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Khedri A, Guo S, Ramar V, Hudson B, Liu M. FOSL1's Oncogene Roles in Glioma/Glioma Stem Cells and Tumorigenesis: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5362. [PMID: 38791400 PMCID: PMC11121637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review specifically examines the important function of the oncoprotein FOSL1 in the dimeric AP-1 transcription factor, which consists of FOS-related components. FOSL1 is identified as a crucial controller of invasion and metastatic dissemination, making it a potential target for therapeutic treatment in cancer patients. The review offers a thorough examination of the regulatory systems that govern the influence exerted on FOSL1. These include a range of changes that occur throughout the process of transcription and after the translation of proteins. We have discovered that several non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play a significant role in regulating FOSL1 expression by directly interacting with its mRNA transcripts. Moreover, an investigation into the functional aspects of FOSL1 reveals its involvement in apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. This work involves a comprehensive analysis of the complex signaling pathways that support these diverse activities. Furthermore, particular importance is given to the function of FOSL1 in coordinating the activation of several cytokines, such as TGF-beta, and the commencement of IL-6 and VEGF production in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that migrate into the tumor microenvironment. There is a specific emphasis on evaluating the predictive consequences linked to FOSL1. Insights are now emerging on the developing roles of FOSL1 in relation to the processes that drive resistance and reliance on specific treatment methods. Targeting FOSL1 has a strong inhibitory effect on the formation and spread of specific types of cancers. Despite extensive endeavors, no drugs targeting AP-1 or FOSL1 for cancer treatment have been approved for clinical use. Hence, it is imperative to implement innovative approaches and conduct additional verifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Khedri
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Department of Chemistry, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Vanajothi Ramar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - BreAnna Hudson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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3
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Merati A, Kotian S, Acton A, Placzek W, Smithberger E, Shelton AK, Miller CR, Stern JL. Glioma Stem Cells Are Sensitized to BCL-2 Family Inhibition by Compromising Histone Deacetylases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13688. [PMID: 37761989 PMCID: PMC10530722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains an incurable disease with an extremely high five-year recurrence rate. We studied apoptosis in glioma stem cells (GSCs) in response to HDAC inhibition (HDACi) combined with MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi) or BCL-2 family inhibitors. MEKi effectively combined with HDACi to suppress growth, induce cell cycle defects, and apoptosis, as well as to rescue the expression of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins BIM and BMF. A RNAseq analysis of GSCs revealed that HDACi repressed the pro-survival BCL-2 family genes MCL1 and BCL-XL. We therefore replaced MEKi with BCL-2 family inhibitors and observed enhanced apoptosis. Conversely, a ligand for the cancer stem cell receptor CD44 led to reductions in BMF, BIM, and apoptosis. Our data strongly support further testing of HDACi in combination with MEKi or BCL-2 family inhibitors in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Merati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Spandana Kotian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexus Acton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - William Placzek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erin Smithberger
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Abigail K. Shelton
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - C. Ryan Miller
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Josh L. Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Vadla R, Miki S, Taylor B, Kawauchi D, Jones BM, Nathwani N, Pham P, Tsang J, Nathanson DA, Furnari FB. Glioblastoma Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion are Dependent on a NF-κB/BRD2 Chromatin Complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.546613. [PMID: 37461511 PMCID: PMC10349949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.546613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most aggressive subtype of glioma, noted for its profound invasiveness and molecular heterogeneity. The mesenchymal (MES) transcriptomic subtype is frequently associated with therapy resistance, rapid recurrence, and increased tumor-associated macrophages. Notably, activation of the NF-κB pathway and alterations in the PTEN gene are both associated with this malignant transition. Although PTEN aberrations have been shown to be associated with enhanced NF-κB signaling, the relationships between PTEN, NF-κB and MES transition are poorly understood in GBM. Here, we show that PTEN regulates the chromatin binding of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins, BRD2 and BRD4, mediated by p65/RelA localization to the chromatin. By utilizing patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells and CRISPR gene editing of the RELA gene, we demonstrate a crucial role for RelA lysine 310 acetylation in recruiting BET proteins to chromatin for MES gene expression and GBM cell invasion upon PTEN loss. Remarkably, we found that BRD2 is dependent on chromatin associated acetylated RelA for its recruitment to MES gene promoters and their expression. Furthermore, loss of BRD2 results in the loss of MES signature, accompanied by an enrichment of proneural signature and enhanced therapy responsiveness. Finally, we demonstrate that disrupting the NFκB/BRD2 interaction with a brain penetrant BET-BD2 inhibitor reduces mesenchymal gene expression, GBM invasion, and therapy resistance in GBM models. This study uncovers the role of hitherto unexplored PTEN-NF-κB-BRD2 pathway in promoting MES transition and suggests inhibiting this complex with BET-BD2 specific inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to target the MES phenotype in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Vadla
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brett Taylor
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brandon M Jones
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nidhi Nathwani
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Tsang
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David A Nathanson
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Yi Q, Huang M, Zhang X, Xu Z, Sun J, Wang S, Xu H, Du Z, Liu M. GNA13 inhibits glioblastoma metastasis via the ERKs/FOXO3 signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2023:110789. [PMID: 37392861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant tumor characterized by poor prognosis and low overall survival (OS) rate. Identification of novel biological markers for the diagnosis and treatment of GBM is crucial to developing interventions to improve patient survival. GNA13, a member of the G12 family, has been reported to play important roles in a variety of biological processes involved in tumorigenesis and development. However, its role in GBM is currently unknown. Here, we explored the expression patterns and functions of GNA13 in GBM, as wells its impact on metastasis process. Results showed that GNA13 was downregulated in GBM tissues and correlated with poor prognosis of GBM. Downregulation of GNA13 promoted the migration, invasion and proliferation of GBM cells; whereas its overexpression abolished these effects. Western blots revealed that GNA13 knockdown and overexpression upregulated and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERKs, respectively. Moreover, GNA13 was the upstream of ERKs signaling to regulating ERKs phosphorylation level. Furthermore, U0126 alleviated the metastasis effect induced by GNA13 knockdown. Bioinformatics analyses and qRT-PCR experiments demonstrated that GNA13 could regulate FOXO3, a downstream signaling molecule of ERKs pathway. Overall, our results demonstrate that GNA13 expression is negatively correlated with GBM and can suppress tumor metastasis by inhibiting the ERKs signaling pathway and upregulating FOXO3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Yi
- Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Meihui Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhennan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixiong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; Shantou Academy of Medical Sciences, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zepeng Du
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mingfa Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China.
