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Szwarc MM, Guarnieri AL, Joshi M, Duc HN, Laird MC, Pandey A, Khanal S, Dohm E, Bui AK, Sullivan KD, Galbraith MD, Andrysik Z, Espinosa JM. FAM193A is a positive regulator of p53 activity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112230. [PMID: 36897777 PMCID: PMC10164416 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor, either by mutations or through hyperactivation of repressors such as MDM2 and MDM4, is a hallmark of cancer. Although many inhibitors of the p53-MDM2/4 interaction have been developed, such as Nutlin, their therapeutic value is limited by highly heterogeneous cellular responses. We report here a multi-omics investigation of the cellular response to MDM2/4 inhibitors, leading to identification of FAM193A as a widespread regulator of p53 function. CRISPR screening identified FAM193A as necessary for the response to Nutlin. FAM193A expression correlates with Nutlin sensitivity across hundreds of cell lines. Furthermore, genetic codependency data highlight FAM193A as a component of the p53 pathway across diverse tumor types. Mechanistically, FAM193A interacts with MDM4, and FAM193A depletion stabilizes MDM4 and inhibits the p53 transcriptional program. Last, FAM193A expression is associated with better prognosis in multiple malignancies. Altogether, these results identify FAM193A as a positive regulator of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna L Guarnieri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huy N Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Madison C Laird
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Emily Dohm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aimee K Bui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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2
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Farshid G, Otto S, Collis M, Napper S, Nicola M. Silver In Situ Hybridization for the Rapid Assessment of MDM2 Amplification in Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors. Validation Based on an Audit of 192 Consecutive Cases Evaluated by Silver In Situ Hybridization and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:101-106. [PMID: 36692149 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of almost invariable mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification among atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma is incorporated into the contemporary diagnostic workup of fatty lesions. MDM2 amplifications are also found frequently in intimal sarcomas and in low-grade osteogenic sarcoma. At present, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the reference test for MDM2 assessment. We are interested in evaluating silver in situ hybridization (SISH) for this purpose. Between October 2016 and May 2020, in 192 consecutive cases requiring MDM2 FISH, SISH was also performed concurrently, including 77 (40.1%) core biopsies and 115 (58.9%) surgical specimens. The mean patient age was 61.0 years. SISH results were available overnight or within 48 hours if repeat testing was required. FISH results were available within 2 to 5 weeks. The cost of SISH was one third of FISH. FISH demonstrated MDM2 amplification in 44 cases (23.6%), was negative in 144 cases (74.4%) and nondiagnostic in 4 decalcified cases (2.0%). SISH showed MDM2 amplification in 33 cases (17.2%), no amplification in 119 cases (62.0%), and indeterminate results because of poor signal in 40 (20.8%) cases. All 33 (100%) SISH-amplified tumors and 113 of 119 (95.0%) nonamplified results were confirmed by FISH. There were no clear differences in the performance of SISH on NCB versus surgical specimens. The overall performance indices of SISH are sensitivity 75%, specificity 78.5%, positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 95.8%. FISH is not required when SISH is clearly amplified. This is clinically useful and improves efficiency. Nonamplified SISH results provide early indications of the likely FISH findings, but there is a 4.2% chance of FISH being positive. At present, the main drawback of SISH is the high rate of nondiagnostic tests. Optimization of SISH signal detection to reduce the proportion of indeterminate results is our current focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Farshid
- Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, BreastScreen SA, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide University
| | - Sophia Otto
- Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital
| | - Maria Collis
- Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital
| | - Setha Napper
- Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at the Royal Adelaide Hospital
| | - Mario Nicola
- Genetic and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Frome Road, South Australia
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Lenhof K, Eckhart L, Gerstner N, Kehl T, Lenhof HP. Simultaneous regression and classification for drug sensitivity prediction using an advanced random forest method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13458. [PMID: 35931707 PMCID: PMC9356072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning methods trained on cancer cell line panels are intensively studied for the prediction of optimal anti-cancer therapies. While classification approaches distinguish effective from ineffective drugs, regression approaches aim to quantify the degree of drug effectiveness. However, the high specificity of most anti-cancer drugs induces a skewed distribution of drug response values in favor of the more drug-resistant cell lines, negatively affecting the classification performance (class imbalance) and regression performance (regression imbalance) for the sensitive cell lines. Here, we present a novel approach called SimultAneoUs Regression and classificatiON Random Forests (SAURON-RF) based on the idea of performing a joint regression and classification analysis. We demonstrate that SAURON-RF improves the classification and regression performance for the sensitive cell lines at the expense of a moderate loss for the resistant ones. Furthermore, our results show that simultaneous classification and regression can be superior to regression or classification alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus (E2.1), 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany.
