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Zhang Y, Leung AK, Kang JJ, Sun Y, Wu G, Li L, Sun J, Cheng L, Qiu T, Zhang J, Wierbowski S, Gupta S, Booth J, Yu H. A multiscale functional map of somatic mutations in cancer integrating protein structure and network topology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.06.531441. [PMID: 36945530 PMCID: PMC10028849 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of cancer biology is to understand the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis driven by somatically acquired mutations. Two distinct types of computational methodologies have emerged: one focuses on analyzing clustering of mutations within protein sequences and 3D structures, while the other characterizes mutations by leveraging the topology of protein-protein interaction network. Their insights are largely non-overlapping, offering complementary strengths. Here, we established a unified, end-to-end 3D structurally-informed protein interaction network propagation framework, NetFlow3D, that systematically maps the multiscale mechanistic effects of somatic mutations in cancer. The establishment of NetFlow3D hinges upon the Human Protein Structurome, a comprehensive repository we compiled that incorporates the 3D structures of every single protein as well as the binding interfaces of all known protein interactions in humans. NetFlow3D leverages the Structurome to integrate information across atomic, residue, protein and network levels: It conducts 3D clustering of mutations across atomic and residue levels on protein structures to identify potential driver mutations. It then anisotropically propagates their impacts across the protein interaction network, with propagation guided by the specific 3D structural interfaces involved, to identify significantly interconnected network "modules", thereby uncovering key biological processes underlying disease etiology. Applied to 1,038,899 somatic protein-altering mutations in 9,946 TCGA tumors across 33 cancer types, NetFlow3D identified 1,4444 significant 3D clusters throughout the Human Protein Structurome, of which ~55% would not have been found if using only experimentally-determined structures. It then identified 26 significantly interconnected modules that encompass ~8-fold more proteins than applying standard network analyses. NetFlow3D and our pan-cancer results can be accessed from http://netflow3d.yulab.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Alden K. Leung
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Jin Joo Kang
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Guanxi Wu
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Jiayang Sun
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Lily Cheng
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Junke Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Shayne Wierbowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Shagun Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - James Booth
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, USA
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Cokelaere C, Dok R, Cortesi EE, Zhao P, Sablina A, Nuyts S, Derua R, Janssens V. TIPRL1 and its ATM-dependent phosphorylation promote radiotherapy resistance in head and neck cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:793-818. [PMID: 37971644 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TIPRL1 (target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulator-like 1) is a known interactor and inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP2A, PP4 and PP6 - all pleiotropic modulators of the DNA Damage Response (DDR). Here, we investigated the role of TIPRL1 in the radiotherapy (RT) response of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS TIPRL1 mRNA (cBioportal) and protein expression (immunohistochemistry) in HNSCC samples were linked with clinical patient data. TIPRL1-depleted HNSCC cells were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 editing, and effects on colony growth, micronuclei formation (microscopy), cell cycle (flow cytometry), DDR signaling (immunoblots) and proteome (mass spectrometry) following RT were assessed. Mass spectrometry was used for TIPRL1 phosphorylation and interactomics analysis in irradiated cells. RESULTS TIPRL1 expression was increased in tumor versus non-tumor tissue, with high tumoral TIPRL1 expression associating with lower locoregional control and decreased survival of RT-treated patients. TIPRL1 deletion in HNSCC cells resulted in increased RT sensitivity, a faster but prolonged cell cycle arrest, increased micronuclei formation and an altered proteome-wide DDR. Upon irradiation, ATM phosphorylates TIPRL1 at Ser265. A non-phospho Ser265Ala mutant could not rescue the increased radiosensitivity phenotype of TIPRL1-depleted cells. While binding to PP2A-like phosphatases was confirmed, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), RAD51 recombinase and nucleosomal histones were identified as novel TIPRL1 interactors. Histone binding, although stimulated by RT, was adversely affected by TIPRL1 Ser265 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore a clinically relevant role for TIPRL1 and its ATM-dependent phosphorylation in RT resistance through modulation of the DDR, highlighting its potential as a new HNSCC predictive marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célie Cokelaere
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela E Cortesi
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peihua Zhao
- VIB Laboratory of Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Sablina
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- SybioMA, Proteomics Core Facility, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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van Pelt J, Meeusen B, Derua R, Guffens L, Van Cutsem E, Janssens V, Verslype C. Human pancreatic cancer patients with Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and an aggressive phenotype show a disturbed balance in Protein Phosphatase Type 2A expression and functionality. J Transl Med 2023; 21:317. [PMID: 37170215 PMCID: PMC10176933 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a low survival, its incidence is rising and little therapeutic improvements are expected in the near future. It has been observed that Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes (including in PDAC) to a more aggressive cancer phenotype. Additionally, largely unexplored, studies indicate a mechanistic interplay between Protein Phosphatase Type 2A (PP2A) enzymes and EMT that could offer treatment opportunities. The aim was to investigate the relation of a PP2A expression signature (encompassing all PP2A subunits, endogenous inhibitors and activators) with EMT and aggressive pancreatic cancer, and to discuss possible implications. METHODS We retrieved different PDAC expression datasets from NCBI to capture the variation in patients, and analyzed these using datamining, survival analysis, differential gene and protein expression. We determined genes highly associated with aggressive PDAC. For in vitro evaluation, Panc-1 cells were treated with the pharmacologic PP2A inhibitor Okadaic Acid (OA). Additionally, two OA-resistant Panc-1 clones were developed and characterized. RESULTS In patients, there is a strong correlation between EMT and aggressive PDAC, and between aggressive PDAC and PP2A, with a significant upregulation of PP2A inhibitor genes. Several PP2A genes significantly correlated with decreased survival. In vitro, short-term exposure to OA induced EMT in Panc-1 cells. This shift towards EMT was further pronounced in the OA-resistant Panc-1 clones, morphologically and by pathway analysis. Proteomic analysis and gene sequencing showed that the advanced OA-resistant model most resembles the clinical PDAC presentation (with EMT signature, and with several specific PP2A genes upregulated, and others downregulated). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a strong association between EMT, altered PP2A expression and aggressive PDAC in patients. Also, in vitro, PP2A inhibition induces EMT. Overall, statistics suggests the mechanistic importance of PP2A dysregulation for PDAC progression. Translationally, our observations indicate that pharmacologic restoration of PP2A activity could be an attractive therapeutic strategy to block or reverse progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos van Pelt
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Guffens
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, O&N1, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Herestraat 49, Bus 901, B3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chris Verslype
- Laboratory of Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Geb. Onderwijs & Navorsing 4, Room 07.465, Herestraat 49, Bus 603, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Avelar RA, Armstrong AJ, Carvette G, Gupta R, Puleo N, Colina JA, Joseph P, Sobeck AM, O'Connor CM, Raines B, Gandhi A, Dziubinski ML, Ma DS, Resnick K, Singh S, Zanotti K, Nagel C, Waggoner S, Thomas DG, Skala SL, Zhang J, Narla G, DiFeo A. Small-Molecule-Mediated Stabilization of PP2A Modulates the Homologous Recombination Pathway and Potentiates DNA Damage-Induced Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:599-615. [PMID: 36788429 PMCID: PMC10157366 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common and lethal ovarian cancer subtype. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have become the mainstay of HGSC-targeted therapy, given that these tumors are driven by a high degree of genomic instability (GI) and homologous recombination (HR) defects. Nonetheless, approximately 30% of patients initially respond to treatment, ultimately relapsing with resistant disease. Thus, despite recent advances in drug development and an increased understanding of genetic alterations driving HGSC progression, mortality has not declined, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Using a small-molecule activator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A; SMAP-061), we investigated the mechanism by which PP2A stabilization induces apoptosis in patient-derived HGSC cells and xenograft (PDX) models alone or in combination with PARPi. We uncovered that PP2A genes essential for cellular transformation (B56α, B56γ, and PR72) and basal phosphatase activity (PP2A-A and -C) are heterozygously lost in the majority of HGSC. Moreover, loss of these PP2A genes correlates with worse overall patient survival. We show that SMAP-061-induced stabilization of PP2A inhibits the HR output by targeting RAD51, leading to chronic accumulation of DNA damage and ultimately apoptosis. Furthermore, combination of SMAP-061 and PARPi leads to enhanced apoptosis in both HR-proficient and HR-deficient HGSC cells and PDX models. Our studies identify PP2A as a novel regulator of HR and indicate PP2A modulators as a therapeutic therapy for HGSC. In summary, our findings further emphasize the potential of PP2A modulators to overcome PARPi insensitivity, given that targeting RAD51 presents benefits in overcoming PARPi resistance driven by BRCA1/2 mutation reversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Avelar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Gracie Carvette
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Riya Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah Puleo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose A. Colina
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peronne Joseph
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexander M. Sobeck
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caitlin M. O'Connor
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brynne Raines
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Agharnan Gandhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michele L. Dziubinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel S. Ma
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daffyd G. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Goutham Narla
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Fevga C, Tesson C, Carreras Mascaro A, Courtin T, van Coller R, Sakka S, Ferraro F, Farhat N, Bardien S, Damak M, Carr J, Ferrien M, Boumeester V, Hundscheid J, Grillenzoni N, Kessissoglou IA, Kuipers DJS, Quadri M, Corvol JC, Mhiri C, Hassan BA, Breedveld GJ, Lesage S, Mandemakers W, Brice A, Bonifati V. PTPA variants and impaired PP2A activity in early-onset parkinsonism with intellectual disability. Brain 2023; 146:1496-1510. [PMID: 36073231 PMCID: PMC10115167 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A complex (PP2A), the major Ser/Thr phosphatase in the brain, is involved in a number of signalling pathways and functions, including the regulation of crucial proteins for neurodegeneration, such as alpha-synuclein, tau and LRRK2. Here, we report the identification of variants in the PTPA/PPP2R4 gene, encoding a major PP2A activator, in two families with early-onset parkinsonism and intellectual disability. We carried out clinical studies and genetic analyses, including genome-wide linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and Sanger sequencing of candidate variants. We next performed functional studies on the disease-associated variants in cultured cells and knock-down of ptpa in Drosophila melanogaster. We