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Ren Y, Hong Y, He W, Liu Y, Chen W, Wen S, Sun M. EGF/EGFR Promotes Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Cell Malignant Neural Invasion via Activation of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK Signaling. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:603-616. [PMID: 35410600 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220411112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is one of the most common malignant cancers of the salivary gland, and 32.4-72.0% of SACC cases exhibit neural invasion (NI), however, the molecular mechanism underlying the high invasion potential of SACC remains unclear. METHODS The present study investigated the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the AKT inhibition- or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-induced NI and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in SACC cells using EGFR, PI3K and MEK inhibitors. SACC 83 cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, and a wound healing assay was performed to evaluate cell migration. Immunohistochemical staining with streptavidin peroxidase was used to detect the positive expression rate of EMT, AKT, phosphorylated (p)-AKT, ERK and p-ERK proteins. The impact of EGFR, PI3K and MEK inhibitors on tumor growth and NI was examined in a xenograft model in nude mice. RESULTS EGF and EGFR are effective in increasing cell viability, migration and invasion. SACC metastasis is affected by the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways, both of which are initiated by EGF/EGFR. The EMT and NI are regulated by the EGF/EGFR, PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways. The present findings demonstrate the importance of suppressed EGFR/AKT/MEK signaling in NI in SACC by neural-tumor co-culture in vitro. Furthermore, our preclinical experiment provides solid evidence that injection of EGFR, PI3K and MEK inhibitors obviously suppressed the tumor growth and NI of SACC cells in nude mice. CONCLUSION It was identified that inhibitors of EGFR, PI3K/AKT or MEK/ERK suppressed the proliferation, migration and NI of SACC-83 cells via downregulation of the PI3K/AKT or MEK/ERK pathways. It was also demonstrated that inhibition of EGFR abolishes EMT in SACC by inhibiting the signaling of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK. The present results suggest the potential effectiveness of targeting multiple oncogenes associated with downstream pathways of EGF/EGFR, as well as potential therapeutic targets to limit NI in SACC by PI3K/AKT or MEK/ERK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yonglong Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenting He
- Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenge Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Sui Wen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Moyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Alfano D, Franco P, Stoppelli MP. Modulation of Cellular Function by the Urokinase Receptor Signalling: A Mechanistic View. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818616. [PMID: 35493073 PMCID: PMC9045800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR or CD87) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored (GPI) membrane protein. The uPAR primary ligand is the serine protease urokinase (uPA), converting plasminogen into plasmin, a broad spectrum protease, active on most extracellular matrix components. Besides uPA, the uPAR binds specifically also to the matrix protein vitronectin and, therefore, is regarded also as an adhesion receptor. Complex formation of the uPAR with diverse transmembrane proteins, including integrins, formyl peptide receptors, G protein-coupled receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor results in intracellular signalling. Thus, the uPAR is a multifunctional receptor coordinating surface-associated pericellular proteolysis and signal transduction, thereby affecting physiological and pathological mechanisms. The uPAR-initiated signalling leads to remarkable cellular effects, that include increased cell migration, adhesion, survival, proliferation and invasion. Although this is beyond the scope of this review, the uPA/uPAR system is of great interest to cancer research, as it is associated to aggressive cancers and poor patient survival. Increasing evidence links the uPA/uPAR axis to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a highly dynamic process, by which epithelial cells can convert into a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, many reports indicate that the uPAR is involved in the maintenance of the stem-like phenotype and in the differentiation process of different cell types. Moreover, the levels of anchor-less, soluble form of uPAR, respond to a variety of inflammatory stimuli, including tumorigenesis and viral infections. Finally, the role of uPAR in virus infection has received increasing attention, in view of the Covid-19 pandemics and new information is becoming available. In this review, we provide a mechanistic perspective, via the detailed examination of consolidated and recent studies on the cellular responses to the multiple uPAR activities.
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Shmakova AA, Klimovich PS, Rysenkova KD, Popov VS, Gorbunova AS, Karpukhina AA, Karagyaur MN, Rubina KA, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Urokinase Receptor uPAR Downregulation in Neuroblastoma Leads to Dormancy, Chemoresistance and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040994. [PMID: 35205745 PMCID: PMC8870350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary uPAR is a membrane receptor that contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling and controls cellular adhesion, proliferation, survival, and migration. We demonstrate that the initially high uPAR expression predicts poor survival in neuroblastoma. However, relapsed neuroblastomas have a significantly decreased uPAR expression. uPAR downregulation in neuroblastoma cells leads to dormancy and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In mice, low uPAR-expressing neuroblastoma cells formed smaller primary tumors but more frequent metastasis. Abstract uPAR is a membrane receptor that binds extracellular protease urokinase, contributes to matrix remodeling and plays a crucial role in cellular adhesion, proliferation, survival, and migration. uPAR overexpression in tumor cells promotes mitogenesis, opening a prospective avenue for targeted therapy. However, uPAR targeting in cancer has potential risks. We have recently shown that uPAR downregulation in neuroblastoma promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially associated with metastasis and chemoresistance. We used data mining to evaluate the role of uPAR expression in primary and relapsed human neuroblastomas. To model the decreased uPAR expression, we targeted uPAR using CRISPR/Cas9 and shRNA in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells and evaluated their chemosensitivity in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. We demonstrate that the initially high PLAUR expression predicts poor survival in human neuroblastoma. However, relapsed neuroblastomas have a significantly decreased PLAUR expression. uPAR targeting in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells leads to p38 activation and an increased p21 expression (suggesting a dormant phenotype). The dormancy in neuroblastoma cells can be triggered by the disruption of uPAR-integrin interaction. uPAR-deficient cells are less sensitive to cisplatin and doxorubicin treatment and exhibit lower p53 activation. Finally, low uPAR-expressing Neuro2a cells formed smaller primary tumors, but more frequent metastasis in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the pathological role of dormant uPAR-deficient cancer cells having a chemoresistant and motile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shmakova
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Polina S. Klimovich
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Karina D. Rysenkova
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Vladimir S. Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Anna S. Gorbunova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Anna A. Karpukhina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 117334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maxim N. Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Kseniya A. Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Vsevolod A. Tkachuk
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Semina
- National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (P.S.K.); (K.D.R.); (V.A.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.P.); (A.S.G.); (M.N.K.); (K.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Establishment and characterization of an ovarian yolk sac tumor patient-derived xenograft model. Pediatr Surg Int 2021; 37:1031-1040. [PMID: 34031745 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-021-04895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lack of appropriate preclinical models of ovarian yolk sac tumor (OYST) is currently hindering the pursuit of new methods of treatment and investigation of the pathogenesis of the disease. We developed and characterized an OYST patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model in this study. METHODS Tumor fragments from a patient with an OYST were implanted subcutaneously into BALB/c Nude mice. Engrafted xenografts were compared with the original tumor according to histology, immunohistochemistry, humanized identified, and drug efficacy testing with in vivo treatment programs. RESULTS There was a high degree of histologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) resemblance between the established PDX model and its corresponding human tumors. Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (JEB) chemotherapy regimens were effective in clinical patients and were effective in the OYST PDX model; therefore, the effect of PDX intervention was consistent with clinical outcomes of OYSTs. CONCLUSION We have successfully established an OYST PDX model. This OYST model preserves the basic molecular features of the primary human tumor, thereby providing a valuable method to preclinically evaluate new treatments and explore disease pathogenesis.