| | - Lea Eckhart
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus (E2.1), 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Nico Gerstner
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus (E2.1), 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Tim Kehl
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus (E2.1), 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus (E2.1), 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
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4
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Xiong J, Barayan R, Louie AV, Lok BH. Novel therapeutic combinations with PARP inhibitors for small cell lung cancer: A bench-to-bedside review. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:521-542. [PMID: 35917883 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is treated as a monolithic disease despite the evident intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity. Non-specific DNA-damaging agents have remained the first-line treatment for decades. Recently, emerging transcriptomic and genomic profiling of SCLC tumors identified distinct SCLC subtypes and vulnerabilities towards targeted therapeutics, including inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARPi). SCLC cell lines and tumors exhibited an elevated level of PARP1 protein and mRNA compared to healthy lung tissues and other subtypes of lung tumors. Notable responses to PARPi were also observed in preclinical SCLC models. Clinically, PARPi monotherapy exerted variable benefits for SCLC patients. To date, research is being vigorously conducted to examine predictive biomarkers of PARPi response and various PARPi combination strategies to maximize the clinical utility of PARPi. This narrative review summarizes existing preclinical evidence supporting PARPi monotherapy, combination therapy, and respective translation to the clinic. Specifically, we covered the combination of PARPi with DNA-damaging chemotherapy (cisplatin, etoposide, temozolomide), thoracic radiotherapy, immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors), and many other novel therapeutic agents that target DNA damage response, tumor microenvironment, epigenetic modulation, angiogenesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, or autophagy. Putative biomarkers, such as SLFN11 expression, MGMT methylation, E2F1 expression, and platinum sensitivity, which may be predictive of response to distinct therapeutic combinations, were also discussed. The future of SCLC treatment is undergoing rapid change with a focus on tailored and personalized treatment strategies. Further development of cancer therapy with PARPi will immensely benefit at least a subset of biomarker-defined SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ranya Barayan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander V Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Benjamin H Lok
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Haronikova L, Bonczek O, Zatloukalova P, Kokas-Zavadil F, Kucerikova M, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Vojtesek B. Resistance mechanisms to inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interactions in cancer therapy: can we overcome them? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:53. [PMID: 34911439 PMCID: PMC8903693 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitors, we have gained deeper insights into the cellular roles of MDM2 and p53. In this review, we focus on MDM2 inhibitors that bind to the p53-binding domain of MDM2 and aim to disrupt the binding of MDM2 to p53. We describe the basic mechanism of action of these MDM2 inhibitors, such as nutlin-3a, summarise the determinants of sensitivity to MDM2 inhibition from p53-dependent and p53-independent points of view and discuss the problems with innate and acquired resistance to MDM2 inhibition. Despite progress in MDM2 inhibitor design and ongoing clinical trials, their broad use in cancer treatment is not fulfilling expectations in heterogenous human cancers. We assess the MDM2 inhibitor types in clinical trials and provide an overview of possible sources of resistance to MDM2 inhibition, underlining the need for patient stratification based on these aspects to gain better clinical responses, including the use of combination therapies for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Haronikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Bonczek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Pavlina Zatloukalova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokas-Zavadil
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kucerikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Synoradzki KJ, Bartnik E, Czarnecka AM, Fiedorowicz M, Firlej W, Brodziak A, Stasinska A, Rutkowski P, Grieb P. TP53 in Biology and Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4284. [PMID: 34503094 PMCID: PMC8428337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 gene is mutated in 50% of human tumors. Oncogenic functions of mutant TP53 maintain tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth also in osteosarcomas. We collected data on TP53 mutations in patients to indicate which are more common and describe their role in in vitro and animal models. We also describe animal models with TP53 dysfunction, which provide a good platform for testing the potential therapeutic approaches. Finally, we have indicated a whole range of pharmacological compounds that modulate the action of p53, stabilize its mutated versions or lead to its degradation, cause silencing or, on the contrary, induce the expression of its functional version in genetic therapy. Although many of the described therapies are at the preclinical testing stage, they offer hope for a change in the approach to osteosarcoma treatment based on TP53 targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jozef Synoradzki
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (P.G.)
