity Cancer and tumor microenvironment cells exhibit marked therapy-induced plasticity scRNA-seq of metastatic NSCLCs unveils new opportunities to improve clinical outcomes
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20
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Damale MG, Pathan SK, Shinde DB, Patil RH, Arote RB, Sangshetti JN. Insights of tankyrases: A novel target for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112712. [PMID: 32877803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrases are the group of enzymes belonging to a class of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) recently named ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD). The two isoforms of tankyrase i.e. tankyrase1 (TNKS1) and tankyrase2 (TNKS2) were abundantly expressed in various biological functions in telomere regulation, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, viral replication, endogenous hormone regulation, glucose transport, cherubism disease, erectile dysfunction, and apoptosis. The structural analysis, mechanistic information, in vitro and in vivo studies led identification and development of several classes of tankyrase inhibitors under clinical phases. In the nutshell, this review will drive future research on tankyrase as it enlighten the structural and functional features of TNKS 1 and TNKS 2, different classes of inhibitors with their structure-activity relationship studies, molecular modeling studies, as well as past, current and future perspective of the different class of tankyrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj G Damale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, 431136, MS, India
| | - Shahebaaz K Pathan
- Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Rauza Baugh, Aurangabad, MS, 431001, India
| | | | - Rajendra H Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, M.S, India
| | - Rohidas B Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiprakash N Sangshetti
- Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Rauza Baugh, Aurangabad, MS, 431001, India.
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21
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Golkowski M, Lau HT, Chan M, Kenerson H, Vidadala VN, Shoemaker A, Maly DJ, Yeung RS, Gujral TS, Ong SE. Pharmacoproteomics Identifies Kinase Pathways that Drive the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Drug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Syst 2020; 11:196-207.e7. [PMID: 32755597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and deadly disease lacking druggable genetic mutations. The limited efficacy of systemic treatments for advanced HCC implies that predictive biomarkers and drug targets are urgently needed. Most HCC drugs target protein kinases, indicating that kinase-dependent signaling networks drive HCC progression. To identify HCC signaling networks that determine responses to kinase inhibitors (KIs), we apply a pharmacoproteomics approach integrating kinome activity in 17 HCC cell lines with their responses to 299 KIs, resulting in a comprehensive dataset of pathway-based drug response signatures. By profiling patient HCC samples, we identify signatures of clinical HCC drug responses in individual tumors. Our analyses reveal kinase networks promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug resistance, including a FZD2-AXL-NUAK1/2 signaling module, whose inhibition reverses the EMT and sensitizes HCC cells to drugs. Our approach identifies cancer drug targets and molecular signatures of drug response for personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ho-Tak Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marina Chan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heidi Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Anna Shoemaker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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22
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Kern JA, Kim J, Foster DG, Mishra R, Gardner EE, Poirier JT, Rivard C, Yu H, Finigan JH, Dowlati A, Rudin CM, Tan AC. Role of mTOR As an Essential Kinase in SCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:1522-1534. [PMID: 32599072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SCLC represents 15% of all lung cancer diagnoses in the United States and has a particularly poor prognosis. We hypothesized that kinases regulating SCLC survival pathways represent therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities whose inhibition may improve SCLC outcome. METHODS A short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) library targeting all human kinases was introduced in seven chemonaive patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and the cells were cultured in vitro and in vivo. On harvest, lost or depleted shRNAs were considered as regulating-cell survival pathways and deemed essential kinases. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of recovered shRNAs separated the PDXs into two clusters, suggesting kinase-based heterogeneity among the SCLC PDXs. A total of 23 kinases were identified as essential in two or more PDXs, with mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) a candidate essential kinase in four. mTOR phosphorylation status correlated with PDX sensitivity to mTOR kinase inhibition, and mTOR inhibition sensitized the PDX to cisplatin and etoposide. In the PDX in which mTOR was defined as essential, mTOR inhibition caused a 43% decrease in tumor volume at 21 days (p < 0.01). Combining mTOR inhibition with cisplatin and etoposide decreased PDX tumor volume 96% compared with cisplatin and etoposide alone at 70 days (p < 0.002). Chemoresistance did not develop with the combination of mTOR inhibition and cisplatin and etoposide in mTOR-essential PDX over 105 days. The prevalence of phospho-mTOR-Ser-2448 in a tissue microarray of chemonaive SCLC was 27%, thus, identifying an important SCLC subtype that might benefit from the addition of mTOR inhibition to standard chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal that kinases can define SCLC subgroups, can identify therapeutic vulnerabilities, and can potentially be used to optimize therapeutic approaches. Significance We used functional genomics to identify kinases regulating SCLC survival. mTOR was identified as essential in a subset of PDXs. mTOR inhibition decreased PDX growth, sensitized PDX to cisplatin and etoposide, and prevented chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel G Foster
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rangnath Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Eric E Gardner
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - Hui Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - James H Finigan
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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23
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Fukuda K, Takeuchi S, Arai S, Kita K, Tanimoto A, Nishiyama A, Yano S. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition overcomes epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2374-2384. [PMID: 32391602 PMCID: PMC7385349 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor, osimertinib, has marked efficacy in patients with EGFR‐mutant lung cancer. While epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a role in the resistance to various targeted drugs, its involvement in EGFR‐inhibitor resistance remains largely unknown. Preclinical experiments with osimertinib‐resistant lung cancer cells showed that EMT was associated with decreased microRNA‐200c and increased ZEB1 expression. In several resistant clone cells, pretreatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor quisinostat helped overcome the resistance by reverting EMT. Furthermore, drug screening from a library of 100 kinase inhibitors indicated that Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) inhibitors, such as LY2090314, markedly inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of resistant cells, specifically those with a mesenchymal phenotype. These results suggest that GSK‐3 inhibition could be useful to circumvent EMT‐associated resistance to osimertinib in EGFR‐mutant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Arai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kita
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Azusa Tanimoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nishiyama
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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24