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10
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Gomes FG, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Martins-Dinis MMDC, Rondon AMR, Melo ACD, Tilli TM, Monteiro RQ. Epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibrinolytic pathway elements in cervical cancer: functional and prognostic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10754. [PMID: 33886813 PMCID: PMC8055187 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and components of the fibrinolytic system, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and thrombomodulin (TM), have been implicated in tumor progression. In the present study, we employed cBioPortal platform (http://www.cbioportal.org/), cancer cell lines, and an in vivo model of immunocompromised mice to evaluate a possible cooperation between EGFR signaling, uPA, and TM expression/function in the context of cervical cancer. cBioPortal analysis revealed that EGFR, uPA, and TM are positively correlated in tumor samples of cervical cancer patients, showing a negative prognostic impact. Aggressive human cervical cancer cells (CASKI) presented higher gene expression levels of EGFR, uPA, and TM compared to its less aggressive counterpart (C-33A cells). EGFR induces uPA expression in CASKI cells through both PI3K-Akt and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 downstream effectors, whereas TM expression induced by EGFR was dependent on PI3K/Akt signaling alone. uPA induced cell-morphology modifications and cell migration in an EGFR-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Finally, treatment with cetuximab reduced in vivo CASKI xenografted-tumor growth in nude mice, and decreased intratumoral uPA expression, while TM expression was unaltered. In conclusion, we showed that EGFR signaling regulated expression of the fibrinolytic system component uPA in both in vitro and in vivo settings, while uPA also participated in cell-morphology modifications and migration in a human cervical cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - V H Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - K Martins-Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M M D C Martins-Dinis
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A M R Rondon
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A C de Melo
- Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - T M Tilli
- Plataforma de Oncologia Translacional, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R Q Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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11
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The Urokinase Receptor: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cancer Cell Biology. Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084111. [PMID: 33923400 PMCID: PMC8073738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is a key event in several biological processes; proteolysis must be tightly controlled because its improper activation leads to dramatic consequences. Deregulation of proteolytic activity characterizes many pathological conditions, including cancer. The plasminogen activation (PA) system plays a key role in cancer; it includes the serine-protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA binds to a specific cellular receptor (uPAR), which concentrates proteolytic activity at the cell surface, thus supporting cell migration. However, a large body of evidence clearly showed uPAR involvement in the biology of cancer cell independently of the proteolytic activity of its ligand. In this review we will first describe this multifunctional molecule and then we will discuss how uPAR can sustain most of cancer hallmarks, which represent the biological capabilities acquired during the multistep cancer development. Finally, we will illustrate the main data available in the literature on uPAR as a cancer biomarker and a molecular target in anti-cancer therapy.
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12
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Day EK, Sosale NG, Xiao A, Zhong Q, Purow B, Lazzara MJ. Glioblastoma Cell Resistance to EGFR and MET Inhibition Can Be Overcome via Blockade of FGFR-SPRY2 Bypass Signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3383-3396.e7. [PMID: 32160544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SPRY2 is a purported tumor suppressor in certain cancers that promotes tumor growth and resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in glioblastoma. Here, we identify a SPRY2-dependent bypass signaling mechanism in glioblastoma that drives resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. In glioblastoma cells treated with EGFR and MET inhibitors, SPRY2 expression is initially suppressed but eventually rebounds due to NF-κB pathway activation, resultant autocrine FGFR activation, and reactivation of ERK, which controls SPRY2 transcription. In cells where FGFR autocrine signaling does not occur and ERK does not reactivate, or in which ERK reactivates but SPRY2 cannot be expressed, EGFR and MET inhibitors are more effective at promoting death. The same mechanism also drives acquired resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. Furthermore, tumor xenografts expressing an ERK-dependent bioluminescent reporter engineered for these studies reveal that this bypass resistance mechanism plays out in vivo but can be overcome through simultaneous FGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nisha G Sosale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Aizhen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The prognosis for childhood cancer has improved considerably over the past 50 years. This improvement is attributed to well-designed clinical trials which have incorporated chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. With an increased understanding of cancer biology and genetics, we have entered an era of precision medicine and immunotherapy that provides potential for improved cure rates. However, preclinical evaluation of these therapies is more nuanced, requiring more robust animal models. Evaluation of targeted treatments requires molecularly defined xenograft models that can capture the diversity within pediatric cancer. The development of novel immunotherapies ideally involves the use of animal models that can accurately recapitulate the human immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of xenograft models for childhood cancers, review successful examples of novel therapies translated from xenograft models to the clinic, and describe the modern tools of xenograft biobanks and humanized xenograft models for the study of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O McNerney
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Oh H, Hwang I, Jang JY, Wu L, Cao D, Yao J, Ying H, Li JY, Yao Y, Hu B, Wang Q, Zheng H, Paik J. Therapy-Induced Transdifferentiation Promotes Glioma Growth Independent of EGFR Signaling. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1528-1539. [PMID: 33509942 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR is frequently amplified, mutated, and overexpressed in malignant gliomas. Yet the EGFR-targeted therapies have thus far produced only marginal clinical responses, and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Using an inducible oncogenic EGFR-driven glioma mouse model system, our current study reveals that a small population of glioma cells can evade therapy-initiated apoptosis and potentiate relapse development by adopting a mesenchymal-like phenotypic state that no longer depends on oncogenic EGFR signaling. Transcriptome analyses of proximal and distal treatment responses identified TGFβ/YAP/Slug signaling cascade activation as a major regulatory mechanism that promotes therapy-induced glioma mesenchymal lineage transdifferentiation. Following anti-EGFR treatment, TGFβ secreted from stressed glioma cells acted to promote YAP nuclear translocation that stimulated upregulation of the pro-mesenchymal transcriptional factor SLUG and subsequent glioma lineage transdifferentiation toward a stable therapy-refractory state. Blockade of this adaptive response through suppression of TGFβ-mediated YAP activation significantly delayed anti-EGFR relapse and prolonged animal survival. Together, our findings shed new insight into EGFR-targeted therapy resistance and suggest that combinatorial therapies of targeting both EGFR and mechanisms underlying glioma lineage transdifferentiation could ultimately lead to deeper and more durable responses. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that molecular reprogramming and lineage transdifferentiation underlie anti-EGFR therapy resistance and are clinically relevant to the development of new combinatorial targeting strategies against malignant gliomas with aberrant EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhee Oh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Inah Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ja-Young Jang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lingxiang Wu
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dongqing Cao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yi Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York
| | - Qianghu Wang
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hongwu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jihye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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15
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Banisadr A, Eick M, Beri P, Parisian AD, Yeoman B, Placone JK, Engler AJ, Furnari F. EGFRvIII uses intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to reduce glioma adhesion and increase migration. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247189. [PMID: 33243756 PMCID: PMC7774888 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of biological markers has limited our ability to identify the invasive cells responsible for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To become migratory and invasive, cells must downregulate matrix adhesions, which could be a physical marker of invasive potential. We engineered murine astrocytes with common GBM mutations, e.g. Ink4a (Ink) or PTEN deletion and expressing a constitutively active EGF receptor truncation (EGFRvIII), to elucidate their effect on adhesion. While loss of Ink or PTEN did not affect adhesion, counterparts expressing EGFRvIII were significantly less adhesive. EGFRvIII reduced focal adhesion size and number, and these cells - with more labile adhesions - displayed enhanced migration. Regulation appears to depend not on physical receptor association to integrins but, rather, on the activity of the receptor kinase, resulting in transcriptional integrin repression. Interestingly, EGFRvIII intrinsic signals can be propagated by cytokine crosstalk to cells expressing wild-type EGFR, resulting in reduced adhesion and enhanced migration. These data identify potential intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that gliomas use to invade surrounding parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Banisadr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mariam Eick
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pranjali Beri
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Yeoman
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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S6K1 blockade overcomes acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:7181-7195. [PMID: 33037411 PMCID: PMC7718330 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of resistance to EGFR Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations is a critical limitation of this therapy. In addition to genetic alterations such as EGFR secondary mutation causing EGFR-TKI resistance, compensatory activation of signaling pathways without interruption of genome integrity remains to be defined. In this study, we identified S6K1/MDM2 signaling axis as a novel bypass mechanism for the development of EGFR-TKI resistance. The observation of S6K1 as a candidate mechanism for resistance to EGFR TKI therapy was investigated by interrogation of public databases and a clinical cohort to establish S6K1 expression as a prognostic/predictive biomarker. The role of S6K1 in TKI resistance was determined in in vitro gain-and-loss of function studies and confirmed in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse lung cancer models. Blockade of S6K1 by a specific inhibitor PF-4708671 synergistically enhanced the efficacy of TKI without showing toxicity. The mechanistic study showed the inhibition of EGFR caused nuclear translocation of S6K1 for binding with MDM2 in resistant cells. MDM2 is a downstream effector of S6K1-mediated TKI resistance. Taken together, we present evidence for the reversal of resistance to EGFR TKI by the addition of small molecule S6K1/MDM2 antagonists that could have clinical benefit.