- Department of Soft Tissue, Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (W.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue, Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (W.F.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stasinska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue, Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (W.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.M.C.); (A.S.); (P.G.)
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7
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Kusch N, Schuppert A. Two-step multi-omics modelling of drug sensitivity in cancer cell lines to identify driving mechanisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238961. [PMID: 33226984 PMCID: PMC7682852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug sensitivity prediction models for human cancer cell lines constitute important tools in identifying potential computational biomarkers for responsiveness in a pre-clinical setting. Integrating information derived from a range of heterogeneous data is crucial, but remains non-trivial, as differences in data structures may hinder fitting algorithms from assigning adequate weights to complementary information that is contained in distinct omics data. In order to counteract this effect that tends to lead to just one data type dominating supposedly multi-omics models, we developed a novel tool that enables users to train single-omics models separately in a first step and to integrate them into a multi-omics model in a second step. Extensive ablation studies are performed in order to facilitate an in-depth evaluation of the respective contributions of singular data types and of combinations thereof, effectively identifying redundancies and interdependencies between them. Moreover, the integration of the single-omics models is realized by a range of distinct classification algorithms, thus allowing for a performance comparison. Sets of molecular events and tissue types found to be related to significant shifts in drug sensitivity are returned to facilitate a comprehensive and straightforward analysis of potential computational biomarkers for drug responsiveness. Our two-step approach yields sets of actual multi-omics pan-cancer classification models that are highly predictive for a majority of drugs in the GDSC data base. In the context of targeted drugs with particular modes of action, its predictive performances compare favourably to those of classification models that incorporate multi-omics data in a simple one-step approach. Additionally, case studies demonstrate that it succeeds both in correctly identifying known key biomarkers for sensitivity towards specific drug compounds as well as in providing sets of potential candidates for additional computational biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kusch
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Uniklinik Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Schuppert
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Uniklinik Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Schubert NA, Schild L, van Oirschot S, Keller KM, Alles LK, Vernooij L, Nulle ME, Dolman MEM, van den Boogaard ML, Molenaar JJ. Combined targeting of the p53 and pRb pathway in neuroblastoma does not lead to synergistic responses. Eur J Cancer 2020; 142:1-9. [PMID: 33190064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intensive treatment protocols and recent advances, neuroblastomas still account for approximately 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. In contrast with adult cancers, p53 pathway inactivation in neuroblastomas is rarely caused by p53 mutation but rather by altered MDM2 or p14ARF expression. Moreover, neuroblastomas are characterised by high proliferation rates, frequently triggered by pRb pathway dysfunction due to aberrant expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 or p16INK4a. Simultaneous disturbance of these pathways can occur via co-amplification of MDM2 and CDK4 or homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, which encodes both p14ARF and p16INK4a. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined whether both single and combined inhibition of MDM2 and CDK4/6 is effective in reducing neuroblastoma cell viability. In our panel of ten cell lines with a spectrum of aberrations in the p53 and pRb pathway, idasanutlin and abemaciclib were the most potent MDM2 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, respectively. No correlation was observed between the genetic background and response to the single inhibitors. We confirmed this lack of correlation in isogenic systems overexpressing MDM2 and/or CDK4. In addition, combined inhibition did not result in synergistic effects. Instead, abemaciclib diminished the pro-apoptotic effect of idasanutlin, leading to slightly antagonistic effects. In vivo treatment with idasanutlin and abemaciclib led to reduced tumour growth compared with single drug treatment, but no synergistic response was observed. CONCLUSION We conclude that p53 and pRb pathway aberrations cannot be used as predictive biomarkers for neuroblastoma sensitivity to MDM2 and/or CDK4/6 inhibitors. Moreover, we advise to be cautious with combining these inhibitors in neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil A Schubert
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda Schild
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kaylee M Keller
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lindy K Alles
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lindy Vernooij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes E Nulle
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Emmy M Dolman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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9