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Ma Z, Han C, Xia W, Wang S, Li X, Fang P, Yin R, Xu L, Yang L. circ5615 functions as a ceRNA to promote colorectal cancer progression by upregulating TNKS. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32393760 PMCID: PMC7214456 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), non-coding RNAs generated by precursor mRNA back-splicing of exons, have been reported to fulfill multiple roles in cancer. However, the role of quite a lot circRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains mostly unknown. Herein, we explored the expression profiles of circRNAs in 5 paired samples of CRC patients by microarray and noted a circRNA, hsa_circ_0005615 (circ5615), was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues. Circ5615 was derived from exon 2 of NFATC3 and its upregulation was tightly correlated with higher T stage and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that knockdown of circ5615 in cancer cells inhibited proliferation and cell cycle acceleration, while overexpression promoted malignant phenotypes. Mechanistically, RNA immunoprecipitation, biotin-coupled probe pull-down and luciferase reporter assays revealed circ5615 effectively bound to miR-149-5p and might play a role like miR-149-5p sponge. Additionally, tankyrase (TNKS), regulator of β-catenin stabilization, was identified as circ5615 downstream and the potential miR-149-5p targets by RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis. We further verified the upregulation of β-catenin and cyclin D1 induced by circ5615. Our results indicated that circ5615 exerted oncogenic function as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-149-5p to release TNKS and activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Chencheng Han
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjia Xia
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Panqi Fang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Howell MC, Green R, Khalil R, Foran E, Quarni W, Nair R, Stevens S, Grinchuk A, Hanna A, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra S. Lung cancer cells survive epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure through upregulation of cholesterol synthesis. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:90-105. [PMID: 32123859 PMCID: PMC7003654 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) provide clinical benefits over chemotherapy for lung cancer patients with EGFR activating mutations. Despite initial clinical responses, long-term efficacy is not possible because of acquired resistance to these therapies. We have developed EGFR TKI drug-tolerant (DT) human lung cancer cell lines as a model for de novo resistance. Mass spectroscopic analysis revealed that the cytochrome P450 protein, CYP51A1 (Lanosterol 14α-demethylase), which is directly involved with cholesterol synthesis, was significantly upregulated in the DT cells. Total cellular cholesterol, and more specifically, mitochondrial cholesterol, were found to be upregulated in DT cells. We then used the CYP51A1 inhibitor, ketoconazole, to downregulate cholesterol synthesis. In both parental and DT cells, ketoconazole and EGFR TKIs acted synergistically to induce apoptosis and overcome the development of EGFR tolerance. Lastly, this combination therapy was shown to shrink the growth of tumors in an in vivo mouse model of EGFR TKI resistance. Thus, our study demonstrates for the first time that ketoconazole treatment inhibits upregulation of mitochondrial cholesterol and thereby overcomes EGFR-TKI resistance in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Howell
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Center for Research & Education in NanobioengineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Ryan Green
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Center for Research & Education in NanobioengineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Roukiah Khalil
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Elspeth Foran
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Waise Quarni
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | | | - Stanley Stevens
- Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular BiologyCollege of Arts and SciencesUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | | | - Andrew Hanna
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Shyam Mohapatra
- Center for Research & Education in NanobioengineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Division of Translational MedicineInternal MedicineMorsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- James A Haley Veterans HospitalTampaFLUSA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Molecular Medicine DepartmentUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Center for Research & Education in NanobioengineeringUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- James A Haley Veterans HospitalTampaFLUSA
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26
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Eisemann T, Pascal JM. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes and the maintenance of genome integrity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:19-33. [PMID: 31754726 PMCID: PMC11104942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) relies on swift and accurate signaling to rapidly identify DNA lesions and initiate repair. A critical DDR signaling and regulatory molecule is the posttranslational modification poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PAR is synthesized by a family of structurally and functionally diverse proteins called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Although PARPs share a conserved catalytic domain, unique regulatory domains of individual family members endow PARPs with unique properties and cellular functions. Family members PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-3 (DDR-PARPs) are catalytically activated in the presence of damaged DNA and act as damage sensors. Family members tankyrase-1 and closely related tankyrase-2 possess SAM and ankyrin repeat domains that regulate their diverse cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that the tankyrases share some overlapping functions with the DDR-PARPs, and even perform novel functions that help preserve genomic integrity. In this review, we briefly touch on DDR-PARP functions, and focus on the emerging roles of tankyrases in genome maintenance. Preservation of genomic integrity thus appears to be a common function of several PARP family members, depicting PAR as a multifaceted guardian of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Eisemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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27
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Zhong Z, Virshup DM. Wnt Signaling and Drug Resistance in Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:72-89. [PMID: 31787618 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted proteins that bind to cell surface receptors to activate downstream signaling cascades. Normal Wnt signaling plays key roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The secretion of Wnt ligands, the turnover of Wnt receptors, and the signaling transduction are tightly regulated and fine-tuned to keep the signaling output "just right." Hyperactivated Wnt signaling due to recurrent genetic alterations drives several human cancers. Elevated Wnt signaling also confers resistance to multiple conventional and targeted cancer therapies through diverse mechanisms including maintaining the cancer stem cell population, enhancing DNA damage repair, facilitating transcriptional plasticity, and promoting immune evasion. Different classes of Wnt signaling inhibitors targeting key nodes of the pathway have been developed and show efficacy in treating Wnt-driven cancers and subverting Wnt-mediated therapy resistance in preclinical studies. Several of these inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials, both singly and in combination with other existing US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-cancer modalities. In the near future, pharmacological inhibition of Wnt signaling may be a real choice for patients with cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The latest insights in Wnt signaling, ranging from basic biology to therapeutic implications in cancer, are reviewed. Recent studies extend understanding of this ancient signaling pathway and describe the development and improvement of anti-Wnt therapeutic modalities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z.); Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z., D.M.V.); and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (D.M.V.)