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17
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Muir M, Gopakumar S, Traylor J, Lee S, Rao G. Glioblastoma multiforme: novel therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:605-614. [PMID: 32394767 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1762568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasingly detailed genetic characterization of glioblastoma (GBM) has failed to translate into meaningful breakthroughs in treatment. This is likely to be attributed to molecular heterogeneity of GBM. However, the understanding of the tumor microenvironment in GBM has become more refined and has revealed a wealth of therapeutic targets that may enable the disruption of angiogenesis or immunosuppression. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the selective targeting of tumor-intrinsic pathways, therapies that target the GBM tumor microenvironment and relevant preclinical studies and their limitations. Relevant literature was derived from a PubMed search encompassing studies from 1989 to 2020. EXPERT OPINION Despite appropriate target engagement, attempts to directly inhibit oncogenic pathways in GBM have yielded little success. This is likely attributed to the molecular heterogeneity of GBM and the presence of redundant signaling that allow for accumulation of adaptive mutations and development of drug resistance. Subsequently, there has been a shift toward therapies modulating the pro-angiogenic, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in GBM. The non-transformed cells in the microenvironment which includes endothelial cells, myeloid cells, and T cells, are presumably genetically stable, less susceptible to heterogeneity, and easier to target. This approach offers the highest potential for a therapeutic breakthrough in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Muir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Traylor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sungho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Guo G, Gong K, Puliyappadamba VT, Panchani N, Pan E, Mukherjee B, Damanwalla Z, Bharia S, Hatanpaa KJ, Gerber DE, Mickey BE, Patel TR, Sarkaria JN, Zhao D, Burma S, Habib AA. Efficacy of EGFR plus TNF inhibition in a preclinical model of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 21:1529-1539. [PMID: 31363754 PMCID: PMC6917414 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard of care and is most effective in GBMs that lack the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Moreover, even initially responsive tumors develop a secondary resistance to TMZ and become untreatable. Since aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is widespread in GBM, EGFR inhibition has been tried in multiple clinical trials without success. We recently reported that inhibiting EGFR leads to increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and activation of a survival pathway in GBM. Here, we compare the efficacy of TMZ versus EGFR plus TNF inhibition in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM. METHODS We use an orthotopic model to examine the efficacy of TMZ versus EGFR plus TNF inhibition in multiple subsets of GBMs, including MGMT methylated and unmethylated primary GBMs, recurrent GBMs, and GBMs rendered experimentally resistant to TMZ. RESULTS The efficacy of the 2 treatments was similar in MGMT methylated GBMs. However, in MGMT unmethylated GBMs, a combination of EGFR plus TNF inhibition was more effective. We demonstrate that the 2 treatment approaches target distinct and non-overlapping pathways. Thus, importantly, EGFR plus TNF inhibition remains effective in TMZ-resistant recurrent GBMs and in GBMs rendered experimentally resistant to TMZ. CONCLUSION EGFR inhibition combined with a blunting of the accompanying TNF-driven adaptive response could be a viable therapeutic approach in MGMT unmethylated and recurrent EGFR-expressing GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Guo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ke Gong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Nishah Panchani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Edward Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ziba Damanwalla
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sabrina Bharia
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Toral R Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
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19
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Li X, Martinez-Ledesma E, Zhang C, Gao F, Zheng S, Ding J, Wu S, Nguyen N, Clifford SC, Wen PY, Ligon KL, Yung WKA, Koul D. Tie2-FGFR1 Interaction Induces Adaptive PI3K Inhibitor Resistance by Upregulating Aurora A/PLK1/CDK1 Signaling in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5088-5101. [PMID: 31416846 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-targeting therapy represents one of the most sought-after therapies for glioblastoma (GBM). Several small-molecule inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials, however, the emergence of resistance limits treatment potential. Here, we generated a patient-derived glioma sphere-forming cell (GSC) xenograft model resistant to the PI3K-specific inhibitor BKM-120. Integrated RNA sequencing and high-throughput drug screening revealed that the Aurora A kinase (Aurora A)/Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) signaling pathway was the main driver of PI3K inhibitor resistance in the resistant xenografts. Aurora kinase was upregulated and pCDK1 was downregulated in resistant tumors from both xenografts and tumor tissues from patients treated with the PI3K inhibitor. Mechanistically, the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 physically interacted with FGFR1, promoting STAT3 phosphorylation and binding to the AURKA promoter, which increased Aurora A expression in resistant GSCs. Concurrent inhibition of Aurora A and PI3K signaling overcame PI3K inhibitor-induced resistance. This study offers a proof of concept to target PI3K and the collateral-activated pathway to improve GBM therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of PI3K inhibitor resistance in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Chen Zhang
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Gao
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Ding
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaofang Wu
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephan C Clifford
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology and Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology and Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Brain Tumor Center, Departments of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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20
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Saleem H, Kulsoom Abdul U, Küçükosmanoglu A, Houweling M, Cornelissen FMG, Heiland DH, Hegi ME, Kouwenhoven MCM, Bailey D, Würdinger T, Westerman BA. The TICking clock of EGFR therapy resistance in glioblastoma: Target Independence or target Compensation. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 43:29-37. [PMID: 31054489 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy against driver mutations responsible for cancer progression has been shown to be effective in many tumor types. For glioblastoma (GBM), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver and has therefore been considered an attractive target for therapy. However, so far responses to EGFR-pathway inhibitors have been disappointing. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the mechanisms that might account for therapy resistance against EGFR inhibition. We define two major mechanisms of resistance and propose modalities to overcome them. The first resistance mechanism concerns target independence. In this case, cells have lost expression of the EGFR protein and experience no negative impact of EGFR targeting. Loss of extrachromosomally encoded EGFR as present in double minute DNA is a frequent mechanism for this type of drug resistance. The second mechanism concerns target compensation. In this case, cells will counteract EGFR inhibition by activation of compensatory pathways that render them independent of EGFR signaling. Compensatory pathway candidates are platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFR1) and cMET and their downstream targets, all not commonly mutated at the time of diagnosis alongside EGFR mutation. Given that both mechanisms make cells independent of EGFR expression, other means have to be found to eradicate drug resistant cells. To this end we suggest rational strategies which include the use of multi-target therapies that hit truncation mutations (mechanism 1) or multi-target therapies to co-inhibit compensatory proteins (mechanism 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Saleem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - U Kulsoom Abdul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Asli Küçükosmanoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Megan Houweling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur M G Cornelissen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Biology, Nature Science Building, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093-0377, United States
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde C M Kouwenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Bailey
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, UK
| | - Tom Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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21