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Ward C, Meehan J, Gray M, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Murray A, Argyle D. Preclinical Organotypic Models for the Assessment of Novel Cancer Therapeutics and Treatment. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019. [PMID: 30859401 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The immense costs in both financial terms and preclinical research effort that occur in the development of anticancer drugs are unfortunately not matched by a substantial increase in improved clinical therapies due to the high rate of failure during clinical trials. This may be due to issues with toxicity or lack of clinical effectiveness when the drug is evaluated in patients. Currently, much cancer research is driven by the need to develop therapies that can exploit cancer cell adaptations to conditions in the tumor microenvironment such as acidosis and hypoxia, the requirement for more-specific, targeted treatments, or the exploitation of 'precision medicine' that can target known genomic changes in patient DNA. The high attrition rate for novel anticancer therapies suggests that the preclinical methods used in screening anticancer drugs need improvement. This chapter considers the advantages and disadvantages of 3D organotypic models in both cancer research and cancer drug screening, particularly in the areas of targeted drugs and the exploitation of genomic changes that can be used for therapeutic advantage in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ward
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Centenera MM, Hickey TE, Jindal S, Ryan NK, Ravindranathan P, Mohammed H, Robinson JL, Schiewer MJ, Ma S, Kapur P, Sutherland PD, Hoffmann CE, Roehrborn CG, Gomella LG, Carroll JS, Birrell SN, Knudsen KE, Raj GV, Butler LM, Tilley WD. A patient-derived explant (PDE) model of hormone-dependent cancer. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1608-1622. [PMID: 30117261 PMCID: PMC6120230 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer research to date has largely been predicated on the use of cell lines in vitro or in vivo. These limitations have led to the development of more clinically relevant models, such as organoids or murine xenografts that utilize patient-derived material; however, issues related to low take rate, long duration of establishment, and the associated costs constrain use of these models. This study demonstrates that ex vivo culture of freshly resected breast and prostate tumor specimens obtained from surgery, termed patient-derived explants (PDEs), provides a high-throughput and cost-effective model that retains the native tissue architecture, microenvironment, cell viability, and key oncogenic drivers. The PDE model provides a unique approach for direct evaluation of drug responses on an individual patient's tumor, which is amenable to analysis using contemporary genomic technologies. The ability to rapidly evaluate drug efficacy in patient-derived material has high potential to facilitate implementation of personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Centenera
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Theresa E. Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Shalini Jindal
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Natalie K. Ryan
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | | | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Jessica L. Robinson
- Transcription Factor LaboratoryCancer Research UKCambridge InstituteCambridge UniversityUK
| | | | - Shihong Ma
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at DallasTXUSA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at DallasTXUSA
| | | | - Clive E. Hoffmann
- Breast ClinicBurnside War Memorial HospitalToorak GardensSAAustralia
| | | | | | - Jason S. Carroll
- Transcription Factor LaboratoryCancer Research UKCambridge InstituteCambridge UniversityUK
| | | | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at DallasTXUSA
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideSAAustralia
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11
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Efared B, Atsame-Ebang G, Tahiri L, Sidibé IS, Erregad F, Hammas N, Arifi S, Mellouki I, Ousadden A, Mazaz K, El Fatemi H, Chbani L. The expression of MDM2 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: immunohistochemical analysis of 35 cases. BMC Clin Pathol 2018; 18:2. [PMID: 29410603 PMCID: PMC5781285 DOI: 10.1186/s12907-018-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common primary mesenchymal tumors of the digestive system. The assessment of their biological behavior still remains a scientific challenge. To date, there are no well-established biological prognostic markers of GIST. Our aim is to study the expression of the MDM2 oncoprotein in GIST through an immunohistochemical analysis. Methods It was a retrospective study of 35 cases of GIST diagnosed from 2009 to 2012 in the department of pathology of Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco. MDM2 immunohistochemical staining was performed on archival paraffin-embedded and formalin-fixed specimens (with a threshold of nuclear positivity > 10%). Analysis of correlations between MDM2 immunoexpression and clinicopathological features of GIST has been performed. Results The mean age was 55.23 years (range 25–84 years) with a male predominance (sex ratio = 1.5). The stomach was the main site of GIST, with 17 cases (48.57%) followed by the small bowel (9 cases, 25.71%). The spindle cell type GIST was the most frequent morphological variant (29 cases, 82.85%). Tumor necrosis was present in 8 cases (22.85%). Two patients (5.71%) had very low risk GIST, 5 (14.28%) had low risk GIST, 7 patients (20%) had intermediate risk tumors. The remaining 21 cases (60%) had high risk GIST. At the time of diagnosis, 9 patients (25.71%) had metastatic tumors. At immunohistochemical analysis, 40% of cases (14 patients) stained positive for MDM2. Of these MDMD2-positive tumors, 11/14 (78.57%) had high risk tumors and 8/14 cases (57.14%) presented with metastatic GIST. MDM2 positivity was significantly associated with the metastatic status (p = 0.001). Conclusion The current study suggests that MDM2 immunohistochemical expression is a negative histoprognostic factor in GIST with a statistically significant correlation with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boubacar Efared
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | | | - Layla Tahiri
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | | | | | - Nawal Hammas
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Samia Arifi
- 3Department of medical oncology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Ihsane Mellouki
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,5Department of hepatogastroenterology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Abdelmalek Ousadden
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,6Department of general and visceral surgery, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Khalid Mazaz
- 4Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco.,6Department of general and visceral surgery, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco
