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Wei Y, Xu Y, Wang M. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023:00029330-990000000-00586. [PMID: 37106555 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lung cancer has the highest risk of brain metastasis (BM) among all solid carcinomas. The emergence of BM has a significant impact on the selection of oncologic treatment for patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the most promising treatment option for patients without druggable mutations and have been shown to improve survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) BM in clinical trials with good safety. Moreover, ICI has shown certain effects in NSCLC BM, and the overall intracranial efficacy is comparable to extracranial efficacy. However, a proportion of patients showed discordant responses in primary and metastatic lesions, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may exist underlying ICI activity in BM. According to studies pertaining to tumor immune microenvironments, ICIs may be capable of provoking immunity in situ. Meanwhile, systematic immune cells activated by ICIs can migrate into the central nervous system and exert antitumor effects. This review summarizes the present evidence for ICI treatment efficacy in NSCLC BM and proposes the possible mechanisms of ICI treatment for NSCLC BMs based on existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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2
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Oue H, Yamazaki Y, Qiao W, Yuanxin C, Ren Y, Kurti A, Shue F, Parsons TM, Perkerson RB, Kawatani K, Wang N, Starling SC, Roy B, Mosneag IE, Aikawa T, Holm ML, Liu CC, Inoue Y, Sullivan PM, Asmann YW, Kim BY, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. LRP1 in vascular mural cells modulates cerebrovascular integrity and function in the presence of APOE4. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163822. [PMID: 37036005 PMCID: PMC10132158 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovasculature is critical in maintaining brain homeostasis; its dysregulation often leads to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) during aging. VCID is the second most prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly, after Alzheimer's disease (AD), with frequent cooccurrence of VCID and AD. While multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of AD and VCID, APOE4 increases the risk for both diseases. A major apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), is abundantly expressed in vascular mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells). Here, we investigated how deficiency of vascular mural cell LRP1 affects the cerebrovascular system and cognitive performance using vascular mural cell-specific Lrp1-KO mice (smLrp1-/-) in a human APOE3 or APOE4 background. We found that spatial memory was impaired in the 13- to 16-month-old APOE4 smLrp1-/- mice but not in the APOE3 smLrp1-/- mice, compared with their respective littermate control mice. These disruptions in the APOE4 smLrp1-/- mice were accompanied with excess paravascular glial activation and reduced cerebrovascular collagen IV. In addition, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity was disrupted in the APOE4 smLrp1-/- mice. Together, our results suggest that vascular mural cell LRP1 modulates cerebrovasculature integrity and function in an APOE genotype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, and
| | | | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Tammee M. Parsons
- Department of Neuroscience
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ralph B. Perkerson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Betty Y.S. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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3
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Yin S, Lu R, Li Y, Sun D, Liu C, Liu B, Li J. A microfluidic device inspired by leaky tumor vessels for hematogenous metastasis mechanism research. Analyst 2023; 148:1570-1578. [PMID: 36892183 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial intercellular pores of tumor vessels generally lead to enhanced interstitial flow and may facilitate the migration of tumor cells. The permeability of tumor vessels causes a concentration gradient of growth factors (CGGF) from blood vessels to tumor tissues, which is opposite to the direction of interstitial flow. In this work, exogenous chemotaxis under the CGGF is demonstrated as a mechanism of hematogenous metastasis. A bionic microfluidic device inspired by endothelial intercellular pores of tumor vessels has been designed to study the mechanism. A porous membrane vertically integrated into the device using a novel compound mold is utilized to mimic the leaky vascular wall. The formation mechanism of the CGGF caused by endothelial intercellular pores is numerically analyzed and experimentally verified. The migration behavior of U-2OS cells is studied in the microfluidic device. The device is divided into three regions of interest (ROI): primary site, migration zone, and tumor vessel. The number of cells in the migration zone increases significantly under the CGGF, but decreases under no CGGF, indicating tumor cells may be guided to the vascellum by exogenous chemotaxis. Transendothelial migration is subsequently monitored, demonstrating the successful replication of the key steps in vitro in the metastatic cascade by the bionic microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Yin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Ruoyu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Dexian Sun
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. .,Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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4
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Arsiwala TA, Blethen KE, Wolford CP, Panchal DM, Sprowls SA, Fladeland RA, Kielkowski BN, Pritt TA, Wang P, Wilson O, Carpenter JS, Finomore V, Rezai A, Lockman PR. Blood-tumor barrier opening by MRI-guided transcranial focused ultrasound in a preclinical breast cancer brain metastasis model improves efficacy of combinatorial chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1104594. [PMID: 36845739 PMCID: PMC9950566 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic breast cancer have high and continually increasing rates of brain metastases. During the course of the disease, brain metastases can occur in up to 30% of these patients. In most cases, brain metastases are diagnosed after significant disease progression. The blood-tumor barrier increases the difficulty of treating brain metastasis by preventing accumulation of chemotherapy within metastases at therapeutically effective concentrations. Traditional therapies, such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have poor efficacy, as reflected by a low median survival rate of 5-8% after post-diagnosis. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LiFUS) is a new treatment for enhancing drug accumulation within the brain and brain malignancies. In this study, we elucidate the effect of clinical LiFUS combined with chemotherapy on tumor survival and progression in a preclinical model of triple-negative breast cancer metastasis to the brain. LiFUS significantly increased the tumor accumulation of 14C-AIB and Texas Red compared to controls (p< 0.01). LiFUS-mediated opening of the BTB is size-dependent, which is consistent with our previous studies. Mice receiving LiFUS with combinatorial Doxil and paclitaxel showed a significant increase in median survival (60 days) compared to other groups. LiFUS plus combinatorial chemotherapy of paclitaxel and Doxil also showed the slowest progression of tumor burden compared to chemotherapy alone or individual chemotherapy and LiFUS combinations. This study shows that combining LiFUS with timed combinatorial chemotherapeutic treatment is a potential strategy for improving drug delivery to brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem A. Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Blethen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Cullen P. Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dhruvi M. Panchal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Samuel A. Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ross A. Fladeland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brooke N. Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Trenton A. Pritt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Olivia Wilson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Carpenter
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience, Neuroradiology, and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Victor Finomore
- Departments of Neuroscience, Neuroradiology, and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ali Rezai
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience, Neuroradiology, and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Departments of Neuroscience, Neuroradiology, and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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5
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Blethen KE, Sprowls SA, Arsiwala TA, Wolford CP, Panchal DM, Fladeland RA, Glass MJ, Dykstra LP, Kielkowski BN, Blackburn JR, Andrick CJ, Lockman PR. Effects of whole-brain radiation therapy on the blood-brain barrier in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models. Radiat Oncol 2023; 18:22. [PMID: 36732754 PMCID: PMC9896731 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 20% of all cancer patients will develop brain metastases in their lifespan. The standard of care for patients with multiple brain metastases is whole-brain radiation therapy, which disrupts the blood-brain barrier. Previous studies have shown inflammatory mediators play a role in the radiation-mediated increase in permeability. Our goal was to determine if differential permeability post-radiation occurs between immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. METHODS We utilized a commissioned preclinical irradiator to irradiate brains of C57Bl/6J wild-type and athymic nude mice. Acute (3-24 h) effects on blood-brain barrier integrity were evaluated with our in-situ brain perfusion technique and quantitative fluorescent and phosphorescent microscopy. The presence of inflammatory mediators in the brain and serum was determined with a proinflammatory cytokine panel. RESULTS Blood-brain barrier integrity and efflux transporter activity were altered in the immunocompetent mice 12 h following irradiation without similar observations in the immunocompromised mice. We observed increased TNF-α concentrations in the serum of wild-type mice immediately post-radiation and nude mice 12 h post-radiation. The brain concentration of CXCL1 was also increased in both mouse strains at the 12-h time point. CONCLUSIONS The immune response plays a role in the magnitude of blood-brain barrier disruption following irradiation in a time- and size-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Blethen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - S A Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T A Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - C P Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - D M Panchal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R A Fladeland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - M J Glass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L P Dykstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - B N Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - J R Blackburn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - C J Andrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - P R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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Bredno J, Venn O, Chen X, Freese P, Ofman JJ. Circulating Tumor DNA Allele Fraction: A Candidate Biological Signal for Multicancer Early Detection Tests to Assess the Clinical Significance of Cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1368-1378. [PMID: 35948080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current imaging-based cancer screening approaches provide useful but limited prognostic information. Complementary to existing screening tests, cell-free DNA-based multicancer early detection (MCED) tests account for cancer biology [manifested through circulating tumor allele fraction (cTAF)], which could inform prognosis and help assess the cancer's clinical significance. This review discusses the factors affecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels and cTAF, and their correlation with the cancer's clinical significance. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of cTAF on MCED test performance, which could help inform prognosis. Clinically significant cancers show higher ctDNA levels quantified by cTAF than indolent phenotype cancers within each stage. This is because more frequent mitosis and cell death combined with increased trafficking of cell-free DNA into circulation leads to greater vascularization and depth of tumor invasion. cTAF has been correlated with biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness and overall survival; cancers with lower cTAF had better survival when compared with cancers as determined by the higher cTAF and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-based survival for that cancer type at each stage. MCED-detected cancers in case-control studies had comparable survival to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-based survival at each stage. Because many MCED tests use ctDNA as an analyte, cTAF could provide a common metric to compare performance. The prognostic value of cTAF may allow MCED tests to preferentially detect clinically significant cancers at early stages when outcomes are favorable and this may avoid overdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Bredno
- GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Oliver Venn
- GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., Menlo Park, California.