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Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Biagioni A, Chillà A, Pimpinelli N, Ruzzolini J, Peppicelli S, Andreucci E, Calorini L, Serratì S, Del Rosso M, Fibbi G. EGFR/uPAR interaction as druggable target to overcome vemurafenib acquired resistance in melanoma cells. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:194-206. [PMID: 30611716 PMCID: PMC6355443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BRAF inhibitor (BRAF-I) therapy for melanoma patients harboring the V600E mutation is initially highly effective, but almost all patients relapse within a few months. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind BRAF-I responsiveness and acquired resistance is therefore an important issue. Here we assessed the role of urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a potentially valuable biomarker in the acquisition of BRAF-I resistance in V600E mutant melanoma cells. Methods We examined uPAR and EGFR levels by real time PCR and western blot analysis. uPAR loss of function was realized by knocking down uPAR by RNAi or using M25, a peptide that uncouples uPAR-integrin interaction. We investigated uPAR-β1integrin-EGFR association by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal immuno-fluorescence analysis. Acquired resistance to BRAF-I was generated by chronic exposure of cells to vemurafenib. Findings We proved that uPAR knockdown in combination with vemurafenib inhibits melanoma cell proliferation to greater extent than either treatment alone causing a decrease in AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conversely, we demonstrated that uPAR enforced over-expression results in reduced sensitivity to BRAF inhibition. Moreover, by targeting uPAR and EGFR interaction with an integrin antagonist peptide we restored vemurafenib responsiveness in melanoma resistant cells. Furthermore, we found significant detectable uPAR and EGFR levels in tumor biopsies of 4 relapsed patients. Interpretation We disclosed an unpredicted mechanism of reduced sensitiveness to BRAF inhibition, driven by elevated levels of uPAR and identified a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome acquired resistance. Funds Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC); Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Pimpinelli
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo, 41, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Andreucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Serratì
- Nanotecnology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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22
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Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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23
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Xu C, Li X, Liu P, Li M, Luo F. Patient-derived xenograft mouse models: A high fidelity tool for individualized medicine. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:3-10. [PMID: 30655732 PMCID: PMC6313209 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models involve the direct transfer of fresh human tumor samples into immunodeficient mice following surgical resection or other medical operations. Gene expression in tumors may be maintained by serial passages of tumors from mouse to mouse. These models aid research into tumor biology and pharmacology without manual manipulation of cell cultures in vitro. and are widely used in individualized cancer therapy/translational medicine, drug development and coclinical trials. PDX models exhibit higher predictive values for clinical outcomes than cell line-derived xenograft models and genetically engineered mouse models. However, PDX models are associated with certain challenges in clinical application. The present study reviewed current collections of PDX models and assessed the challenges and future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Acute Abdomen Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xuelu Li
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Pixu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Fuwen Luo
- Department of Acute Abdomen Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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24
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Brastianos PK, Ippen FM, Hafeez U, Gan HK. Emerging Gene Fusion Drivers in Primary and Metastatic Central Nervous System Malignancies: A Review of Available Evidence for Systemic Targeted Therapies. Oncologist 2018; 23:1063-1075. [PMID: 29703764 PMCID: PMC6192601 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system present a difficult clinical challenge, and they are a common cause of disease progression and death. For most patients, treatment consists primarily of surgery and/or radiotherapy. In recent years, systemic therapies have become available or are under investigation for patients whose tumors are driven by specific genetic alterations, and some of these targeted treatments have been associated with dramatic improvements in extracranial and intracranial disease control and survival. However, the success of other systemic therapies has been hindered by inadequate penetration of the drug into the brain parenchyma. Advances in molecular characterization of oncogenic drivers have led to the identification of new gene fusions driving oncogenesis in some of the most common sources of intracranial tumors. Systemic therapies targeting many of these alterations have been approved recently or are in clinical development, and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier is now widely recognized as an important property of such drugs. We review this rapidly advancing field with a focus on recently uncovered gene fusions and brain-penetrant systemic therapies targeting them. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Driver gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinases have been identified across a wide range of tumor types, including primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors and extracranial solid tumors that are associated with high rates of metastasis to the CNS (e.g., lung, breast, melanoma). This review discusses the systemic therapies that target emerging gene fusions, with a focus on brain-penetrant agents that will target the intracranial disease and, where present, also extracranial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla K Brastianos
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franziska Maria Ippen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umbreen Hafeez
- Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hui K Gan
- Medical Oncology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
- La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Dual inhibition of BCL-XL and MCL-1 is required to induce tumour regression in lung squamous cell carcinomas sensitive to FGFR inhibition. Oncogene 2018; 37:4475-4488. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Eden G, Archinti M, Arnaudova R, Andreotti G, Motta A, Furlan F, Citro V, Cubellis MV, Degryse B. D2A sequence of the urokinase receptor induces cell growth through αvβ3 integrin and EGFR. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1889-1907. [PMID: 29184982 PMCID: PMC11105377 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) stimulates cell proliferation by forming a macromolecular complex with αvβ3 integrin and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1 or HER1) that we name the uPAR proliferasome. uPAR transactivates EGFR, which in turn mediates uPAR-initiated mitogenic signal to the cell. EGFR activation and EGFR-dependent cell growth are blocked in the absence of uPAR expression or when uPAR activity is inhibited by antibodies against either uPAR or EGFR. The mitogenic sequence of uPAR corresponds to the D2A motif present in domain 2. NMR analysis revealed that D2A synthetic peptide has a particular three-dimensional structure, which is atypical for short peptides. D2A peptide is as effective as EGF in promoting EGFR phosphorylation and cell proliferation that were inhibited by AG1478, a specific inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR. Both D2A and EGF failed to induce proliferation of NR6-EGFR-K721A cells expressing a kinase-defective mutant of EGFR. Moreover, D2A peptide and EGF phosphorylate ERK demonstrating the involvement of the MAP kinase signalling pathway. Altogether, this study reveals the importance of sequence D2A of uPAR, and the interdependence of uPAR and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Eden
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Medical Clinic V, Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, Salzdahlumer Straße 90, 38126, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Marco Archinti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralitsa Arnaudova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Andreotti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Federico Furlan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- BoNetwork Programme, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Citro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Bernard Degryse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, DIBIT, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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27
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uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 in head and neck cancer: role in tumor resistance, metastasis, prognosis and therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57351-57366. [PMID: 27385000 PMCID: PMC5302994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence supporting the role of the plasminogen activator system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly of its uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) / uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) and SERPINE1 components. Overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 enhances tumor cell migration and invasion and plays a key role in metastasis development, conferring poor prognosis. The apparent paradox of uPA/uPAR and its inhibitor SERPINE1 producing similar effects is solved by the identification of SERPINE1 activated signaling pathways independent of uPA inhibition. Both uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 are directly linked to the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of stem cell properties and resistance to antitumor agents. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the deregulation of these proteins in all these processes. We also summarize their potential value as prognostic biomarkers or potential drug targets in HNSCC patients. Concomitant overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 is associated with a higher risk of metastasis and could be used to identify patients that would benefit from an adjuvant treatment. In the future, the specific inhibitors of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1, which are still under development, could be used to design new therapeutic strategies in HNSCCs.