| | - Hinde El Fatemi
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
| | - Laila Chbani
- 1Department of pathology, Hassan II university hospital, Fès, Morocco.,2Laboratory of biological and translational research, Faculty of pharmacology and medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fès, Morocco
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12
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Ricciardelli C, Lokman NA, Sabit I, Gunasegaran K, Bonner WM, Pyragius CE, Macpherson AM, Oehler MK. Novel ex vivo ovarian cancer tissue explant assay for prediction of chemosensitivity and response to novel therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2018; 421:51-58. [PMID: 29425684 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of ovarian cancer patients present with advanced disease and despite aggressive treatment, prognosis remains poor. Response to first-line carboplatin-containing chemotherapy is usually good, however, recurrence rates and subsequent chemoresistance are very high and ultimately responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. To improve treatment outcomes pre-clinical models that can predict individual patient response to 1st line chemotherapy and novel therapeutics are urgently required. In this study, we employed an ex vivo ovarian cancer tissue explant assay to assess response to carboplatin and an inhibitor of the extracellular matrix molecule, hyaluronan (4-methylubelliferone, 4-MU), shown to inhibit cancer metastasis. Cryopreserved ovarian cancer tissues were cultured on gelatine sponges for 48-120 h with increasing concentrations of carboplatin (0-400 μM) or 4-MU (1 mM) alone or the combination of both drugs. Effects on apoptosis and proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to cleaved caspase 3 or Ki67, respectively. The ex vivo tissue explant assay maintained viable tumor cells in an intact tumor microenvironment similar to the in vivo situation over the 120 h culture period. Carboplatin treatment promoted apoptosis in chemosensitive (P = 0.0047) but not chemoresistant cancer tissues. The combination of 4-MU (1 mM) and carboplatin (100 μM) significantly increased apoptosis (P = 0.0111) and reduced proliferation (P = 0.0064) in chemoresistant tissues. Overall, our results show that the ex vivo explant assay is a robust and cost effective model to assess chemosensitivity and the effect of novel therapeutics in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Noor A Lokman
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ilhamjan Sabit
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kavyadharshini Gunasegaran
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy M Bonner
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carmen E Pyragius
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne M Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Stine KC, Wahl EC, Liu L, Skinner RA, VanderSchilden J, Bunn RC, Montgomery CO, Aronson J, Becton DL, Nicholas RW, Swearingen CJ, Suva LJ, Lumpkin CK. Nutlin-3 treatment spares cisplatin-induced inhibition of bone healing while maintaining osteosarcoma toxicity. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1716-1724. [PMID: 26867804 PMCID: PMC5516939 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of Osteosarcoma (OS) patients are treated with a combination of chemotherapy, resection, and limb salvage protocols. These protocols include distraction osteogenesis (DO), which is characterized by direct new bone formation. Cisplatin (CDP) is extensively used for OS chemotherapy and recent studies, using a mouse DO model, have demonstrated that CDP has profound negative effects on bone repair. Recent oncological therapeutic strategies are based on the use of standard cytotoxic drugs plus an assortment of biologic agents. Here we demonstrate that the previously reported CDP-associated inhibition of bone repair can be modulated by the administration of a small molecule p53 inducer (nutlin-3). The effects of nutlin-3 on CDP osteotoxicity were studied using both pre- and post-operative treatment models. In both cases the addition of nutlin-3, bracketing CDP exposure, demonstrated robust and significant bone sparing activity (p < 0.01-0.001). In addition the combination of nutlin-3 and CDP induced equivalent OS tumor killing in a xenograft model. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the induction of p53 peri-operatively protects bone healing from the toxic effects of CDP, while maintaining OS toxicity. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1716-1724, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimo C. Stine
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth C. Wahl
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Lichu Liu
- Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Robert A. Skinner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jaclyn VanderSchilden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert C. Bunn
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Corey O. Montgomery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - James Aronson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - David L. Becton
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - Richard W. Nicholas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher J. Swearingen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Pediatric Biostatistics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
| | - Larry J. Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles K. Lumpkin
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas,Laboratory for Limb Regeneration Research, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Arkansas
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14