| | - David M Virshup
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z.); Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore (Z.Z., D.M.V.); and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (D.M.V.)
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28
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Suda K. Targeting the reversible drug-tolerant state: aurora kinase A, is that the final answer? Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:S564-S568. [PMID: 35117132 PMCID: PMC8797747 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.05.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suda
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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29
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Szpechcinski A, Florczuk M, Duk K, Zdral A, Rudzinski S, Bryl M, Czyzewicz G, Rudzinski P, Kupis W, Wojda E, Giedronowicz D, Langfort R, Barinow-Wojewodzki A, Orlowski T, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. The expression of circulating miR-504 in plasma is associated with EGFR mutation status in non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3641-3656. [PMID: 30953094 PMCID: PMC6697756 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), key regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, are grossly misregulated in some human cancers, including non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The aberrant expression of specific miRNAs results in the abnormal regulation of key components of signalling pathways in tumour cells. MiRNA levels and the activity of the gene targets, including oncogenes and tumour suppressors, produce feedback that changes miRNA expression levels and indicates the cell's genetic activity. In this study, we measured the expression of five circulating miRNAs (miR-195, miR-504, miR-122, miR-10b and miR-21) and evaluated their association with EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR) mutation status in 66 NSCLC patients. Moreover, we examined the discriminative power of circulating miRNAs for EGFR mutant-positive and -negative NSCLC patients using two different data normalisation approaches. We extracted total RNA from the plasma of 66 non-squamous NSCLC patients (31 of whom had tumours with EGFR mutations) and measured circulating miRNA levels using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The miRNA expression levels were normalised using two endogenous controls: miR-191 and miR-16. We found significant associations between the expression of circulating miR-504 and EGFR-activating mutations in NSCLC patients regardless of the normalisation approach used (p = 0.0072 and 0.0236 for miR-16 and miR-191 normalisation, respectively). The greatest discriminative power of circulating miR-504 was observed in patients with EGFR exon 19 deletions versus wild-type EGFR normalised to miR-191 (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, circulating miR-504 levels were significantly reduced in the v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-mutated subgroup compared to EGFR-mutated patients (p < 0.0030) and those with EGFR/KRAS wild-type tumours (p < 0.0359). Our study demonstrated the feasibility and potential diagnostic value of plasma miR-504 expression analysis to distinguish between EGFR-mutated and wild-type NSCLC patients. However, quality control and normalisation strategies are very important and have a major impact on the outcomes of circulating miRNA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szpechcinski
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Florczuk
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Duk
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Zdral
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Rudzinski
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Bryl
- Department of Oncology, E.J. Zeyland Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Czyzewicz
- Department of Oncology, The John Paul II Specialist Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Rudzinski
- Department of Surgery, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Kupis
- Department of Surgery, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emil Wojda
- II Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Giedronowicz
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathomorphology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Orlowski
- Department of Surgery, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St., 01-138, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Pham-Danis C, DeGregori J. Studying Cancer Evolution and Therapeutic Responses in Different Organs: The Pros and Cons of a Broad Focus. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4582-4584. [PMID: 31439547 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adaptation brought upon by insults such as old age and therapeutic exposure is a complex phenomenon in which cells undergo adaptive phenotypic changes. Our lab has focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying adaptation during the evolution of cancer, from the early stages of development to the ability of cancer cells to escape therapeutic challenges. Our studies span hematopoietic and lung systems. Herein, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages involved in studying two vastly different organ systems. Through the use of these organ/cancer model systems, we hope to develop interventions to limit oncogenic adaptation leading to cancer development and to prevent adaptation of cancers following treatment leading to cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pham-Danis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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31
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Yoo M, Shin J, Kim H, Kim J, Kang J, Tan AC. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine components using gene expression signatures and connectivity map. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 174:33-40. [PMID: 29650251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced over thousands of years in China and other Asian countries for treating various symptoms and diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TCM are poorly understood, partly due to the "multi-component, multi-target" nature of TCM. To uncover the molecular mechanisms of TCM, we perform comprehensive gene expression analysis using connectivity map. METHODS We interrogated gene expression signatures obtained 102 TCM components using the next generation Connectivity Map (CMap) resource. We performed systematic data mining and analysis on the mechanism of action (MoA) of these TCM components based on the CMap results. RESULTS We clustered the 102 TCM components into four groups based on their MoAs using next generation CMap resource. We performed gene set enrichment analysis on these components to provide additional supports for explaining these molecular mechanisms. We also provided literature evidence to validate the MoAs identified through this bioinformatics analysis. Finally, we developed the Traditional Chinese Medicine Drug Repurposing Hub (TCM Hub) - a connectivity map resource to facilitate the elucidation of TCM MoA for drug repurposing research. TCMHub is freely available in http://tanlab.ucdenver.edu/TCMHub. CONCLUSIONS Molecular mechanisms of TCM could be uncovered by using gene expression signatures and connectivity map. Through this analysis, we identified many of the TCM components possess diverse MoAs, this may explain the applications of TCM in treating various symptoms and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Yoo