first identified a homozygous PTPA variant, c.893T>G (p.Met298Arg), in patients from a South African family with early-onset parkinsonism and intellectual disability. Screening of a large series of additional families yielded a second homozygous variant, c.512C>A (p.Ala171Asp), in a Libyan family with a similar phenotype. Both variants co-segregate with disease in the respective families. The affected subjects display juvenile-onset parkinsonism and intellectual disability. The motor symptoms were responsive to treatment with levodopa and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. In overexpression studies, both the PTPA p.Ala171Asp and p.Met298Arg variants were associated with decreased PTPA RNA stability and decreased PTPA protein levels; the p.Ala171Asp variant additionally displayed decreased PTPA protein stability. Crucially, expression of both variants was associated with decreased PP2A complex levels and impaired PP2A phosphatase activation. PTPA orthologue knock-down in Drosophila neurons induced a significant impairment of locomotion in the climbing test. This defect was age-dependent and fully reversed by L-DOPA treatment. We conclude that bi-allelic missense PTPA variants associated with impaired activation of the PP2A phosphatase cause autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism with intellectual disability. Our findings might also provide new insights for understanding the role of the PP2A complex in the pathogenesis of more common forms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Fevga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ana Carreras Mascaro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, DMU BioGeM, Paris, France
| | - Riaan van Coller
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Salma Sakka
- Research Unit in Neurogenetics, Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) at the CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Federico Ferraro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nouha Farhat
- Research Unit in Neurogenetics, Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) at the CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mariem Damak
- Research Unit in Neurogenetics, Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) at the CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mélanie Ferrien
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Boumeester
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Hundscheid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Grillenzoni
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Irini A Kessissoglou
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Demy J S Kuipers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, DMU Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Chokri Mhiri
- Research Unit in Neurogenetics, Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) at the CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Guido J Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, DMU BioGeM, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Pan X, Geng Z, Li J, Li X, Zhang M, Wang X, Cong Y, Huang K, Xu J, Jia X. Peptide PDHPS1 inhibits ovarian cancer growth through disrupting YAP signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1160-1170. [PMID: 35545004 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lives of ovarian cancer patients are threatened largely due to metastasis and drug resistance. Endogenous peptides attract increasing attention in oncologic therapeutic area, a few anti-tumor peptides have been approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) for clinical use over the past decades. However, only few peptides or peptide-derived drugs with anti-ovarian cancer effects have been identified. Here we focused on the biological roles and mechanism of a peptide named PDHPS1 in ovarian cancer development. Our results indicated that PDHPS1 reduced the proliferation ability of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and inhibited the ovarian cancer growth in vivo. Peptide pull down and following mass spectrometry, western blot and qRT-PCR revealed that PDHPS1 could bind to protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator (PTPA), an essential activator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which resulted in increase of phosphorylated YAP, further inactivated YAP and suppressed the expression of its downstream target genes. Flow cytometry, cell membrane permeability test and immunohistochemical staining study demonstrated that there are no observable side effects of PDHPS1 on normal ovarian epithelium and hepatorenal function. Besides, modification of membrane penetration could improve the physicochemical properties and biological activity of PDHPS1. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the endogenous peptide PDHPS1 serves as an anti-tumor peptide to inhibit YAP signaling pathway though interacting with PTPA in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Pan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Geng
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xusu Wang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Cong
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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8
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Cancer stem cell phosphatases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2899-2920. [PMID: 34319405 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the initiation and progression of human malignancies by enabling cancer tissue self-renewal capacity and constituting the therapy-resistant population of tumor cells. However, despite the exhausting characterization of CSC genetics, epigenetics, and kinase signaling, eradication of CSCs remains an unattainable goal in most human malignancies. While phosphatases contribute equally with kinases to cellular phosphoregulation, our understanding of phosphatases in CSCs lags severely behind our knowledge about other CSC signaling mechanisms. Many cancer-relevant phosphatases have recently become druggable, indicating that further understanding of the CSC phosphatases might provide novel therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes the current knowledge about fundamental, but yet poorly understood involvement of phosphatases in the regulation of major CSC signaling pathways. We also review the functional roles of phosphatases in CSC self-renewal, cancer progression, and therapy resistance; focusing particularly on hematological cancers and glioblastoma. We further discuss the small molecule targeting of CSC phosphatases and their therapeutic potential in cancer combination therapies.