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p53-regulated autophagy is controlled by glycolysis and determines cell fate. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23135-56. [PMID: 26337205 PMCID: PMC4695109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 regulates downstream targets that determine cell fate. Canonical p53 functions include inducing apoptosis, growth arrest, and senescence. Non-canonical p53 functions include its ability to promote or inhibit autophagy and its ability to regulate metabolism. The extent to which autophagy and/or metabolic regulation determines cell fate by p53 is unclear. To address this, we compared cells resistant or sensitive to apoptosis by the p53 activator Nutlin-3a. In resistant cells, glycolysis was maintained upon Nutlin-3a treatment, and activated p53 promoted prosurvival autophagy. In contrast, in apoptosis sensitive cells activated p53 increased superoxide levels and inhibited glycolysis through repression of glycolytic pathway genes. Glycolysis inhibition and increased superoxide inhibited autophagy by repressing ATG genes essential for autophagic vesicle maturation. Inhibiting glycolysis increased superoxide and blocked autophagy in apoptosis-resistant cells, causing p62-dependent caspase-8 activation. Finally, treatment with 2-DG or the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine or bafilomycin A1 sensitized resistant cells to Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings reveal novel links between glycolysis and autophagy that determine apoptosis-sensitivity in response to p53. Specifically, the findings indicate 1) that glycolysis plays an essential role in autophagy by limiting superoxide levels and maintaining expression of ATG genes required for autophagic vesicle maturation, 2) that p53 can promote or inhibit autophagy depending on the status of glycolysis, and 3) that inhibiting protective autophagy can expand the breadth of cells susceptible to Nutlin-3a induced apoptosis.
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15
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Oliner JD, Saiki AY, Caenepeel S. The Role of MDM2 Amplification and Overexpression in Tumorigenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026336. [PMID: 27194168 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is a critical negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, playing a key role in controlling its transcriptional activity, protein stability, and nuclear localization. MDM2 expression is up-regulated in numerous cancers, resulting in a loss of p53-dependent activities, such as apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Genetic amplification and inheritance of MDM2 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the two best-studied mechanisms for up-regulating MDM2 activity. This article provides an overview of these events in human cancer, highlighting the frequent occurrence of MDM2 amplification in sarcoma and the role of SNP309 and SNP285 in regulating MDM2 expression and cancer risk. The availability of large-scale genomic profiling datasets, like those from The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, have provided the opportunity to evaluate the consequences of MDM2 amplification and SNP inheritance across high-quality tumor samples from diverse cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Y Saiki
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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16
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Verreault M, Schmitt C, Goldwirt L, Pelton K, Haidar S, Levasseur C, Guehennec J, Knoff D, Labussière M, Marie Y, Ligon AH, Mokhtari K, Hoang-Xuan K, Sanson M, Alexander BM, Wen PY, Delattre JY, Ligon KL, Idbaih A. Preclinical Efficacy of the MDM2 Inhibitor RG7112 in MDM2-Amplified and TP53 Wild-type Glioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1185-96. [PMID: 26482041 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE p53 pathway alterations are key molecular events in glioblastoma (GBM). MDM2 inhibitors increase expression and stability of p53 and are presumed to be most efficacious in patients with TP53 wild-type and MDM2-amplified cancers. However, this biomarker hypothesis has not been tested in patients or patient-derived models for GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a preclinical evaluation of RG7112 MDM2 inhibitor, across a panel of 36 patient-derived GBM cell lines (PDCL), each genetically characterized according to their P53 pathway status. We then performed a pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling of RG7112 distribution in mice and evaluated the therapeutic activity of RG7112 in orthotopic and subcutaneous GBM models. RESULTS MDM2-amplified PDCLs were 44 times more sensitive than TP53-mutated lines that showed complete resistance at therapeutically attainable concentrations (avg. IC50 of 0.52 μmol/L vs. 21.9 μmol/L). MDM4-amplified PDCLs were highly sensitive but showed intermediate response (avg. IC50 of 1.2 μmol/L), whereas response was heterogeneous in TP53 wild-type PDCLs with normal MDM2/4 levels (avg. IC50 of 7.7 μmol/L). In MDM2-amplified lines, RG7112 restored p53 activity inducing robust p21 expression and apoptosis. PK profiling of RG7112-treated PDCL intracranial xenografts demonstrated that the compound significantly crosses the blood-brain and the blood-tumor barriers. Most importantly, treatment of MDM2-amplified/TP53 wild-type PDCL-derived model (subcutaneous and orthotopic) reduced tumor growth, was cytotoxic, and significantly increased survival. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support development of MDM2 inhibitors for clinical testing in MDM2-amplified GBM patients. Moreover, significant efficacy in a subset of non-MDM2-amplified models suggests that additional markers of response to MDM2 inhibitors must be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Verreault
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, Centre de neuroimagerie de recherche, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Schmitt
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Goldwirt
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, Paris, France
| | - Kristine Pelton
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samer Haidar
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camille Levasseur
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Guehennec
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - David Knoff
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianne Labussière
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Marie
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sanson
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. OncoNeuroThèque biobank, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Brian M Alexander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. OncoNeuroThèque biobank, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France. CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, ICM, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France. AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuropathologie R Escourolle, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.