| | - Xiaoji Chen
- GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Peter Freese
- GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Joshua J Ofman
- GRAIL, LLC, a subsidiary of Illumina, Inc., Menlo Park, California
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7
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Chen H, Liu YC, Zhang Z, Li M, Du L, Wu PC, Chong WH, Ren F, Zheng W, Liu TM. Mouse Strain– and Charge-Dependent Vessel Permeability of Nanoparticles at the Lower Size Limit. Front Chem 2022; 10:944556. [PMID: 35923258 PMCID: PMC9339680 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.944556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable advancement has been made in the application of nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer therapy. Although NPs have been favorably delivered into tumors by taking advantage of the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, several physiological barriers present within tumors tend to restrict the diffusion of NPs. To overcome this, one of the strategies is to design NPs that can reach lower size limits to improve tumor penetration without being rapidly cleared out by the body. Several attempts have been made to achieve this, such as selecting appropriate nanocarriers and modifying surface properties. While many studies focus on the optimal design of NPs, the influence of mouse strains on the effectiveness of NPs remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether the vascular permeability of NPs near the lower size limit differs among mouse strains. We found that the vessel permeability of dextran NPs was size-dependent and dextran NPs with a size below 15 nm exhibited leakage from postcapillary venules in all strains. Most importantly, the leakage rate of 8-nm fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran was significantly higher in the BALB/c mouse strain than in other strains. This strain dependence was not observed in slightly positive TRITC-dextran with comparable sizes. Our results indicate that the influence on mouse strains needs to be taken into account for the evaluation of NPs near the lower size limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Moxin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lidong Du
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wai-How Chong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Zheng
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Weiming Zheng, ; Tzu-Ming Liu,
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Weiming Zheng, ; Tzu-Ming Liu,
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Role of Tissue Hydraulic Permeability in Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Chemotherapy Drugs to Brain Tumour. Pharm Res 2022; 39:877-892. [PMID: 35474156 PMCID: PMC9160122 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue hydraulic permeability of brain tumours can vary considerably depending on the tissue microstructure, compositions in interstitium and tumour cells. Its effects on drug transport and accumulation remain poorly understood. METHODS Mathematical modelling is applied to predict the drug delivery outcomes in tumours with different tissue permeability upon convection-enhanced delivery. The modelling is based on a 3-D realistic tumour model that is extracted from patient magnetic resonance images. RESULTS Modelling results show that infusing drugs into a permeable tumour can facilitate a more favourable hydraulic environment for drug transport. The infused drugs will exhibit a relatively uniform distribution and cover a larger tumour volume for effective cell killing. Cross-comparisons show the delivery outcomes are more sensitive to the changes in tissue hydraulic permeability and blood pressure than the fluid flow from the brain ventricle. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that increasing the fluid gain from both the blood and brain ventricle can further improve the interstitial fluid flow, and thereby enhance the delivery outcomes. Furthermore, similar responses to the changes in tissue hydraulic permeability can be found for different types of drugs. CONCLUSIONS Tissue hydraulic permeability as an intrinsic property can influence drug accumulation and distribution. Results from this study can deepen the understanding of the interplays between drug and tissues that are involved in the drug delivery processes in chemotherapy.
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9
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Quader S, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Nanomedicine for brain cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114115. [PMID: 35077821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CNS tumors remain among the deadliest forms of cancer, resisting conventional and new treatment approaches, with mortality rates staying practically unchanged over the past 30 years. One of the primary hurdles for treating these cancers is delivering drugs to the brain tumor site in therapeutic concentration, evading the blood-brain (tumor) barrier (BBB/BBTB). Supramolecular nanomedicines (NMs) are increasingly demonstrating noteworthy prospects for addressing these challenges utilizing their unique characteristics, such as improving the bioavailability of the payloadsviacontrolled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, BBB/BBTB crossing functions, superior distribution in the brain tumor site, and tumor-specific drug activation profiles. Here, we review NM-based brain tumor targeting approaches to demonstrate their applicability and translation potential from different perspectives. To this end, we provide a general overview of brain tumor and their treatments, the incidence of the BBB and BBTB, and their role on NM targeting, as well as the potential of NMs for promoting superior therapeutic effects. Additionally, we discuss critical issues of NMs and their clinical trials, aiming to bolster the potential clinical applications of NMs in treating these life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan.