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jimin Shin
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jaewoo Kang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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32
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Pham-Danis C, Gehrke S, Danis E, Rozhok AI, Daniels MW, Gao D, Collins C, Paola JTD, D'Alessandro A, DeGregori J. Urea Cycle Sustains Cellular Energetics upon EGFR Inhibition in EGFR-Mutant NSCLC. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1351-1364. [PMID: 30808730 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes engender unique metabolic phenotypes crucial to the survival of tumor cells. EGFR signaling has been linked to the rewiring of tumor metabolism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have integrated the use of a functional genomics screen and metabolomics to identify metabolic vulnerabilities induced by EGFR inhibition. These studies reveal that following EGFR inhibition, EGFR-driven NSCLC cells become dependent on the urea cycle and, in particular, the urea cycle enzyme CPS1. Combining knockdown of CPS1 with EGFR inhibition further reduces cell proliferation and impedes cell-cycle progression. Profiling of the metabolome demonstrates that suppression of CPS1 potentiates the effects of EGFR inhibition on central carbon metabolism, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and arginine metabolism, coinciding with reduced glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. We show that EGFR inhibition and CPS1 knockdown lead to a decrease in arginine levels and pyrimidine derivatives, and the addition of exogenous pyrimidines partially rescues the impairment in cell growth. Finally, we show that high expression of CPS1 in lung adenocarcinomas correlated with worse patient prognosis in publicly available databases. These data collectively reveal that NSCLC cells have a greater dependency on the urea cycle to sustain central carbon metabolism, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and arginine metabolism to meet cellular energetics upon inhibition of EGFR. IMPLICATIONS: Our results reveal that the urea cycle may be a novel metabolic vulnerability in the context of EGFR inhibition, providing an opportunity to develop rational combination therapies with EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of EGFR-driven NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pham-Danis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Etienne Danis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrii I Rozhok
- Department of Dermatology, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael W Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christina Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - José T Di Paola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Dermatology, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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33
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Solberg NT, Melheim M, Strand MF, Olsen PA, Krauss S. MEK Inhibition Induces Canonical WNT Signaling through YAP in KRAS Mutated HCT-15 Cells, and a Cancer Preventive FOXO3/FOXM1 Ratio in Combination with TNKS Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020164. [PMID: 30717152 PMCID: PMC6406699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancers are induced by subsequent mutations in APC and KRAS genes leading to aberrant activation of both canonical WNT and RAS signaling. However, due to induction of feedback rescue mechanisms some cancers do not respond well to targeted inhibitor treatments. In this study we show that the APC and KRAS mutant human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-15 induces canonical WNT signaling through YAP in a MEK dependent mechanism. This inductive loop is disrupted with combined tankyrase (TNKS) and MEK inhibition. RNA sequencing analysis suggests that combined TNKS/MEK inhibition induces metabolic stress responses in HCT-15 cells promoting a positive FOXO3/FOXM1 ratio to reduce antioxidative and cryoprotective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Therese Solberg
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria Melheim
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Martin Frank Strand
- Department of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Petter Angell Olsen
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Unit for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Park J, Cho YH, Shin WJ, Lee SK, Lee J, Kim T, Cha PH, Yang JS, Cho J, Min DS, Han G, Lee HY, Choi KY. A Ras destabilizer KYA1797K overcomes the resistance of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor in KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:648. [PMID: 30679620 PMCID: PMC6345925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors such as erlotinib and gefitinib are widely used for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but they have shown limited efficacy in an unselected population of patients. The KRAS mutations, which are identified in approximately 20% of NSCLC patients, have shown to be associated with the resistance to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Currently, there is no clinically available targeted therapy which can effectively inhibit NSCLC tumors harboring KRAS mutations. This study aims to show the effectiveness of KYA1797K, a small molecule which revealed anti-cancer effect in colorectal cancer by destabilizing Ras via inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, for the treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC. While erlotinib fail to have anti-transforming effect in NSCLC cell lines harboring KRAS mutations, KYA1797K effectively inhibited the Ras-ERK pathway in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines. As a result, KYA1797K treatment suppressed the growth and transformation of KRAS mutant NSCLC cells and also induced apoptosis. Furthermore, KYA1797K effectively inhibited Kras-driven tumorigenesis in the KrasLA2 mouse model by suppressing the Ras-ERK pathway. The destabilization of Ras via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutated NSCLC that is resistant to EGFR TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Cho
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Shin
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - JaeHeon Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pu-Hyeon Cha
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Sun Yang
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaebeom Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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35