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17
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XI-006 induces potent p53-independent apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11465. [PMID: 26095524 PMCID: PMC4476092 DOI: 10.1038/srep11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an imperious need for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma, the second most prevalent solid bone tumour observed in children and young adolescents. Recently, a 4-nitrobenzofuroxan derivative, XI-006 (NSC207895) was shown to diminish MDM4 promoter activity in breast cancer cell lines. As amplification of MDM4 is frequently observed in sarcomas, this study examined the therapeutic potential of XI-006 for the treatment of Ewing and osteosarcoma. XI-006 treatment of Ewing and osteosarcoma cell lines (n = 11) resulted in rapid and potent apoptosis at low micro-molar concentrations specifically in Ewing sarcoma cell lines (48 hr IC50 0.099–1.61 μM). Unexpectedly, apoptotic response was not dependent on MDM4 mRNA/protein levels or TP53 status. Alkaline/neutral comet and γH2AX immunofluorescence assays revealed that the cytotoxic effects of XI-006 could not be attributed to the induction of DNA damage. RNA expression analysis revealed that the mechanism of action of XI-006 could be accredited to the inhibition of cell division and cycle regulators such as KIF20A and GPSM2. Finally, potent synergy between XI-006 and olaparib (PARP inhibitor) were observed due to the down-regulation of Mre11. Our findings suggest that XI-006 represents a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
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18
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Yu F, Bracken CP, Pillman KA, Lawrence DM, Goodall GJ, Callen DF, Neilsen PM. p53 Represses the Oncogenic Sno-MiR-28 Derived from a SnoRNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129190. [PMID: 26061048 PMCID: PMC4465335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a master tumour repressor that participates in vast regulatory networks, including feedback loops involving microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate p53 and that themselves are direct p53 transcriptional targets. We show here that a group of polycistronic miRNA-like non-coding RNAs derived from small nucleolar RNAs (sno-miRNAs) are transcriptionally repressed by p53 through their host gene, SNHG1. The most abundant of these, sno-miR-28, directly targets the p53-stabilizing gene, TAF9B. Collectively, p53, SNHG1, sno-miR-28 and TAF9B form a regulatory loop which affects p53 stability and downstream p53-regulated pathways. In addition, SNHG1, SNORD28 and sno-miR-28 are all significantly upregulated in breast tumours and the overexpression of sno-miR-28 promotes breast epithelial cell proliferation. This research has broadened our knowledge of the crosstalk between small non-coding RNA pathways and roles of sno-miRNAs in p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cameron P. Bracken
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine A. Pillman
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David M. Lawrence
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Goodall
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David F. Callen
- Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul M. Neilsen
- Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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p53 as a target for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 40:1153-60. [PMID: 25455730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, being altered in approximately 50% of human malignancies. In most, if not all, cancers lacking mutation, wild-type (WT) p53 is inactivated by interaction with cellular (MDM2/MDM4) or viral proteins, leading to its degradation. Because of its near universal alteration in cancer, p53 is an attractive target for the development of new targeted therapies for this disease. However, until recently, p53 was widely regarded as ‘‘undruggable’’. This situation has now changed, as several compounds have become available that can restore wild-type properties to mutant p53 (e.g., PRIMA-1 and PRIMA-1MET). Other compounds are available that prevent the binding of MDM2/MDM4 to WT p53, thereby blocking its degradation (e.g., nutlins). Anti-mutant p53 compounds are potentially most useful in cancers with a high prevalence of p53 mutations. These include difficult-totreat tumors such as high grade serous ovarian cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and squamous lung cancer. MDM2/4 antagonists, on the other hand, are likely to be efficacious in malignancies in which MDM2 or MDM4 is overexpressed such as sarcomas, neuroblastomas and specific childhood leukemias. Presently, early clinical trials are ongoing evaluating the anti-mutant p53 agent, PRIMA-1MET, and specific MDM2–p53 nutlin antagonists.