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28
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The Urokinase Receptor Induces a Mesenchymal Gene Expression Signature in Glioblastoma Cells and Promotes Tumor Cell Survival in Neurospheres. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2982. [PMID: 29445239 PMCID: PMC5813209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PLAUR encodes the urokinase receptor (uPAR), which promotes cell survival, migration, and resistance to targeted cancer therapeutics in glioblastoma cells in culture and in mouse model systems. Herein, we show that patient survival correlates inversely with PLAUR mRNA expression in gliomas of all grades, in glioblastomas, and in the subset of glioblastomas that demonstrate the mesenchymal gene expression signature. PLAUR clusters with genes that define the more aggressive mesenchymal subtype in transcriptome profiles of glioblastoma tissue and glioblastoma cells in neurospheres, which are enriched for multipotent cells with stem cell-like qualities. When PLAUR was over-expressed or silenced in glioblastoma cells, neurosphere growth and expression of mesenchymal subtype biomarkers correlated with uPAR abundance. uPAR also promoted glioblastoma cell survival in neurospheres. Constitutively-active EGF Receptor (EGFRvIII) promoted neurosphere growth; however, unlike uPAR, EGFRvIII did not induce the mesenchymal gene expression signature. Immunohistochemical analysis of human glioblastomas showed that uPAR is typically expressed by a small sub-population of the cancer cells; it is thus reasonable to conclude that this subpopulation of cells is responsible for the effects of PLAUR on patient survival. We propose that uPAR-expressing glioblastoma cells demonstrate a mesenchymal gene signature, an increased capacity for cell survival, and stem cell-like properties.
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29
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Ding Z, Roos A, Kloss J, Dhruv H, Peng S, Pirrotte P, Eschbacher JM, Tran NL, Loftus JC. A Novel Signaling Complex between TROY and EGFR Mediates Glioblastoma Cell Invasion. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:322-332. [PMID: 29117939 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults and a highly lethal malignancy with a median survival of about 15 months. The aggressive invasion of the surrounding normal brain makes complete surgical resection impossible, increases the resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, and assures tumor recurrence. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop innovative therapeutics to target the invasive tumor cells for improved treatment outcomes of this disease. Expression of TROY (TNFRSF19), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, increases with increasing glial tumor grade and inversely correlates with patient survival. Increased expression of TROY stimulates glioblastoma cell invasion in vitro and in vivo and increases resistance to temozolomide and radiation therapy. Conversely, silencing TROY expression inhibits glioblastoma cell invasion, increases temozolomide sensitivity, and prolongs survival in an intracranial xenograft model. Here, a novel complex is identified between TROY and EGFR, which is mediated predominantly by the cysteine-rich CRD3 domain of TROY. Glioblastoma tumors with elevated TROY expression have a statistically positive correlation with increased EGFR expression. TROY expression significantly increases the capacity of EGF to stimulate glioblastoma cell invasion, whereas depletion of TROY expression blocks EGF stimulation of glioblastoma cell invasion. Mechanistically, TROY expression modulates EGFR signaling by facilitating EGFR activation and delaying EGFR receptor internalization. Moreover, the association of EGFR with TROY increases TROY-induced NF-κB activation. These findings substantiate a critical role for the TROY-EGFR complex in regulation of glioblastoma cell invasion.Implications: The TROY-EGFR signaling complex emerges as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit glioblastoma cell invasion. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 322-32. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Alison Roos
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Jean Kloss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Harshil Dhruv
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.,Center for Proteomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jennifer M Eschbacher
- Department of Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Joseph C Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona.
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30
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Miyai M, Tomita H, Soeda A, Yano H, Iwama T, Hara A. Current trends in mouse models of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:423-432. [PMID: 29052807 PMCID: PMC5700231 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most deadly brain tumor type and is characterized by a severe and high rate of angiogenesis, remaining an incurable disease in the majority of cases. Mechanistic understanding of glioblastoma initiation and progression is complicated by the complexity of genetic and/or environmental initiating events and lack of clarity regarding the cell or tissue of origin. To determine these mechanisms, mouse models that recapitulate the molecular and histological characteristics of glioblastoma are required. Unlike in other malignancies, viral-mediated mouse models of glioblastoma rather than chemically induced mouse models have been developed because of its sensitivity to viruses. Based on recent molecular analyses reported for human glioblastoma, this review critically evaluates genetically engineered, xenograft, allograft, viral-mediated, and chemically induced mouse models of glioblastoma. Further, we focus on the clinical value of these models by examining their contributions to studies of glioblastoma prevention, tumorigenesis, and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyai
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Akio Soeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hirohito Yano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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31
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin IV, Chekhonin VP. The EGFR variant III mutant as a target for immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Zanca C, Villa GR, Benitez JA, Thorne AH, Koga T, D'Antonio M, Ikegami S, Ma J, Boyer AD, Banisadr A, Jameson NM, Parisian AD, Eliseeva OV, Barnabe GF, Liu F, Wu S, Yang H, Wykosky J, Frazer KA, Verkhusha VV, Isaguliants MG, Weiss WA, Gahman TC, Shiau AK, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB. Glioblastoma cellular cross-talk converges on NF-κB to attenuate EGFR inhibitor sensitivity. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1212-1227. [PMID: 28724615 PMCID: PMC5558924 DOI: 10.1101/gad.300079.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Zanca et al. show that heterogeneous expression of the wild-type EGFR receptor and its constitutively active mutant form, EGFRvIII, limits sensitivity to EGFR-directed therapies through an interclonal communication mechanism mediated by IL-6 cytokine secreted from EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. In glioblastoma (GBM), heterogeneous expression of amplified and mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) presents a substantial challenge for the effective use of EGFR-directed therapeutics. Here we demonstrate that heterogeneous expression of the wild-type receptor and its constitutively active mutant form, EGFRvIII, limits sensitivity to these therapies through an interclonal communication mechanism mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine secreted from EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. IL-6 activates a NF-κB signaling axis in a paracrine and autocrine manner, leading to bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4)-dependent expression of the prosurvival protein survivin (BIRC5) and attenuation of sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). NF-κB and survivin are coordinately up-regulated in GBM patient tumors, and functional inhibition of either protein or BRD4 in in vitro and in vivo models restores sensitivity to EGFR TKIs. These results provide a rationale for improving anti-EGFR therapeutic efficacy through pharmacological uncoupling of a convergence point of NF-κB-mediated survival that is leveraged by an interclonal circuitry mechanism established by intratumoral mutational heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Genaro R Villa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Shiro Ikegami
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Antonia D Boyer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Afsheen Banisadr
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nathan M Jameson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alison D Parisian
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Olesja V Eliseeva
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russian Federation