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Menon M, Elliott R, Bowers L, Balan N, Rafiq R, Costa-Cabral S, Munkonge F, Trinidade I, Porter R, Campbell AD, Johnson ER, Esdar C, Buchstaller HP, Leuthner B, Rohdich F, Schneider R, Sansom O, Wienke D, Ashworth A, Lord CJ. A novel tankyrase inhibitor, MSC2504877, enhances the effects of clinical CDK4/6 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:201. [PMID: 30655555 PMCID: PMC6336890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the PARP superfamily tankyrase enzymes suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signalling in tumour cells. Here, we describe here a novel, drug-like small molecule inhibitor of tankyrase MSC2504877 that inhibits the growth of APC mutant colorectal tumour cells. Parallel siRNA and drug sensitivity screens showed that the clinical CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, causes enhanced sensitivity to MSC2504877. This tankyrase inhibitor-CDK4/6 inhibitor combinatorial effect is not limited to palbociclib and MSC2504877 and is elicited with other CDK4/6 inhibitors and toolbox tankyrase inhibitors. The addition of MSC2504877 to palbociclib enhances G1 cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in tumour cells. MSC2504877 exposure suppresses the upregulation of Cyclin D2 and Cyclin E2 caused by palbociclib and enhances the suppression of phospho-Rb, providing a mechanistic explanation for these effects. The combination of MSC2504877 and palbociclib was also effective in suppressing the cellular hyperproliferative phenotype seen in Apc defective intestinal stem cells in vivo. However, the presence of an oncogenic Kras p.G12D mutation in mice reversed the effects of the MSC2504877/palbociclib combination, suggesting one molecular route that could lead to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Menon
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard Elliott
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Leandra Bowers
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicolae Balan
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rumana Rafiq
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sara Costa-Cabral
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Felix Munkonge
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ines Trinidade
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Andrew D Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Emma R Johnson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christina Esdar
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Buchstaller
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Richard Schneider
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Owen Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma Research & Development, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Alan Ashworth
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, San Francisco, 94158, USA.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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36
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Kim MK. Novel insight into the function of tankyrase. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6895-6902. [PMID: 30546421 PMCID: PMC6256358 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrases are multifunctional poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including Wnt signaling, telomere maintenance and mitosis regulation. Tankyrases interact with target proteins and regulate their interactions and stability through poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation. In addition to their roles in telomere maintenance and regulation of mitosis, tankyrase proteins regulate tumor suppressors, including AXIN, phosphatase and tensin homolog and angiomotin. Therefore, tankyrases may be effective targets for cancer treatment. Tankyrase inhibitors could affect a variety of carcinogenic pathways that promote uncontrolled proliferation, including Wnt, AKT, yes-associated protein, telomere maintenance and mitosis regulation. Recently, novel aspects of the function and mechanism of tankyrases have been reported, and a number of tankyrase inhibitors have been identified. A combination of conventional chemotherapy agents with tankyrase inhibitors may have synergistic anticancer effects. Therefore, it is expected that more advanced and improved tankyrase inhibitors will be developed, enabling novel therapeutic strategies against cancer and other tankyrase-associated diseases. The present review discusses tankyrase function and the role of tankyrase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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37
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EGF-induced nuclear localization of SHCBP1 activates β-catenin signaling and promotes cancer progression. Oncogene 2018; 38:747-764. [PMID: 30177836 PMCID: PMC6355651 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of EGFR represents a common event in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and activates various downstream signaling pathways. While EGFR activation of β-catenin signaling was previously reported, the mediating mechanism remains unclear. Our current study found that EGFR activation in NSCLC cells releases SHC-binging protein 1 (SHCBP1) from SHC adaptor protein 1 (SHC1), which subsequently translocates into the nucleus and directly promotes the transactivating activity of β-catenin, consequently resulting in development of NSCLC cell stemness and malignant progression. Furthermore, SHCBP1 promotes β-catenin activity through enhancing the CBP/β-catenin interaction, and most interestingly, a candidate drug that blocks the CBP/β-catenin binding effectively abrogates the aforementioned biological effects of SHCBP1. Clinically, SHCBP1 level in NSCLC tumors was found to inversely correlate with patient survival. Together, our study establishes a novel convergence between EGFR and β-catenin pathways and highlights a potential significance of SHCBP1 as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Chung-I Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago
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39
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Arasada RR, Shilo K, Yamada T, Zhang J, Yano S, Ghanem R, Wang W, Takeuchi S, Fukuda K, Katakami N, Tomii K, Ogushi F, Nishioka Y, Talabere T, Misra S, Duan W, Fadda P, Rahman MA, Nana-Sinkam P, Evans J, Amann J, Tchekneva EE, Dikov MM, Carbone DP. Notch3-dependent β-catenin signaling mediates EGFR TKI drug persistence in EGFR mutant NSCLC. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3198. [PMID: 30097569 PMCID: PMC6090531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors cause dramatic responses in EGFR-mutant lung cancer, but resistance universally develops. The involvement of β-catenin in EGFR TKI resistance has been previously reported, however, the precise mechanism by which β-catenin activation contributes to EGFR TKI resistance is not clear. Here, we show that EGFR inhibition results in the activation of β-catenin signaling in a Notch3-dependent manner, which facilitates the survival of a subset of cells that we call "adaptive persisters". We previously reported that EGFR-TKI treatment rapidly activates Notch3, and here we describe the physical association of Notch3 with β-catenin, leading to increased stability and activation of β-catenin. We demonstrate that the combination of EGFR-TKI and a β-catenin inhibitor inhibits the development of these adaptive persisters, decreases tumor burden, improves recurrence free survival, and overall survival in xenograft models. These results supports combined EGFR-TKI and β-catenin inhibition in patients with EGFR mutant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Rao Arasada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Seiji Yano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Rashelle Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Walter Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shinji Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Katakami