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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10
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Procissi D, Jannetti SA, Zannikou M, Zhou Z, McDougald D, Kanojia D, Zhang H, Burdett K, Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR, Balyasnikova IV. Low-level whole-brain radiation enhances theranostic potential of single-domain antibody fragments for human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive brain metastases. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac135. [PMID: 36128586 PMCID: PMC9476215 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single-domain antibody fragments (aka VHH, ~ 13 kDa) are promising delivery systems for brain tumor theranostics; however, achieving efficient delivery of VHH to intracranial lesions remains challenging due to the tumor–brain barrier. Here, we evaluate low-dose whole-brain irradiation as a strategy to increase the delivery of an anti- human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) VHH to breast cancer-derived intracranial tumors in mice. Methods Mice with intracranial HER2-positive BT474BrM3 tumors received 10-Gy fractionated cranial irradiation and were evaluated by noninvasive imaging. Anti-HER2 VHH 5F7 was labeled with 18F, administered intravenously to irradiated mice and controls, and PET/CT imaging was conducted periodically after irradiation. Tumor uptake of 18F-labeled 5F7 in irradiated and control mice was compared by PET/CT image analysis and correlated with tumor volumes. In addition, longitudinal dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) was conducted to visualize and quantify the potential effects of radiation on tumor perfusion and permeability. Results Increased 18F-labeled 5F7 intracranial tumor uptake was observed with PET in mice receiving cranial irradiation, with maximum tumor accumulation seen approximately 12 days post initial radiation treatment. No radiation-induced changes in HER2 expression were detected by Western blot, flow cytometry, or on tissue sections. DCE-MRI imaging demonstrated transiently increased tumor perfusion and permeability after irradiation, consistent with the higher tumor uptake of 18F-labeled anti-HER2 5F7 in irradiated mice. Conclusion Low-level brain irradiation induces dynamic changes in tumor vasculature that increase the intracranial tumor delivery of an anti-HER2 VHH, which could facilitate the use of radiolabeled VHH to detect, monitor, and treat HER2-expressing brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Procissi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | | | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina , USA
| | - Darryl McDougald
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina , USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Kirsten Burdett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
| | - Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina , USA
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois , USA
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Blethen KE, Arsiwala TA, Fladeland RA, Sprowls SA, Panchal DM, Adkins CE, Kielkowski BN, Earp LE, Glass MJ, Pritt TA, Cabuyao YM, Aulakh S, Lockman PR. Modulation of the blood-tumor barrier to enhance drug delivery and efficacy for brain metastases. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:v133-v143. [PMID: 34859240 PMCID: PMC8633736 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is the selectively permeable vasculature of the brain vital for maintaining homeostasis and neurological function. Low permeability is beneficial in the presence of toxins and pathogens in the blood. However, in the presence of metastatic brain tumors, it is a challenge for drug delivery. Although the blood-tumor barrier is slightly leaky, it still is not permissive enough to allow the accumulation of therapeutic drug concentrations in brain metastases. Herein, we discuss the differences between primary brain tumors and metastatic brain tumors vasculature, effects of therapeutics on the blood-tumor barrier, and characteristics to be manipulated for more effective drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Blethen
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tasneem A Arsiwala
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ross A Fladeland
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel A Sprowls
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dhruvi M Panchal
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Brooke N Kielkowski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Leland E Earp
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Morgan J Glass
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Trenton A Pritt
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Yssabela M Cabuyao
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sonikpreet Aulakh
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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12
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Wang P, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Yin Q. Immune response pathways enriched in breast cancer samples with brain metastasis. Gland Surg 2021; 10:3334-3341. [PMID: 35070893 PMCID: PMC8749083 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common form of cancer in women. BC brain metastasis (BM) is associated with poor prognosis, especially for Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the driver genes of this clinical characteristic are poorly understood. METHODS This study conducted a transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression levels in BCBM samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. Clinical data and gene expression matrix of TNBC samples were collected. Differential analysis and functional enrichment of metastasis vs. non metastasis data samples were conducted. Genes associated with overall survival and BM event was scanned. RESULTS Up-regulation in 120 genes and down-regulation in 56 genes were found in TNBC metastasis data. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) clustering using expression alternated genes showed unique immune-gene enrichment in BM samples. Immune response category GO:000695 was found as the most significant term associated with metastasis event. KEGG pathways including cytokine pathways and Primary immunodeficiency were significantly changed in metastasis samples. ESR1 and FYB2 genes expression changes were found to be linked to survival or BM events. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that data-mining on the immune microenvironment of BM might be useful in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengfeng Sun
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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13
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Steeg PS. The blood-tumour barrier in cancer biology and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:696-714. [PMID: 34253912 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective blood-brain barrier has a major role in ensuring normal brain function by severely limiting and tightly controlling the ingress of substances into the brain from the circulation. In primary brain tumours, such as glioblastomas, as well as in brain metastases from cancers in other organs, including lung and breast cancers and melanoma, the blood-brain barrier is modified and is referred to as the blood-tumour barrier (BTB). Alterations in the BTB affect its permeability, and this structure participates in reciprocal regulatory pathways with tumour cells. Importantly, the BTB typically retains a heterogeneous capacity to restrict the penetration of many therapeutic agents into intracranial tumours, and overcoming this challenge is a key to improving the effectiveness of treatment and patient quality of life. Herein, current knowledge of BTB structure and function is reviewed from a cell and cancer biology standpoint, with a focus on findings derived from in vivo models and human tumour specimens. Additionally, how this knowledge can be translated into clinical advances for patients with cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Arsiwala TA, Sprowls SA, Blethen KE, Adkins CE, Saralkar PA, Fladeland RA, Pentz W, Gabriele A, Kielkowski B, Mehta RI, Wang P, Carpenter JS, Ranjan M, Najib U, Rezai AR, Lockman PR. Ultrasound-mediated disruption of the blood tumor barrier for improved therapeutic delivery. Neoplasia 2021; 23:676-691. [PMID: 34139452 PMCID: PMC8208897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major anatomical and physiological barrier limiting the passage of drugs into brain. Central nervous system tumors can impair the BBB by changing the tumor microenvironment leading to the formation of a leaky barrier, known as the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Despite the change in integrity, the BTB remains effective in preventing delivery of chemotherapy into brain tumors. Focused ultrasound is a unique noninvasive technique that can transiently disrupt the BBB and increase accumulation of drugs within targeted areas of the brain. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of different types of targeted ultrasound mediated BBB/BTB disruption techniques. We also discuss influence of the tumor microenvironment on BBB opening, as well as the role of immunological response following disruption. Lastly, we highlight the gaps between evaluation of the parameters governing opening of the BBB/BTB. A deeper understanding of physical opening of the BBB/BTB and the biological effects following disruption can potentially enhance treatment strategies for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - S A Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - K E Blethen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - C E Adkins
- School of Pharmacy, South University, Savannah, GA
| | - P A Saralkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - R A Fladeland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - W Pentz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - A Gabriele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - B Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV
| | - R I Mehta
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - P Wang
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - J S Carpenter
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neuroradiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - M Ranjan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - U Najib
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - A R Rezai
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - P R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, HSC, Morgantown, WV.
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15
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Richardson W, Satarasinghe P, Wang M, Rose J, Ashour R. Intraventricular brain mass causing obstructive hydrocephalus: A rare location of prostate cancer metastasis. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2020.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
Cancer treatment remains a challenge due to a high level of intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity and the rapid development of chemoresistance. In the brain, this is further hampered by the blood-brain barrier that reduces passive diffusion of drugs to a minimum. Tumors grow invasively and form new blood vessels, also in brain tissue where remodeling of pre-existing vasculature is substantial. The cancer-associated vessels in the brain are considered leaky and thus could facilitate the transport of chemotherapeutic agents. Yet, brain tumors are extremely difficult to treat, and, in this review, we will address how different aspects of the vasculature in brain tumors contribute to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hempel
- Dept of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kasper B Johnsen
- Dept of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serhii Kostrikov
- Dept of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Dept of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Blood-Brain Barrier Modulation to Improve Glioma Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111085. [PMID: 33198244 PMCID: PMC7697580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells that are sealed by tight junctions, making it a significant obstacle for most brain therapeutics. The poor BBB penetration of newly developed therapeutics has therefore played a major role in limiting their clinical success. A particularly challenging therapeutic target is glioma, which is the most frequently occurring malignant brain tumor. Thus, to enhance therapeutic uptake in tumors, researchers have been developing strategies to modulate BBB permeability. However, most conventional BBB opening strategies are difficult to apply in the clinical setting due to their broad, non-specific modulation of the BBB, which can result in damage to normal brain tissue. In this review, we have summarized strategies that could potentially be used to selectively and efficiently modulate the tumor BBB for more effective glioma treatment.