| | | | - Feng Liu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Huijun Yang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, Division of Genome Information Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Maria G Isaguliants
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russian Federation.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94159, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94159, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94159, USA
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Skovgaard D, Persson M, Kjaer A. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor–PET with 68 Ga-NOTA-AE105. PET Clin 2017; 12:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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A TNF-JNK-Axl-ERK signaling axis mediates primary resistance to EGFR inhibition in glioblastoma. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1074-1084. [PMID: 28604685 PMCID: PMC5529219 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant EGFR signaling is widespread in cancer, making the EGFR an important target for therapy. EGFR gene amplification and mutation are common in glioblastoma (GBM), but EGFR inhibition has not been effective in treating this tumor. Here, we propose that primary resistance to EGFR inhibition in glioma cells results from a rapid compensatory response to EGFR inhibition that mediates cell survival. We show that in glioma cells expressing either EGFR wild type or the mutant EGFRvIII, EGFR inhibition triggers a rapid adaptive response driven by increased TNF secretion that leads to activation of a TNF-JNK-Axl-ERK signaling axis. Inhibition of this adaptive axis at multiple nodes renders glioma cells with primary resistance sensitive to EGFR inhibition. Our findings provide a possible explanation for the multiple failures of anti-EGFR therapy in GBM and suggest a new approach to the treatment of EGFR expressing GBM using a combination of EGFR and TNF inhibition.
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Gilder AS, Wang L, Natali L, Karimi-Mostowfi N, Brifault C, Gonias SL. Pertussis Toxin Is a Robust and Selective Inhibitor of High Grade Glioma Cell Migration and Invasion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168418. [PMID: 27977780 PMCID: PMC5158192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In high grade glioma (HGG), extensive tumor cell infiltration of normal brain typically precludes identifying effective margins for surgical resection or irradiation. Pertussis toxin (PT) is a multimeric complex that inactivates diverse Gi/o G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Despite the broad continuum of regulatory events controlled by GPCRs, PT may be applicable as a therapeutic. We have shown that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a major driver of HGG cell migration. uPAR-initiated cell-signaling requires a Gi/o GPCR, N-formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2), as an essential co-receptor and is thus, PT-sensitive. Herein, we show that PT robustly inhibits migration of three separate HGG-like cell lines that express a mutated form of the EGF Receptor (EGFR), EGFRvIII, which is constitutively active. PT also almost completely blocked the ability of HGG cells to invade Matrigel. In the equivalent concentration range (0.01-1.0 μg/mL), PT had no effect on cell survival and only affected proliferation of one cell line. Neutralization of EGFRvIII expression in HGG cells, which is known to activate uPAR-initiated cell-signaling, promoted HGG cell migration. The increase in HGG cell migration, induced by EGFRvIII neutralization, was entirely blocked by silencing FPR2 gene expression or by treating the cells with PT. When U87MG HGG cells were cultured as suspended neurospheres in serum-free, growth factor-supplemented medium, uPAR expression was increased. HGG cells isolated from neurospheres migrated through Transwell membranes without loss of cell contacts; this process was inhibited by PT by >90%. PT also inhibited expression of vimentin by HGG cells; vimentin is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and worsened prognosis. We conclude that PT may function as a selective inhibitor of HGG cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Gilder
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Letizia Natali
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicki Karimi-Mostowfi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
| | - Coralie Brifault
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dützmann S, Schiborr C, Kocher A, Pilatus U, Hattingen E, Weissenberger J, Geßler F, Quick-Weller J, Franz K, Seifert V, Frank J, Senft C. Intratumoral Concentrations and Effects of Orally Administered Micellar Curcuminoids in Glioblastoma Patients. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:943-8. [PMID: 27340742 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1187281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral bioavailability of curcuminoids is low, but can be enhanced by incorporation into micelles. The major curcuminoid curcumin has antitumor effects on glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. We therefore aimed to determine intratumoral concentrations and the clinical tolerance of highly bioavailable micellar curcuminoids in glioblastoma patients. METHODS Thirteen glioblastoma patients ingested 70 mg micellar curcuminoids [57.4 mg curcumin, 11.2 mg demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and 1.4 mg bis-demethoxycurcumin (BDMC)] three times per day for 4 days (total amount of 689 mg curcumin, 134 mg DMC, and 17 mg BDMC) prior to planned resection of their respective brain tumors. Tumor and blood samples were taken during the surgery and analyzed for total curcuminoid concentrations. (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging was performed before and after curcuminoid consumption. RESULTS Ten patients completed the study. The mean intratumoral concentration of curcumin was 56 pg/mg of tissue (range 9-151), and the mean serum concentration was 253 ng/ml (range 129-364). Inorganic phosphate was significantly increased within the tumor (P = 0.034). The mean ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate decreased, and the mean intratumoral pH increased (P = 0.08) after curcuminoid intervention. CONCLUSION Oral treatment with micellar curcuminoids led to quantifiable concentrations of total curcuminoids in glioblastomas and may alter intratumoral energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Dützmann
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Christina Schiborr
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Alexa Kocher
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- c Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- c Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jakob Weissenberger
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Florian Geßler
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Johanna Quick-Weller
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Kea Franz
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Volker Seifert
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- b Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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Thorne AH, Zanca C, Furnari F. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting and challenges in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:914-8. [PMID: 26755074 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the evolution of technology, there is now a deeper understanding of glioblastoma as an inter- and intraheterogeneous disease comprising a multitude of genetically and epigenetically different cancer cells. Greater characterization of glioblastoma at the molecular level has improved its initial pathophysiological staging and classification. With this knowledge comes the hope that more efficacious therapies to combat this highly lethal disease are on the horizon. One possibility for intervention is represented by the targeting of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is amplified and mutated in a large subset of patients. In this review, we provide a brief overview of EGFR and its mutated form, EGFR variant III, describing the downstream cellular pathways activated by each receptor, available animal models, therapeutic strategies to inhibit the receptor, and possible intervention routes to efficiently target this receptor and prevent the emergence of resistant mechanisms which to date have hampered a successful therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haseley Thorne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (A.H.T., C.Z., F.F.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.); Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.)
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (A.H.T., C.Z., F.F.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.); Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.)
| | - Frank Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (A.H.T., C.Z., F.F.); Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.); Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California (F.F.)