- Division of Integrated Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ogushi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization National Kochi Hospital, Kochi, 780-8077, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tiffany Talabere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shrilekha Misra
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wenrui Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mohammad A Rahman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and the Center for Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and the Center for Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jason Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joseph Amann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Elena E Tchekneva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mikhail M Dikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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40
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Li C, Zheng X, Han Y, Lv Y, Lan F, Zhao J. XAV939 inhibits the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through the WNT pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8973-8982. [PMID: 29805633 PMCID: PMC5958670 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of the tankyrase (TNKS) small molecule inhibitor XAV939 on the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and the possible underlying mechanism. To do this, the association between TNKS and the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in lung acinar adenocarcinoma was investigated. Immunohistochemistry was performed, which demonstrated that TNKS, β-catenin and Myc proto-oncogene protein (c-Myc) proteins are positively expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissue; this expression was significantly higher than that in normal adjacent non-carcinoma tissues. A549 cell proliferation was inhibited in all XAV939-intervention groups examined. In the wound-healing assay, cells treated with different concentrations of XAV939 exhibited a significantly increased scratch width compared with the control group. Reverse transcription-semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that β-catenin mRNA expression was significantly decreased in A549 cells in response to different XAV939 concentrations compared with the control group. Immunofluorescence revealed that β-catenin protein, initially localized in the nucleus/cytoplasm, gradually translocated to the cytoplasm/membrane, an effect that was associated with increased drug concentration. TNKS, β-catenin and c-Myc protein expression in A549 cells treated with XAV939 was reduced compared with that in untreated cells. Therefore, abnormally high TNKS expression may promote the occurrence of lung cancer. The TNKS inhibitor XAV939 inhibited lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell proliferation and migration in vitro. The underlying mechanism by which XAV939 exerted its inhibitory effects may be associated with attenuation of the WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Fu Lan
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
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41
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Genomic Profiling on an Unselected Solid Tumor Population Reveals a Highly Mutated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Associated with Oncogenic EGFR Mutations. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8020013. [PMID: 29642553 PMCID: PMC6023530 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) can recruit key effectors in diverse cellular processes to propagate oncogenic signals. Targeted and combinational therapeutic strategies have been successfully applied for treating EGFR-driven cancers. However, a main challenge in EGFR therapies is drug resistance due to mutations, oncogenic shift, alternative signaling, and other potential mechanisms. To further understand the genetic alterations associated with oncogenic EGFRs and to provide further insight into optimal and personalized therapeutic strategies, we applied a proprietary comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay of 435 genes to systematically study the genomic profiles of 1565 unselected solid cancer patient samples. We found that activating EGFR mutations were predominantly detected in lung cancer, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mutational landscape of EGFR-driven tumors covered most key signaling pathways and biological processes. Strikingly, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was highly mutated (48 variants detected in 46% of the EGFR-driven tumors), and its variant number topped that in the TP53/apoptosis and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways. Furthermore, an analysis of mutation distribution revealed a differential association pattern of gene mutations between EGFR exon 19del and EGFR L858R. Our results confirm the aggressive nature of the oncogenic EGFR-driven tumors and reassure that a combinational strategy should have advantages over an EGFR-targeted monotherapy and holds great promise for overcoming drug resistance.
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42
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Kleczko EK, Heasley LE. Mechanisms of rapid cancer cell reprogramming initiated by targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inherent therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:60. [PMID: 29458371 PMCID: PMC5817864 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways serve as frequent oncogene drivers in solid cancers and small molecule and antibody-based inhibitors have been developed as targeted therapeutics for many of these oncogenic RTKs. In general, these drugs, when delivered as single agents in a manner consistent with the principles of precision medicine, induce tumor shrinkage but rarely complete tumor elimination. Moreover, acquired resistance of treated tumors is nearly invariant such that monotherapy strategies with targeted RTK drugs fail to provide long-term control or cures. The mechanisms mediating acquired resistance in tumors at progression treated with RTK inhibitors are relatively well defined compared to the molecular and cellular understanding of the cancer cells that persist early on therapy. We and others propose that these persisting cancer cells, termed "residual disease", provide the reservoir from which acquired resistance eventually emerges. Herein, we will review the literature that describes rapid reprogramming induced upon inhibition of oncogenic RTKs in cancer cells as a mechanism by which cancer cells persist to yield residual disease and consider strategies for disrupting these intrinsic responses for future therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Kleczko
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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43