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18
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Drug resistance occurred in a newly characterized preclinical model of lung cancer brain metastasis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:292. [PMID: 32264860 PMCID: PMC7137432 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer metastasis and drug resistance have traditionally been studied separately, though these two lethal pathological phenomena almost always occur concurrently. Brain metastasis occurs in a large proportion of lung cancer patients (~ 30%). Once diagnosed, patients have a poor prognosis surviving typically less than 1 year due to lack of treatment efficacy. Methods Human metastatic lung cancer cells (PC-9-Br) were injected into the left cardiac ventricle of female athymic nude mice. Brain lesions were allowed to grow for 21 days, animals were then randomized into treatment groups and treated until presentation of neurological symptoms or when moribund. Prior to tissue collection mice were injected with Oregon Green and 14C-Aminoisobutyric acid followed by an indocyanine green vascular washout. Tracer accumulation was determined by quantitative fluorescent microscopy and quantitative autoradiography. Survival was tracked and tumor burden was monitored via bioluminescent imaging. Extent of mutation differences and acquired resistance was measured in-vitro through half-maximal inhibitory assays and qRT-PCR analysis. Results A PC-9 brain seeking line (PC-9-Br) was established. Mice inoculated with PC-9-Br resulted in a decreased survival time compared with mice inoculated with parental PC-9. Non-targeted chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide (51.5 days) significantly prolonged survival of PC-9-Br brain metastases in mice compared to vehicle control (42 days) or cisplatin and pemetrexed (45 days). Further in-vivo imaging showed greater tumor vasculature in mice treated with cisplatin and etoposide compared to non-tumor regions, which was not observed in mice treated with vehicle or cisplatin and pemetrexed. More importantly, PC-9-Br showed significant resistance to gefitinib by in-vitro MTT assays (IC50 > 2.5 μM at 48 h and 0.1 μM at 72 h) compared with parental PC-9 (IC50: 0.75 μM at 48 h and 0.027 μM at 72 h). Further studies on the molecular mechanisms of gefitinib resistance revealed that EGFR and phospho-EGFR were significantly decreased in PC-9-Br compared with PC-9. Expression of E-cadherin and vimentin did not show EMT in PC-9-Br compared with parental PC-9, and PC-9-Br had neither a T790M mutation nor amplifications of MET and HER2 compared with parental PC-9. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that brain metastases of lung cancer cells may independently prompt drug resistance without drug treatment.
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19
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Habimana-Griffin L, Ye D, Carpenter J, Prior J, Sudlow G, Marsala L, Mixdorf M, Rubin JB, Chen H, Achilefu S. Intracranial glioma xenograft model rapidly reestablishes blood-brain barrier integrity for longitudinal imaging of tumor progression using fluorescence molecular tomography and contrast agents. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32112540 PMCID: PMC7047009 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.2.026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to detecting and treating brain tumors. Overcoming this challenge will facilitate the early and accurate detection of brain lesions and guide surgical resection of tumors. AIM We generated an orthotopic brain tumor model that simulates the pathophysiology of gliomas at early stages; determine the BBB integrity and breakdown over the time course of tumor progression using generic and cancer-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecular probes. APPROACH We developed an intracranial tumor xenograft model that rapidly reestablished BBB integrity and monitored tumor progression by bioluminescence imaging. Sham control mice were injected with phosphate-buffered saline only. Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) was used to quantify the uptake of tumor-targeted and passive NIR fluorescent imaging agents in orthotopic glioma (U87-GL-GFP PDE7B H217Q cells) tumor model. Cancer-induced and transient (with focused ultrasound, FUS) disruption of BBB integrity was monitored with NIR fluorescent dyes. RESULTS Stereotactic injection of 50,000 cells into mouse brain allowed rapid reestablishment of BBB integrity within a week, as determined by the inability of both tumor-targeted and generic NIR imaging agents to extravasate into the brain. Tumor-induced BBB disruption was observed 7 weeks after tumor implantation. FUS achieved a similar effect at any time point after reestablishing BBB integrity. While tumor uptake and retention of the passive NIR dye, indocyanine green, was negligible, both actively tumor-targeting agents exhibited selective accumulation in the tumor region. The tumor-targeting molecular probe that clears rapidly from nontumor brain tissue exhibits higher contrast than the analogous vascular-targeting agent and helps delineate tumors from sham control. CONCLUSIONS We highlight the utility of FMT imaging for longitudinal assessment of brain tumors and the interplay between the stages of BBB disruption and molecular probe retention in tumors, with potential application to other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeMoyne Habimana-Griffin
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Washington University, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Julia Carpenter
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Julie Prior
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Gail Sudlow
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lynne Marsala
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Matthew Mixdorf
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joshua B. Rubin
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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20
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Leal-Egaña A, Balland M, Boccaccini AR. Re-engineering Artificial Neoplastic Milieus: Taking Lessons from Mechano- and Topobiology. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Wyatt EA, Davis ME. Nanoparticles Containing a Combination of a Drug and an Antibody for the Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:717-721. [PMID: 31916770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In women with human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, the improved control of systemic disease with new therapies has unmasked brain metastases that historically would have remained clinically silent. The efficacy of therapeutic agents against brain metastases is limited by their inability to permeate the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers (BBB and BTB) in therapeutic amounts. Here, we investigate the potential of mucic acid-based, targeted nanoparticles designed to transcytose the BBB/BTB to deliver a small molecule drug, camptothecin (CPT), and therapeutic antibody, Herceptin, to brain metastases in mice. Treatment with BBB-targeted combination CPT/Herceptin nanoparticles significantly inhibits tumor growth compared to free CPT/Herceptin and BBB-targeted nanoparticles carrying CPT alone. Though not as efficacious, BBB-targeted nanoparticles carrying only Herceptin also elicit considerable antitumor activity. These results demonstrate the potential of the targeted nanoparticle system for the delivery of an antibody alone or in combination with other drugs across the BBB/BTB to improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Wyatt
- Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Mark E Davis
- Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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22
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Han H, Zhang Y, Jin S, Chen P, Liu S, Xie Z, Jing X, Wang Z. Paclitaxel-loaded dextran nanoparticles decorated with RVG29 peptide for targeted chemotherapy of glioma: anin vivostudy. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RVG29–dextran–PTX nanoparticles can cross the BBB, reach the brain glioma, and thus improve PTX efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Han
- Department of Neurosurgery
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Shunzi Jin
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhanfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- China-Japan Union Hospital
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130033
- China
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Masuda C, Sugimoto M, Wakita D, Monnai M, Ishimaru C, Nakamura R, Kinoshita M, Yorozu K, Kurasawa M, Kondoh O, Yamamoto K. Bevacizumab suppresses the growth of established non-small-cell lung cancer brain metastases in a hematogenous brain metastasis model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:199-207. [PMID: 31768815 PMCID: PMC7007905 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-10008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are common in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The efficacy of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) humanized antibody, has been demonstrated in patients with nonsquamous NSCLC. We established a transplantable NSCLC cell line (Nluc-H1915) that stably expresses NanoLuc® reporter and confirmed the correlation between total Nluc activity in tumor and tumor volume in vivo. SCID mice inoculated with these cells through the internal carotid artery formed reproducible brain metastases, in which human VEGF was detected. Next, after metastases were established in the model mice (15-17 days), they were intraperitoneally administered weekly doses of human immunoglobulin G (HuIgG) or bevacizumab. Nluc activity in the brain was significantly lower in bevacizumab-treated mice than in HuIgG-treated mice. Additionally, bevacizumab concentration in the brain was higher in mice with brain metastasis than in normal mice, and bevacizumab was primarily observed in brain metastasis lesions. The microvessel density in brain metastasis was lower in bevacizumab-treated mice than in HuIgG-treated mice. We believe bevacizumab's anti-proliferative effect on brain metastasis is due to anti-angiogenic activity achieved by its penetration into brain metastases; this suggests that a bevacizumab-containing regimen may be a promising treatment option for patients with NSCLC brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinami Masuda
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masamichi Sugimoto
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan.