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38
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Persson M, Nedergaard MK, Brandt-Larsen M, Skovgaard D, Jørgensen JT, Michaelsen SR, Madsen J, Lassen U, Poulsen HS, Kjaer A. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Potential PET Biomarker in Glioblastoma. J Nucl Med 2015; 57:272-8. [PMID: 26429955 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.161703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant types of human cancer, and the prognosis is poor. The development and validation of novel molecular imaging biomarkers has the potential to improve tumor detection, grading, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring of gliomas. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of PET imaging of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in glioblastoma. METHODS The uPAR messenger RNA expression of tumors from 19 glioblastoma patients was analyzed, and a cell culture derived from one of these patients was used to establish an orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Tumor growth was monitored using bioluminescence imaging. Five to six weeks after inoculation, all mice were scanned with small-animal PET/CT using two new uPAR PET ligands ((64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 and (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105) and, for comparison, O-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ((18)F-FET). One MRI scan was obtained for each mouse to confirm tumor location. The uPAR specificity of (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 was confirmed by alignment of hematoxylin- and eosin-stained and uPAR immunohistochemistry-stained slides of the brain with the activity distribution as determined using autoradiography. RESULTS uPAR expression was found in all 19 glioblastoma patient tumors, and high expression of uPAR correlated with decreased overall survival (P = 0.04). Radiolabeling of NOTA-AE105 with (64)Cu and (68)Ga was straightforward, resulting in a specific activity of approximately 20 GBq/μmol and a radiochemical purity of more than 98% for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 and more than 97% for (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105. High image contrast resulting in clear tumor delineation was found for both (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 and (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105. Absolute uptake in tumor was higher for (18)F-FET (3.5 ± 0.8 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g) than for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 (1.2 ± 0.4 %ID/g) or (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 (0.4 ± 0.1 %ID/g). A similar pattern was observed in background brain tissue, where uptake was 1.9 ± 0.1 %ID/g for (18)F-fluorothymidine, compared with 0.05 ± 0.01 %ID/g for (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 and 0.11 ± 0.02 %ID/g for (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105. The result was a significantly higher tumor-to-background ratio for both (68)Ga-NOTA-AE105 (7.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.05) and (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 (10.6 ± 2.3, P < 0.01) than for (18)F-FET PET (1.8 ± 0.3). Autoradiography of brain slides confirmed that the accumulation of (64)Cu-NOTA-AE105 corresponded well with uPAR-positive cancer cells. CONCLUSION On the basis of our translational study, uPAR PET may be a highly promising imaging biomarker for glioblastoma. Further clinical exploration of uPAR PET in glioblastoma is therefore justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Persson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette K Nedergaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Malene Brandt-Larsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Skovgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe R Michaelsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lassen
- Department of Oncology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans S Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine, and PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Gonias SL, Hu J. Urokinase receptor and resistance to targeted anticancer agents. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:154. [PMID: 26283964 PMCID: PMC4515545 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a GPI-anchored membrane protein, which regulates protease activity at the cell surface and, in collaboration with a system of co-receptors, triggers cell-signaling and regulates gene expression within the cell. In normal tissues, uPAR gene expression is limited; however, in cancer, uPAR is frequently over-expressed and the gene may be amplified. Hypoxia, which often develops in tumors, further increases uPAR expression by cancer cells. uPAR-initiated cell-signaling promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell-like properties, survival, and release from states of dormancy. Newly emerging data suggest that the pro-survival cell-signaling activity of uPAR may allow cancer cells to "escape" from the cytotoxic effects of targeted anticancer drugs. Herein, we review the molecular properties of uPAR that are responsible for its activity in cancer cells and its ability to counteract the activity of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
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Shen Y, Li J, Nitta M, Futalan D, Steed T, Treiber JM, Taich Z, Stevens D, Wykosky J, Chen HZ, Carter BS, Becher OJ, Kennedy R, Esashi F, Sarkaria JN, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK, Desai A, Chen CC. Orthogonal targeting of EGFRvIII expressing glioblastomas through simultaneous EGFR and PLK1 inhibition. Oncotarget 2015; 6:11751-67. [PMID: 26059434 PMCID: PMC4494902 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a synthetic lethality between PLK1 silencing and the expression of an oncogenic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFRvIII. PLK1 promoted homologous recombination (HR), mitigating EGFRvIII induced oncogenic stress resulting from DNA damage accumulation. Accordingly, PLK1 inhibition enhanced the cytotoxic effects of the DNA damaging agent, temozolomide (TMZ). This effect was significantly more pronounced in an Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII glioblastoma model relative to an Ink4a/Arf(-/-) PDGF-β model. The tumoricidal and TMZ-sensitizing effects of BI2536 were uniformly observed across Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII glioblastoma clones that acquired independent resistance mechanisms to EGFR inhibitors, suggesting these resistant clones retain oncogenic stress that required PLK1 compensation. Although BI2536 significantly augmented the anti-neoplastic effect of EGFR inhibitors in the Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII model, durable response was not achieved until TMZ was added. Our results suggest that optimal therapeutic effect against glioblastomas requires a "multi-orthogonal" combination tailored to the molecular physiology associated with the target cancer genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Masayuki Nitta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diahnn Futalan
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Steed
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Treiber
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zack Taich
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deanna Stevens
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fumiko Esashi
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Frank B. Furnari
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clark C. Chen
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gilder AS, Jones KA, Hu J, Wang L, Chen CC, Carter BS, Gonias SL. Soluble Urokinase Receptor Is Released Selectively by Glioblastoma Cells That Express Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant III and Promotes Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14798-809. [PMID: 25837250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic heterogeneity is characteristic of glioblastoma (GBM). In many GBMs, the EGF receptor gene (EGFR) is amplified and may be truncated to generate a constitutively active form of the receptor called EGFRvIII. EGFR gene amplification and EGFRvIII are associated with GBM progression, even when only a small fraction of the tumor cells express EGFRvIII. In this study, we show that EGFRvIII-positive GBM cells express significantly increased levels of cellular urokinase receptor (uPAR) and release increased amounts of soluble uPAR (suPAR). When mice were xenografted with human EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells, tumor-derived suPAR was detected in the plasma, and the level was significantly increased compared with that detected in plasma samples from control mice xenografted with EGFRvIII-negative GBM cells. suPAR also was increased in plasma from patients with EGFRvIII-positive GBMs. Purified suPAR was biologically active when added to cultures of EGFRvIII-negative GBM cells, activating cell signaling and promoting cell migration and invasion. suPAR did not significantly stimulate cell signaling or migration of EGFRvIII-positive cells, probably because cell signaling was already substantially activated in these cells. The activities of suPAR were replicated by conditioned medium (CM) from EGFRvIII-positive GBM cells. When the CM was preincubated with uPAR-neutralizing antibody or when uPAR gene expression was silenced in cells used to prepare CM, the activity of the CM was significantly attenuated. These results suggest that suPAR may function as an important paracrine signaling factor in EGFRvIII-positive GBMs, inducing an aggressive phenotype in tumor cells that are EGFRvIII-negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Wang
- From the Departments of Pathology and
| | - Clark C Chen
- Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Bob S Carter
- Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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