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Roberts SB, Wootton E, De Ferrari L, Albagha OM, Salter DM. Epigenetics of osteoarticular diseases: recent developments. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1293-305. [PMID: 25812537 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of osteoarticular conditions possess an underlying genetic aetiology. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic loci associated with osteoarticular conditions, but were unable to fully account for their estimated heritability. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome positioning, and microRNA expression may help account for this incomplete heritability. This articles reviews insights from epigenetic studies in osteoarticular diseases, focusing on osteoarthritis, but also examines recent advances in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis, and sarcoma. Genome-wide methylation studies are permitting identification of novel candidate genes and molecular pathways, and the pathogenic mechanisms with altered methylation status are beginning to be elucidated. These findings are gradually translating into improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and clinical applications. Functional studies in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE are now identifying downstream molecular alterations that may confer disease susceptibility. Epigenetic markers are being validated as prognostic and therapeutic disease biomarkers in sarcoma, and clinical trials of hypomethylating agents as treatments for sarcoma are being conducted. In concert with advances in throughput and cost-efficiency of available technologies, future epigenetic research will enable greater characterisation and treatment for both common and rare osteoarticular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Roberts
- Bone Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK,
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Pflaum J, Schlosser S, Müller M. p53 Family and Cellular Stress Responses in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:285. [PMID: 25374842 PMCID: PMC4204435 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumor suppressor gene, which is stimulated by cellular stress like ionizing radiation, hypoxia, carcinogens, and oxidative stress. Upon activation, p53 leads to cell-cycle arrest and promotes DNA repair or induces apoptosis via several pathways. p63 and p73 are structural homologs of p53 that can act similarly to the protein and also hold functions distinct from p53. Today more than 40 different isoforms of the p53 family members are known. They result from transcription via different promoters and alternative splicing. Some isoforms have carcinogenic properties and mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, expression patterns of the p53 family genes can offer prognostic information in several malignant tumors. Furthermore, the p53 family constitutes a potential target for cancer therapy. Small molecules (e.g., Nutlins, RITA, PRIMA-1, and MIRA-1 among others) have been objects of intense research interest in recent years. They restore pro-apoptotic wild-type p53 function and were shown to break chemotherapeutic resistance. Due to p53 family interactions small molecules also influence p63 and p73 activity. Thus, the members of the p53 family are key players in the cellular stress response in cancer and are expected to grow in importance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sophie Schlosser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Biswas S, Killick E, Jochemsen AG, Lunec J. The clinical development of p53-reactivating drugs in sarcomas - charting future therapeutic approaches and understanding the clinical molecular toxicology of Nutlins. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:629-45. [PMID: 24579771 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.892924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of human sarcomas, particularly soft tissue sarcomas, are relatively resistant to traditional cytotoxic therapies. The proof-of-concept study by Ray-Coquard et al., using the Nutlin human double minute (HDM)2-binding antagonist RG7112, has recently opened a new chapter in the molecular targeting of human sarcomas. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the challenges and prospective remedies for minimizing the significant haematological toxicities of the cis-imidazole Nutlin HDM2-binding antagonists. Furthermore, they also chart the future direction of the development of p53-reactivating (p53-RA) drugs in 12q13-15 amplicon sarcomas and as potential chemopreventative therapies against sarcomagenesis in germ line mutated TP53 carriers. Drawing lessons from the therapeutic use of Imatinib in gastrointestinal tumours, the authors predict the potential pitfalls, which may lie in ahead for the future clinical development of p53-RA agents, as well as discussing potential non-invasive methods to identify the development of drug resistance. EXPERT OPINION Medicinal chemistry strategies, based on structure-based drug design, are required to re-engineer cis-imidazoline Nutlin HDM2-binding antagonists into less haematologically toxic drugs. In silico modelling is also required to predict toxicities of other p53-RA drugs at a much earlier stage in drug development. Whether p53-RA drugs will be therapeutically effective as a monotherapy remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swethajit Biswas
- University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Division of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Unit , Floor D, East Wing, Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD , UK
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