| | - Daiko Wakita
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Monnai
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Chisako Ishimaru
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Mari Kinoshita
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Keigo Yorozu
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Mitsue Kurasawa
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Osamu Kondoh
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kaname Yamamoto
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
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Sprowls SA, Arsiwala TA, Bumgarner JR, Shah N, Lateef SS, Kielkowski BN, Lockman PR. Improving CNS Delivery to Brain Metastases by Blood-Tumor Barrier Disruption. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:495-505. [PMID: 31421906 PMCID: PMC6703178 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases encompass nearly 80% of all intracranial tumors. A late stage diagnosis confers a poor prognosis, with patients typically surviving less than 2 years. Poor survival can be equated to limited effective treatment modalities. One reason for the failure rates is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB) that limit the access of potentially effective chemotherapeutics to metastatic lesions. Strategies to overcome these barriers include new small molecule entities capable of crossing into the brain parenchyma, novel formulations of existing chemotherapies, and disruptive techniques. Here, we review BBB physiology and BTB pathophysiology. Additionally, we review the limitations of routinely practiced therapies and three current methods being explored for BBB/BTB disruption for improved delivery of chemotherapy to brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Tasneem A. Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Jacob R. Bumgarner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Neal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Sundus S. Lateef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Brooke N. Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Paul R. Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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25
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Thipe VC, Panjtan Amiri K, Bloebaum P, Raphael Karikachery A, Khoobchandani M, Katti KK, Jurisson SS, Katti KV. Development of resveratrol-conjugated gold nanoparticles: interrelationship of increased resveratrol corona on anti-tumor efficacy against breast, pancreatic and prostate cancers. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4413-4428. [PMID: 31417252 PMCID: PMC6592052 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s204443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As part of our continuing quest to enhance the efficacy of bioactive phytochemicals in cancer therapy, we report an innovative green nanotechnology approach toward the use of resveratrol for the production of biocompatible resveratrol-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Res-AuNPs). Our overarching aim is to exploit the inherent pro-apoptotic properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through synergistic anti-tumor characteristics of resveratrol, with the aim of developing a new class of green nanotechnology-based phytochemical-embedded AuNPs for applications in oncology. Method: Resveratrol was used to reduce Au3+ to Au0 for the synthesis of Res-AuNPs at room temperature and gum arabic (GA) was used to further encapsulate the nanoparticulate surface to increase the overall stability of the AuNPs. This comprehensive study involves the synthesis, full characterization and in vitro stability of Res-AuNPs in various biological media for their ultimate applications as anti-cancer agents against human breast (MDAMB-231), pancreatic (PANC-1) and prostate (PC-3) cancers. Results: This strategy to systematically increase the corona of resveratrol on AuNPs, in order to gain insights into the interrelationship of the phytochemical corona on the overall anti-tumor activities of Res-AuNPs, proved successful. The increased resveratrol corona on Res-AuNPs showed superior anti-cancer effects, attributed to an optimal cellular uptake after 24-hour incubation, while GA provided a protein matrix support for enhanced trans-resveratrol loading onto the surface of the AuNPs. Conclusion: The approach described in this study harnesses the benefits of nutraceuticals and nanoparticles toward the development of Res-AuNPs. We provide compelling evidence that the increased corona of resveratrol on AuNPs enhances the bioavailability of resveratrol so that therapeutically active species can be optimally available in vivo for applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Pierce Bloebaum
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy
| | - Alice Raphael Karikachery
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Radiology
| | - Menka Khoobchandani
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Radiology
| | - Kavita K Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Radiology
| | - Silvia S Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy.,Department of Radiology.,University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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26
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Doron H, Pukrop T, Erez N. A Blazing Landscape: Neuroinflammation Shapes Brain Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:423-436. [PMID: 30679177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are more common than primary CNS tumors and confer grave prognosis on patients, as existing treatments have very limited efficacy. The tumor microenvironment has a central role in facilitating tumorigenesis and metastasis. In recent years, there has been much progress in our understanding of the functional role of the brain metastatic microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in brain metastasis research, with special emphasis on the role of the brain microenvironment and neuroinflammation, integrating insights from comparable findings in neuropathologies and primary CNS tumors. In addition, we overview findings on the formation of a hospitable metastatic niche and point out the major gaps in knowledge toward developing new therapeutics that will cotarget the stromal compartment in an effort to improve the treatment and prevention of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Doron
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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27
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Lee SSY, Bindokas VP, Kron SJ. Multiplex Three-Dimensional Mapping of Macromolecular Drug Distribution in the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:213-226. [PMID: 30322947 PMCID: PMC6318001 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cancer drugs such as therapeutic antibodies and nanoparticles are well known to display slow extravasation and incomplete penetration into tumors, potentially protecting cancer cells from therapeutic effects. Conventional assays to track macromolecular drug delivery are poorly matched to the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, but recent progress on optical tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) tumor imaging offers a path to quantitative assays with cellular resolution. Here, we apply transparent tissue tomography (T3) as a tool to track perfusion and delivery in the tumor and to evaluate target binding and vascular permeability. Using T3, we mapped anti-programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody distribution in whole mouse tumors. By measuring 3D penetration distances of the antibody drug out from the blood vessel boundaries into the tumor parenchyma, we determined spatial pharmacokinetics of anti-PD-L1 antibody drugs in mouse tumors. With multiplex imaging of tumor components, we determined the distinct distribution of anti-PD-L1 antibody drug in the tumor microenvironment with different PD-L1 expression patterns. T3 imaging revealed CD31+ capillaries are more permeable to anti-PD-L1 antibody transport compared with the blood vessels composed of endothelium supported by vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. T3 analysis also confirmed that isotype IgG antibody penetrates more deeply into tumor parenchyma than anti-Her2 or anti-EGFR antibody, which were restrained by binding to their respective antigens on tumor cells. Thus, T3 offers simple and rapid access to 3D, quantitative maps of macromolecular drug distribution in the tumor microenvironment, offering a new tool for development of macromolecular cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Seung-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vytautas P Bindokas
- Integrated Light Microscopy Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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28
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Zhang R, Billingsley MM, Mitchell MJ. Biomaterials for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 292:256-276. [PMID: 30312721 PMCID: PMC6355332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines as a means to generate immune reactivity against tumors has been explored since the early discovery of tumor-specific antigens by Georg Klein in the 1960s. However, challenges including weak immunogenicity, systemic toxicity, and off-target effects of cancer vaccines remain as barriers to their broad clinical translation. Advances in the design and implementation of biomaterials are now enabling enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of cancer vaccines by controlling the presentation and release of vaccine components to immune cells and their microenvironment. Here, we discuss the rational design and clinical status of several classes of cancer vaccines (including DNA, mRNA, peptide/protein, and cell-based vaccines) along with novel biomaterial-based delivery technologies that improve their safety and efficacy. Further, strategies for designing new platforms for personalized cancer vaccines are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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29
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Mohammad AS, Adkins CE, Shah N, Aljammal R, Griffith JIG, Tallman RM, Jarrell KL, Lockman PR. Permeability changes and effect of chemotherapy in brain adjacent to tumor in an experimental model of metastatic brain tumor from breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1225. [PMID: 30526520 PMCID: PMC6286543 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain tumor vasculature can be significantly compromised and leakier than that of normal brain blood vessels. Little is known if there are vascular permeability alterations in the brain adjacent to tumor (BAT). Changes in BAT permeability may also lead to increased drug permeation in the BAT, which may exert toxicity on cells of the central nervous system. Herein, we studied permeation changes in BAT using quantitative fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography, while the effect of chemotherapy within the BAT region was determined by staining for activated astrocytes. Methods Human metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231Br) were injected into left ventricle of female NuNu mice. Metastases were allowed to grow for 28 days, after which animals were injected fluorescent tracers Texas Red (625 Da) or Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) or a chemotherapeutic agent 14C-paclitaxel. The accumulation of tracers and 14C-paclitaxel in BAT were determined by using quantitative fluorescent microscopy and autoradiography respectively. The effect of chemotherapy in BAT was determined by staining for activated astrocytes. Results The mean permeability of texas Red (625 Da) within BAT region increased 1.0 to 2.5-fold when compared to normal brain, whereas, Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) demonstrated mean permeability increase ranging from 1.0 to 1.8-fold compared to normal brain. The Kin values in the BAT for both Texas Red (625 Da) and Texas Red dextran (3 kDa) were found to be 4.32 ± 0.2 × 105 mL/s/g and 1.6 ± 1.4 × 105 mL/s/g respectively and found to be significantly higher than the normal brain. We also found that there is significant increase in accumulation of 14C-Paclitaxel in BAT compared to the normal brain. We also observed animals treated with chemotherapy (paclitaxel (10 mg/kg), erubilin (1.5 mg/kg) and docetaxel (10 mg/kg)) showed activated astrocytes in BAT. Conclusions Our data showed increased permeation of fluorescent tracers and 14C-paclitaxel in the BAT. This increased permeation lead to elevated levels of activated astrocytes in BAT region in the animals treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroz S Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Neal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Rawaa Aljammal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Jessica I G Griffith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Rachel M Tallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Katherine L Jarrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506-9050, USA.