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Gustafson CT, Mamo T, Maran A, Yaszemski MJ. Efflux inhibition by IWR-1-endo confers sensitivity to doxorubicin effects in osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:141-149. [PMID: 29412166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor that affects children and young adults. Despite advances in the use of combination chemotherapy regimens, response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma remains a key determinant of patient outcome. Recently, highly potent small molecule inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling through the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-family enzymes, tankyrases 1 & 2 (Tnks1/2), have been considered as possible chemotherapy sensitizing agents. The goal of this study was to determine the ability of the highly specific Tnks1/2 inhibitor IWR-1-endo to sensitize chemotherapy-resistant osteosarcoma to doxorubicin. We found that IWR-1-endo significantly inhibited cellular efflux, as measured by cellular retention of Calcein AM and doxorubicin. In a model of doxorubicin resistant osteosarcoma, pre-treatment with IWR-1-endo strongly sensitized to doxorubicin. This sensitization reduced the doxorubicin IC50 in doxorubicin-resistant cells, but not in chemotherapy naïve cells and caused doxorubicin-treated cells to accumulate at the G2/M checkpoint. Further, we found that sensitization with IWR-1-endo produced increased γH2AX foci formation, indicating increased DNA damage by doxorubicin. Taken together, our findings show that IWR-1-endo increases cellular responses to doxorubicin, by blocking efflux transport in a drug-resistant model of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T Gustafson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tewodros Mamo
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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44
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Moriyama G, Tanigawa M, Sakai K, Hirata Y, Kikuchi S, Saito Y, Kyoyama H, Matsuda K, Seike M, Gemma A, Uematsu K. Synergistic effect of targeting dishevelled-3 and the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor on mesothelioma cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:833-838. [PMID: 29403559 PMCID: PMC5780750 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously revealed that Wnt signaling is activated in mesothelioma cells. Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in mesothelioma cells, EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are not effective for mesothelioma treatment. However, in non-small cell lung cancer, the blocking of Wnt signaling has been identified to enhance the anticancer effect of EGFR-TKIs. To confirm the anticancer effect of blocking Wnt signaling in combination with EGFR-TKI treatment in mesothelioma, the present study evaluated the effect of simultaneous suppression of human dishevelled-3 (Dvl-3) expression with Dvl-3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and of EGFR inhibition with gefitinib on mesothelioma cell viability. Mesothelioma cell lines with and without β-catenin gene expression were transfected with Dvl-3 siRNA and were cultured with gefitinib, and cell viability, colony formation and cell cycle analyses were performed. Dvl-3 siRNA downregulated the expression of Dvl-3 in mesothelioma cells. The combination of Dvl-3 siRNA with gefitinib acted synergistically to induce concomitant suppression of cell viability and colony formation, suggesting that inhibition of Wnt signaling by downregulating Dvl-3 with siRNA and inhibiting EGFR with gefitinib leads to significant antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Moriyama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Maya Tanigawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sakai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hirata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kyoyama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kuniko Matsuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiro Seike
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kazutsugu Uematsu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
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Cancer stem cell-like population is preferentially suppressed by EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutated PC-9 tumor models. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Solberg NT, Waaler J, Lund K, Mygland L, Olsen PA, Krauss S. TANKYRASE Inhibition Enhances the Antiproliferative Effect of PI3K and EGFR Inhibition, Mutually Affecting β-CATENIN and AKT Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:543-553. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Mariotti L, Pollock K, Guettler S. Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling by tankyrase-dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and scaffolding. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4611-4636. [PMID: 28910490 PMCID: PMC5727255 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is pivotal for stem cell function and the control of cellular differentiation, both during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Its activity is carefully controlled through the concerted interactions of concentration-limited pathway components and a wide range of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and acetylation. Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling by PARylation was discovered relatively recently. The PARP tankyrase PARylates AXIN1/2, an essential central scaffolding protein in the β-catenin destruction complex, and targets it for degradation, thereby fine-tuning the responsiveness of cells to the Wnt signal. The past few years have not only seen much progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PARylation controls the pathway but also witnessed the successful development of tankyrase inhibitors as tool compounds and promising agents for the therapy of Wnt-dependent dysfunctions, including colorectal cancer. Recent work has hinted at more complex roles of tankyrase in Wnt/β-catenin signalling as well as challenges and opportunities in the development of tankyrase inhibitors. Here we review some of the latest advances in our understanding of tankyrase function in the pathway and efforts to modulate tankyrase activity to re-tune Wnt/β-catenin signalling in colorectal cancer cells. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mariotti
- Division of Structural BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Division of Cancer BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Katie Pollock
- Division of Structural BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Division of Cancer BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Division of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Sebastian Guettler
- Division of Structural BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Division of Cancer BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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48
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Lu Y, Zhao X, Liu Q, Li C, Graves-Deal R, Cao Z, Singh B, Franklin JL, Wang J, Hu H, Wei T, Yang M, Yeatman TJ, Lee E, Saito-Diaz K, Hinger S, Patton JG, Chung CH, Emmrich S, Klusmann JH, Fan D, Coffey RJ. lncRNA MIR100HG-derived miR-100 and miR-125b mediate cetuximab resistance via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Nat Med 2017; 23:1331-1341. [PMID: 29035371 PMCID: PMC5961502 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