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9
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Meeusen B, Cortesi EE, Domènech Omella J, Sablina A, Ventura JJ, Janssens V. PPP2R4 dysfunction promotes KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma development and mediates opposite responses to MEK and mTOR inhibition. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:57-67. [PMID: 34216687 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas represent the largest molecular subgroup of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and are notorious for their dismal survival perspectives. To gain more insights in etiology and therapeutic response, we focused on the tumor suppressor Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a player in KRAS oncogenic signaling. We report that the PP2A activator PTPA (encoded by PPP2R4) is commonly affected in NSCLC by heterozygous loss and low-frequent loss-of-function mutation, and this is specifically associated with poorer overall survival of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients. Reduced or mutant PPP2R4 expression in A549 cells increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo, correlating with increased Ki67 and c-MYC expression. Moreover, KrasG12D-induced lung tumorigenesis was significantly accelerated in Ppp2r4 gene trapped mice as compared to Ppp2r4 wild-type. A confined kinase inhibitor screen revealed that PPP2R4-depletion induced resistance against selumetinib (MEK inhibitor), but unexpectedly sensitized cells for temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor), in vitro and in vivo. Our findings underscore a clinically relevant role for PTPA loss-of-function in KRAS-mutant NSCLC etiology and kinase inhibitor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Elsa Cortesi
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Dept. Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Sablina
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Mechanisms of Cell Transformation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology & Dept. Oncology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan-Jose Ventura
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Dept. Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Deng M, Li S, Mei J, Lin W, Zou J, Wei W, Guo R. High SGO2 Expression Predicts Poor Overall Survival: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060876. [PMID: 34200261 PMCID: PMC8226836 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shugoshin2 (SGO2) may participate in the occurrence and development of tumors by regulating abnormal cell cycle division, but its prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In this study, we accessed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to get the clinical data and gene expression profile of HCC. The expression of SGO2 in HCC tissues and nontumor tissues and the relationship between SGO2 expression, survival, and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The SGO2 expression level was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in nontumor tissues (p < 0.001). An analysis from the Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) databases also demonstrated that SGO2 was upregulated in HCC (all p < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis revealed that the high expression of SGO2 was significantly correlated with gender, tumor grade, pathological stage, T classification, and Eastern Cancer Oncology Group (ECOG) score (all p < 0.05). The overall survival (OS) of HCC patients with higher SGO2 expression was significantly poor (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that age and high expression of SGO2 were independent predictors of poor overall survival (all p < 0.05). Twelve signaling pathways were significantly enriched in samples with the high-SGO2 expression phenotype. Ten proteins and 34 genes were significantly correlated with SGO2. In conclusion, the expression of SGO2 is closely related to the survival of HCC. It may be used as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenping Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingwen Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rongping Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (M.D.); (S.L.); (J.M.); (W.L.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-188-1980-9988
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11
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Tadros S, Kondrashov A, Namagiri S, Chowdhury A, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Ray-Chaudhury A. Pathological Features of Tumors of the Nervous System in Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes: A Review. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:343-363. [PMID: 33693933 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes (HCS) become more recognizable as the knowledge about them expands, and genetic testing becomes more affordable. In this review, we discussed the known HCS that predispose to central and peripheral nervous system tumors. Different genetic phenomena were highlighted, and the important cellular biological alterations were summarized. Genetic mosaicism and germline mutations are features of HCS, and recently, they were described in normal population and as modifiers for the genetic landscape of sporadic tumors. Description of the tumors arising in these conditions was augmented by representative cases explaining the main pathological findings. Clinical spectrum of the syndromes and diagnostic criteria were tabled to outline their role in defining these disorders. Interestingly, precision medicine has found its way to help these groups of patients by offering targeted preventive measures. Understanding the signaling pathway alteration of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in tuberous sclerosis helped introducing mTOR inhibitors as a prophylactic treatment in these patients. More research to define the germline genetic alterations and resulting cellular signaling perturbations is needed for effective risk-reducing interventions beyond prophylactic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Tadros