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30
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Evaluation of Three Morphologically Distinct Virus-Like Particles as Nanocarriers for Convection-Enhanced Drug Delivery to Glioblastoma. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8121007. [PMID: 30563038 PMCID: PMC6315496 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a particularly challenging cancer, as there are currently limited options for treatment. New delivery routes are being explored, including direct intratumoral injection via convection-enhanced delivery (CED). While promising, convection-enhanced delivery of traditional chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin (DOX) has seen limited success. Several studies have demonstrated that attaching a drug to polymeric nanoscale materials can improve drug delivery efficacy via CED. We therefore set out to evaluate a panel of morphologically distinct protein nanoparticles for their potential as CED drug delivery vehicles for glioblastoma treatment. The panel consisted of three different virus-like particles (VLPs), MS2 spheres, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) disks and nanophage filamentous rods modified with DOX. While all three VLPs displayed adequate drug delivery and cell uptake in vitro, increased survival rates were only observed for glioma-bearing mice that were treated via CED with TMV disks and MS2 spheres conjugated to doxorubicin, with TMV-treated mice showing the best response. Importantly, these improved survival rates were observed after only a single VLP–DOX CED injection several orders of magnitude smaller than traditional IV doses. Overall, this study underscores the potential of nanoscale chemotherapeutic CED using virus-like particles and illustrates the need for further studies into how the overall morphology of VLPs influences their drug delivery properties.
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31
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Baker JHE, Kyle AH, Reinsberg SA, Moosvi F, Patrick HM, Cran J, Saatchi K, Häfeli U, Minchinton AI. Heterogeneous distribution of trastuzumab in HER2-positive xenografts and metastases: role of the tumor microenvironment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:691-705. [PMID: 30196384 PMCID: PMC6209006 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients continue to relapse. Incomplete access to all target HER2-positive cells in metastases and tumor tissues is a potential mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab. The location of locally bound trastuzumab was evaluated in HER2-positive tissues in vivo and as in vivo xenografts or metastases models in mice. Microenvironmental elements of tumors were related to bound trastuzumab using immunohistochemical staining and include tight junctions, vasculature, vascular maturity, vessel patency, hypoxia and HER2 to look for correlations. Trastuzumab was evaluated alone and in combination with bevacizumab. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters of overall vascular function, perfusion and apparent permeability were compared with matched histological images of trastuzumab distribution and vascular patency. Trastuzumab distribution is highly heterogeneous in all models examined, including avascular micrometastases of the brain and lung. Trastuzumab distributes well through the extravascular compartment even in conditions of high HER2 expression and poor convective flow in vivo. Microregional patterns of trastuzumab distribution in vivo do not consistently correlate with vascular density, patency, function or maturity; areas of poor trastuzumab access are not necessarily those with poor vascular supply. The number of vessels with perivascular trastuzumab increases with time and higher doses and dramatically decreases when pre-treated with bevacizumab. Areas of HER2-positive tissue without bound trastuzumab persist in all conditions. These data directly demonstrate tissue- and vessel-level barriers to trastuzumab distribution in vivo that can effectively limit access of the drug to target cells in brain metastases and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hazel Elizabeth Baker
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Alastair Hugh Kyle
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | | | - Firas Moosvi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Haley Margaret Patrick
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Jordan Cran
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Urs Häfeli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew Ivor Minchinton
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
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32
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Mechanisms of enhanced drug delivery in brain metastases with focused ultrasound-induced blood-tumor barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8717-E8726. [PMID: 30150398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain/blood-tumor barriers (BBB and BTB) and interstitial transport may constitute major obstacles to the transport of therapeutics in brain tumors. In this study, we examined the impact of focused ultrasound (FUS) in combination with microbubbles on the transport of two relevant chemotherapy-based anticancer agents in breast cancer brain metastases at cellular resolution: doxorubicin, a nontargeted chemotherapeutic, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate. Using an orthotopic xenograft model of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis and quantitative microscopy, we demonstrate significant increases in the extravasation of both agents (sevenfold and twofold for doxorubicin and T-DM1, respectively), and we provide evidence of increased drug penetration (>100 vs. <20 µm and 42 ± 7 vs. 12 ± 4 µm for doxorubicin and T-DM1, respectively) after the application of FUS compared with control (non-FUS). Integration of experimental data with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of drug transport reveals that FUS in combination with microbubbles alleviates vascular barriers and enhances interstitial convective transport via an increase in hydraulic conductivity. Experimental data demonstrate that FUS in combination with microbubbles enhances significantly the endothelial cell uptake of the small chemotherapeutic agent. Quantification with PBPK modeling reveals an increase in transmembrane transport by more than two orders of magnitude. PBPK modeling indicates a selective increase in transvascular transport of doxorubicin through small vessel wall pores with a narrow range of sizes (diameter, 10-50 nm). Our work provides a quantitative framework for the optimization of FUS-drug combinations to maximize intratumoral drug delivery and facilitate the development of strategies to treat brain metastases.