De novo and acquired resistance, which are largely attributed to genetic alterations, are barriers to effective anti-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) therapy. To generate cetuximab-resistant cells, we exposed cetuximab-sensitive colorectal cancer cells to cetuximab in three-dimensional culture. Using whole-exome sequencing and transcriptional profiling, we found that the long non-coding RNA MIR100HG and two embedded microRNAs, miR-100 and miR-125b, were overexpressed in the absence of known genetic events linked to cetuximab resistance. MIR100HG, miR-100 and miR-125b overexpression was also observed in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell cancer cell lines and in tumors from colorectal cancer patients that progressed on cetuximab. miR-100 and miR-125b coordinately repressed five Wnt/β-catenin negative regulators, resulting in increased Wnt signaling, and Wnt inhibition in cetuximab-resistant cells restored cetuximab responsiveness. Our results describe a double-negative feedback loop between MIR100HG and the transcription factor GATA6, whereby GATA6 represses MIR100HG, but this repression is relieved by miR-125b targeting of GATA6. These findings identify a clinically actionable, epigenetic cause of cetuximab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cunxi Li
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China, and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ramona Graves-Deal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Huaying Hu
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China, and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianying Wei
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China, and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingli Yang
- Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy J Yeatman
- Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Scott Hinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Stephan Emmrich
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Katoh M, Katoh M. Molecular genetics and targeted therapy of WNT-related human diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:587-606. [PMID: 28731148 PMCID: PMC5547940 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled and LRP5/6 receptors is transduced to the WNT/β-catenin and WNT/stabilization of proteins (STOP) signaling cascades to regulate cell fate and proliferation, whereas non-canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled or ROR receptors is transduced to the WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP), WNT/G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and WNT/receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling cascades to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and directional cell movement. WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade crosstalks with RTK/SRK and GPCR-cAMP-PKA signaling cascades to regulate β-catenin phosphorylation and β-catenin-dependent transcription. Germline mutations in WNT signaling molecules cause hereditary colorectal cancer, bone diseases, exudative vitreoretinopathy, intellectual disability syndrome and PCP-related diseases. APC or CTNNB1 mutations in colorectal, endometrial and prostate cancers activate the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade. RNF43, ZNRF3, RSPO2 or RSPO3 alterations in breast, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other cancers activate the WNT/β-catenin, WNT/STOP and other WNT signaling cascades. ROR1 upregulation in B-cell leukemia and solid tumors and ROR2 upregulation in melanoma induce invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance through Rho-ROCK, Rac-JNK, PI3K-AKT and YAP signaling activation. WNT signaling in cancer, stromal and immune cells dynamically orchestrate immune evasion and antitumor immunity in a cell context-dependent manner. Porcupine (PORCN), RSPO3, WNT2B, FZD5, FZD10, ROR1, tankyrase and β-catenin are targets of anti-WNT signaling therapy, and ETC-159, LGK974, OMP-18R5 (vantictumab), OMP-54F28 (ipafricept), OMP-131R10 (rosmantuzumab), PRI-724 and UC-961 (cirmtuzumab) are in clinical trials for cancer patients. Different classes of anti-WNT signaling therapeutics are necessary for the treatment of APC/CTNNB1-, RNF43/ZNRF3/RSPO2/RSPO3- and ROR1-types of human cancers. By contrast, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), SOST and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) are targets of pro-WNT signaling therapy, and anti-DKK1 (BHQ880 and DKN-01) and anti-SOST (blosozumab, BPS804 and romosozumab) monoclonal antibodies are being tested in clinical trials for cancer patients and osteoporotic post-menopausal women. WNT-targeting therapeutics have also been applied as reagents for in vitro stem-cell processing in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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50
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van der Wekken AJ, Kuiper JL, Saber A, Terpstra MM, Wei J, Hiltermann TJN, Thunnissen E, Heideman DAM, Timens W, Schuuring E, Kok K, Smit EF, van den Berg A, Groen HJM. Overall survival in EGFR mutated non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with afatinib after EGFR TKI and resistant mechanisms upon disease progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182885. [PMID: 28854272 PMCID: PMC5576694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine survival in afatinib-treated patients after treatment with first-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and to study resistance mechanisms in afatinib-resistant tumors. METHODS Characteristics and survival of patients treated with afatinib after resistance to erlotinib or gefitinib in two large Dutch centers were collected. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and pathway analysis was performed on available pre- and post-afatinib tumor biopsies and normal tissue. RESULTS A total of 38 patients were treated with afatinib. T790M mutations were identified in 22/29 (76%) pre-afatinib treatment tumor samples. No difference in median progression-free-survival (2.8 months (95% CI 2.3-3.3) and 2.7 months (95% CI 0.9-4.6), p = 0.55) and median overall-survival (8.8 months (95% CI 4.2-13.4) and 3.6 months (95% CI 2.3-5.0), p = 0.14) were observed in T790M+ patients compared to T790M- mutations. Somatic mutations in TP53, ADAMTS2, CNN2 and multiple genes in the Wnt and PI3K-AKT pathway were observed in post-afatinib tumors of six afatinib-responding and in one non-responding patient. No new EGFR mutations were found in the post-afatinib samples of the six responding patients. Further analyses of post-afatinib progressive tumors revealed 28 resistant specific mutations in six genes (HLA-DRB1, AQP7, FAM198A, SEC31A, CNTLN, and ESX1) in three afatinib responding patients. No known EGFR-TKI resistant-associated copy number gains were acquired in the post-afatinib samples. CONCLUSION No differences in survival were observed in patients with EGFR-T790M treated with afatinib compared to those without T790M. Tumors from patients who had progressive disease during afatinib treatment were enriched for mutations in genes involved in Wnt and PI3K-AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. van der Wekken
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. L. Kuiper
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Saber
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M. M. Terpstra
- University of Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Wei
- University of Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - T. J. N. Hiltermann
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E. Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - D. A. M. Heideman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W. Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E. Schuuring
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - K. Kok
- University of Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E. F. Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H. J. M. Groen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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