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Shah N, Mohammad AS, Saralkar P, Sprowls SA, Vickers SD, John D, Tallman RM, Lucke-Wold BP, Jarrell KE, Pinti M, Nolan RL, Lockman PR. Investigational chemotherapy and novel pharmacokinetic mechanisms for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:47-68. [PMID: 29604436 PMCID: PMC5997530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In women, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and second most common cause of cancer death. More than half of breast cancer patients will develop metastases to the bone, liver, lung, or brain. Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) confers a poor prognosis, as current therapeutic options of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy rarely significantly extend life and are considered palliative. Within the realm of chemotherapy, the last decade has seen an explosion of novel chemotherapeutics involving targeting agents and unique dosage forms. We provide a historical overview of BCBM chemotherapy, review the mechanisms of new agents such as poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinaseinhibitors, estrogen pathway antagonists for hormone-receptor positive BCBM; tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibodies, and conjugates for HER2+ BCBM; repurposed cytotoxic chemotherapy for triple negative BCBM; and the utilization of these new agents and formulations in ongoing clinical trials. The mechanisms of novel dosage formulations such as nanoparticles, liposomes, pegylation, the concepts of enhanced permeation and retention, and drugs utilizing these concepts involved in clinical trials are also discussed. These new treatments provide a promising outlook in the treatment of BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Shah
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Afroz S Mohammad
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Pushkar Saralkar
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Samuel A Sprowls
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Schuyler D Vickers
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Devin John
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Rachel M Tallman
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Brandon P Lucke-Wold
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Katherine E Jarrell
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Mark Pinti
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Richard L Nolan
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Paul R Lockman
- West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Molnár K, Végh AG, Haskó J, Krizbai IA. Foe or friend? Janus-faces of the neurovascular unit in the formation of brain metastases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:563-587. [PMID: 28920514 PMCID: PMC5888855 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17732025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential obstacle represented by the blood-brain barrier for extravasating malignant cells, metastases are more frequent than primary tumors in the central nervous system. Not only tightly interconnected endothelial cells can hinder metastasis formation, other cells of the brain microenvironment (like astrocytes and microglia) can also be very hostile, destroying the large majority of metastatic cells. However, malignant cells that are able to overcome these harmful mechanisms may benefit from the shielding and even support provided by cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, rendering the brain a sanctuary site against anti-tumor strategies. Thus, cells of the neurovascular unit have a Janus-faced attitude towards brain metastatic cells, being both destructive and protective. In this review, we present the main mechanisms of brain metastasis formation, including those involved in extravasation through the brain vasculature and survival in the cerebral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Haskó
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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35
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Colzani B, Pandolfi L, Hoti A, Iovene PA, Natalello A, Avvakumova S, Colombo M, Prosperi D. Investigation of antitumor activities of trastuzumab delivered by PLGA nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:957-973. [PMID: 29491709 PMCID: PMC5817418 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the development of an efficient antibody delivery system for the incorporation of trastuzumab (TZ) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). The aim of the work was to overcome the current limitations in the clinical use of therapeutic antibodies, including immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetics, low tumor penetration and safety issues. Materials and methods Trastuzumab-loaded PLGA NPs (PLGA-TZ) were synthesized according to a double emulsion method. The same protocol was used to produce control batches of nonspecific IgG-loaded NPs and empty PLGA NPs. After release of TZ from PLGA NPs, the effects on the main biological activities of the antibody were evaluated on SKBR3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-positive breast cancer cell line), including specific binding to HER2, phosphorylation of HER2 (Y1248), degradation of HER2 protein and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. In addition, an MTT assay was performed for treating SKBR3 cells with PLGA NPs loaded with TZ and doxorubicin to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the combined treatment. Results and discussion TZ was gradually released in a prolonged way over 30 days. The physical characterization performed with circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy of TZ after release demonstrated that no structural alterations occurred compared to the native antibody. In vitro experiments using SKBR3 cells showed that TZ released from PLGA NPs maintained the same biological activity of native TZ. PLGA NPs allowed a good co-encapsulation efficiency of TZ and doxorubicin resulting in improved therapy. Conclusion With the TZ case study, we demonstrate that the distinctive features of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, including molecular targeting efficiency, capability to inhibit or properly affect the regulatory signaling pathways of cancer cells and stimulation of the ADCC, are fully preserved after loading into and release from PLGA NPs. In addition, PLGA NPs are shown to allow for the simultaneous incorporation of TZ and conventional chemotherapeutics, resulting in a potent antitumor nanodrug well suited for in situ combination and neoadjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colzani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pandolfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ada Hoti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Svetlana Avvakumova
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Colombo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Nanomedicine Laboratory, ICS Maugeri S. p. A. SB, Pavia, Italy
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Kabraji S, Ni J, Lin NU, Xie S, Winer EP, Zhao JJ. Drug Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: Blame the Barrier or the Brain? Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1795-1804. [PMID: 29437794 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most common site of first metastasis for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer treated with HER2-targeting drugs. However, the development of effective therapies for breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) is limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms governing drug sensitivity in the central nervous system. Pharmacodynamic data from patients and in vivo models suggest that inadequate drug penetration across the "blood-tumor" barrier is not the whole story. Using HER2-positive BCBMs as a case study, we highlight recent data from orthotopic brain metastasis models that implicate brain-specific drug resistance mechanisms in BCBMs and suggest a translational research paradigm to guide drug development for treatment of BCBMs. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1795-804. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheheryar Kabraji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy U Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaozhen Xie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Liposomal Irinotecan Accumulates in Metastatic Lesions, Crosses the Blood-Tumor Barrier (BTB), and Prolongs Survival in an Experimental Model of Brain Metastases of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Pharm Res 2018; 35:31. [PMID: 29368289 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) limits irinotecan distribution in tumors of the central nervous system. However, given that the BTB has increased passive permeability we hypothesize that liposomal irinotecan would improve local exposure of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in brain metastases relative to conventional irinotecan due to enhanced-permeation and retention (EPR) effect. METHODS Female nude mice were intracardially or intracranially implanted with human brain seeking breast cancer cells (brain metastases of breast cancer model). Mice were administered vehicle, non-liposomal irinotecan (50 mg/kg), liposomal irinotecan (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) intravenously starting on day 21. Drug accumulation, tumor burden, and survival were evaluated. RESULTS Liposomal irinotecan showed prolonged plasma drug exposure with mean residence time (MRT) of 17.7 ± 3.8 h for SN-38, whereas MRT was 3.67 ± 1.2 for non-liposomal irinotecan. Further, liposomal irinotecan accumulated in metastatic lesions and demonstrated prolonged exposure of SN-38 compared to non-liposomal irinotecan. Liposomal irinotecan achieved AUC values of 6883 ± 4149 ng-h/g for SN-38, whereas non-liposomal irinotecan showed significantly lower AUC values of 982 ± 256 ng-h/g for SN-38. Median survival for liposomal irinotecan was 50 days, increased from 37 days (p<0.05) for vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal irinotecan accumulates in brain metastases, acts as depot for sustained release of irinotecan and SN-38, which results in prolonged survival in preclinical model of breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Development of Halofluorochromic Polymer Nanoassemblies for the Potential Detection of Liver Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Tumors Using Experimental and Computational Approaches. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2385-2402. [PMID: 28840432 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop polymer nanoassemblies (PNAs) modified with halofluorochromic dyes to allow for the detection of liver metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) to improve therapeutic outcomes. METHODS We combine experimental and computational approaches to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic PNA distributions in patient-derived xenograft primary and orthotropic liver metastatic CRC tumors. Halofluorochromic and non-halofluorochromic PNAs (hfPNAs and n-hfPNAs) were prepared from poly(ethylene glycol), fluorescent dyes (Nile blue, Alexa546, and IR820), and hydrophobic groups (palmitate), all of which were covalently tethered to a cationic polymer scaffold [poly(ethylene imine) or poly(lysine)] forming particles with an average diameter < 30 nm. RESULTS Dye-conjugated PNAs showed no aggregation under opsonizing conditions for 24 h and displayed low tissue diffusion and cellular uptake. Both hfPNAs and n-hfPNAs accumulated in primary and liver metastatic CRC tumors within 12 h post intravenous injection. In comparison to n-hfPNAs, hfPNAs fluoresced strongly only in the acidic tumor microenvironment (pH < 7.0) and distinguished small metastatic CRC tumors from healthy liver stroma. Computational simulations revealed that PNAs would steadily accumulate mainly in acidic (hypoxic) interstitium of metastatic tumors, independently of the vascularization degree of the tissue surrounding the lesions. CONCLUSION The combined experimental and computational data confirms that hfPNAs detecting acidic tumor tissue can be used to identify small liver metastatic CRC tumors with improved accuracy.
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Chang J, Kwan B, Panjwani N, Villanueva N, Diamond S, Wong-Sefidan I, Muchmore E. Prostate adenocarcinoma metastases to the testis and brain: case report and review of the literature. Oxf Med Case Reports 2017; 2017:omx042. [PMID: 28845236 PMCID: PMC5553064 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. While clinicians commonly see metastases to the bones and lymph nodes, it may infrequently spread to more uncommon locations. We report an unusual case of an 83-year-old patient with previously treated prostate adenocarcinoma who presents with symptomatic metastases to the testis and brain in the absence of widely disseminated disease. This case report highlights the importance of including metastatic disease in the differential for patients with a history of prostate cancer and a newly discovered mass until an evaluation of the tissue can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chang
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian Kwan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neil Panjwani
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Villanueva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott Diamond
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ida Wong-Sefidan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Muchmore
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Gampa G, Vaidhyanathan S, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Drug delivery to melanoma brain metastases: Can current challenges lead to new opportunities? Pharmacol Res 2017. [PMID: 28634084 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma has a high propensity to metastasize to the brain, and patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) have an extremely poor prognosis. The recent approval of several molecularly-targeted agents (e.g., BRAF, MEK inhibitors) and biologics (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) has brought new hope to patients suffering from this formerly untreatable and lethal disease. Importantly, there have been recent reports of success in some clinical studies examining the efficacy of both targeted agents and immunotherapies that show similar response rates in both brain metastases and extracranial disease. While these studies are encouraging, there remains significant room for improvement in the treatment of MBM, given the lack of durable response and the development of resistance to current therapies. Critical questions remain regarding mechanisms that lead to this lack of durable response and development of resistance, and how those mechanisms may differ in systemic sites versus brain metastases. One issue that may not be fully appreciated is that the delivery of several small molecule molecularly-targeted therapies to the brain is often restricted due to active efflux at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface. Inadequate local drug concentrations may be partially responsible for the development of unique patterns of resistance at metastatic sites in the brain. It is clear that there can be local, heterogeneous BBB breakdown in MBM, as exemplified by contrast-enhancement on T1-weighted MR imaging. However, it is possible that the successful treatment of MBM with small molecule targeted therapies will depend, in part, on the ability of these therapies to penetrate an intact BBB and reach the protected micro-metastases (so called "sub-clinical" disease) that escape early detection by contrast-enhanced MRI, as well as regions of tumor within MRI-detectable metastases that may have a less compromised BBB. The emergence of resistance in MBM may be related to several diverse, yet interrelated, factors including the distinct microenvironment of the brain and inadequate brain penetration of targeted therapies to specific regions of tumor. The tumor microenvironment has been ascribed to play a key role in steering the course of disease progression, by dictating changes in expression of tumor drivers and resistance-related signaling mechanisms. Therefore, a key issue to consider is how changes in drug delivery, and hence local drug concentrations within a metastatic microenvironment, will influence the development of resistance. Herein we discuss our perspective on several critical questions that focus on many aspects relevant to the treatment of melanoma brain metastases; the answers to which may lead to important advances in the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Gampa
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shruthi Vaidhyanathan
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Asad AS, Moreno Ayala MA, Gottardo MF, Zuccato C, Nicola Candia AJ, Zanetti FA, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Viral gene therapy for breast cancer: progress and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:945-959. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1338684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonela S. Asad
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela A. Moreno Ayala
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Florencia Gottardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Zuccato
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia A. Zanetti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Unidad Ejecutora del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Geldenhuys WJ, Bergeron SA, Mullins JE, Aljammal R, Gaasch BL, Chen WC, Yun J, Hazlehurst LA. High-content screen using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos identifies a novel kinase activator and inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2029-2037. [PMID: 28320616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this report we utilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in a phenotypical high-content screen (HCS) to identify novel leads in a cancer drug discovery program. We initially validated our HCS model using the flavin adenosine dinucleotide (FAD) containing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase (ERO1) inhibitor EN460. EN460 showed a dose response effect on the embryos with a dose of 10μM being significantly lethal during early embryonic development. The HCS campaign which employed a small library identified a promising lead compound, a naphthyl-benzoic acid derivative coined compound 1 which had significant dosage and temporally dependent effects on notochord and muscle development in zebrafish embryos. Screening a 369 kinase member panel we show that compound 1 is a PIM3 kinase inhibitor (IC50=4.078μM) and surprisingly a DAPK1 kinase agonist/activator (EC50=39.525μM). To our knowledge this is the first example of a small molecule activating DAPK1 kinase. We provide a putative model for increased phosphate transfer in the ATP binding domain when compound 1 is virtually docked with DAPK1. Our data indicate that observable phenotypical changes can be used in future zebrafish screens to identify compounds acting via similar molecular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
| | - Sadie A Bergeron
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Jackie E Mullins
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Rowaa Aljammal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Briah L Gaasch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Wei-Chi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - June Yun
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Lori A Hazlehurst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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Terrell-Hall TB, Ammer AG, Griffith JIG, Lockman PR. Permeability across a novel microfluidic blood-tumor barrier model. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28114946 PMCID: PMC5260004 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of translatable in vitro blood-tumor barrier (BTB) models creates challenges in the development of drugs to treat tumors of the CNS and our understanding of how the vascular changes at the BBB in the presence of a tumor. Methods In this study, we characterize a novel microfluidic model of the BTB (and BBB model as a reference) that incorporates flow and induces shear stress on endothelial cells. Cell lines utilized include human umbilical vein endothelial cells co-cultured with CTX-TNA2 rat astrocytes (BBB) or Met-1 metastatic murine breast cancer cells (BTB). Cells were capable of communicating across microfluidic compartments via a porous interface. We characterized the device by comparing permeability of three passive permeability markers and one marker subject to efflux. Results The permeability of Sulforhodamine 101 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the BTB model (13.1 ± 1.3 × 10−3, n = 4) than the BBB model (2.5 ± 0.3 × 10−3, n = 6). Similar permeability increases were observed in the BTB model for molecules ranging from 600 Da to 60 kDa. The function of P-gp was intact in both models and consistent with recent published in vivo data. Specifically, the rate of permeability of Rhodamine 123 across the BBB model (0.6 ± 0.1 × 10−3, n = 4), increased 14-fold in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil (14.7 ± 7.5 × 10−3, n = 3) and eightfold with the addition of Cyclosporine A (8.8 ± 1.8 × 10−3, n = 3). Similar values were noted in the BTB model. Conclusions The dynamic microfluidic in vitro BTB model is a novel commercially available model that incorporates shear stress, and has permeability and efflux properties that are similar to in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori B Terrell-Hall
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Amanda G Ammer
- WVU Cancer Institute Research Laboratories, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jessica I G Griffith
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University HSC, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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