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksei Kondrashov
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sriya Namagiri
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashis Chowdhury
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Abhik Ray-Chaudhury
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Xie F, Li F, Li R, Liu Z, Shi J, Zhang C, Dong N. Inhibition of PP2A enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valvular interstitial cells via ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Life Sci 2020; 257:118086. [PMID: 32679147 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role of PP2A in calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expressions of PP2A subunits were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot in aortic valves from patients with CAVD and normal controls, the activities of PP2A were analyzed by commercial assay kit at the same time. Aortic valve calcification of mice was evaluated through histological and echocardiographic analysis. ApoE-/- mice and ApoE-/- mice injected intraperitoneally with PP2A inhibitor LB100 were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 24 weeks. Immunofluorescent staining was used to locate the cell-type in which PP2A activity was decreased, the PP2A activity of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) treated with osteogenic induction medium was assessed by western blot and commercial assay kit. After changing the activity of VICs through pharmacologic and genetic intervention, the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were assessed by western blot and Alizarin Red staining. Finally, the mechanism was clarified by using several specific inhibitors. KEY FINDINGS PP2A activity was decreased both in calcified aortic valves and human VICs under osteogenic induction. The PP2A inhibitor LB100 aggravated the aortic valve calcification of mice. Furthermore, PPP2CA overexpression inhibited osteogenic differentiation of VICs, whereas PPP2CA knockdown promoted the process. Further study revealed that the ERK/p38 MAPKs signaling pathways mediated the osteogenic differentiation of VICs induced by PP2A inactivation. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that PP2A plays an important role in CAVD pathophysiology, PP2A activation may provide a novel strategy for the pharmacological treatment of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongtao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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13
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Genome Editing of the SNAI1 Gene in Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Novel Model for Studies of Its Role. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051095. [PMID: 32354171 PMCID: PMC7290443 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing (GE) tools and RNA interference technology enable the modulation of gene expression in cancer research. While GE mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) activity can be used to induce gene knockouts, shRNA interacts with the targeted transcript, resulting in gene knockdown. Here, we compare three different methods for SNAI1 knockout or knockdown in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells. RMS is the most common sarcoma in children and its development has been previously associated with SNAI1 transcription factor activity. To investigate the role of SNAI1 in RMS development, we compared CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, and shRNA tools to identify the most efficient tool for the modulation of SNAI1 expression with biological effects. Subsequently, the genome sequence, transcript levels, and protein expression of SNAI1 were evaluated. The modulation of SNAI1 using three different approaches affected the morphology of the cells and modulated the expression of myogenic factors and HDAC1. Our study revealed a similar effectiveness of the tested methods. Nevertheless, the low efficiency of the GE tools was a limiting factor in obtaining biallelic gene knockouts. To conclude, we established and characterized three different models of SNAI1 knockout and knockdown that might be used in further studies investigating the role of SNAI1 in RMS.
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14
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Xu K, Liu X, Yin D, Ren G, Zhao Y. PP2A alleviates oxidized LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by regulating LOX-1/ROS/MAPK axis. Life Sci 2020; 243:117270. [PMID: 31923421 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of PP2A on the progression of AS and the special molecular mechanism. MAIN METHODS The expression of PP2A in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by different concentrations of Ox-LDL was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. The binding activity of PP2A and LOX-1 was determined by CoIP assay. Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and MCP-1. KEY FINDING The results revealed that the expression of PP2A was decreased with the increase of Ox-LDL concentration in HUVECs. Overexpression of PP2A alleviated Ox-LDL-induced dysfunction and inflammatory response in HUVECs. The results of Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) showed that PP2A had direct effect on LOX-1, and PP2A inhibited the expression of LOX-1. In addition, overexpression of LOX-1 reversed the inhibitory effect of PP2A on Ox-LDL-induced dysfunction and inflammatory response in HUVECs. What is more, PP2A inhibited LOX-1/ROS/MAPK axis. SIGNIFICANCE it suggests that PP2A alleviates Ox-LDL-induced dysfunction and inflammatory response of HUVECs potentially by regulating the LOX-1/ROS/MAPK axis,which suggests that PP2A has anti-inflammatory effect during the formation of as, and the molecular therapy of PP2A provides a theoretical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaicheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union hospital JiLin University, Chang chun, JiLin 130033, China
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Department of vascular surgery, China-Japan Union hospital JiLin University, Chang chun, JiLin 130033, China
| | - Dexin Yin
- Department of vascular surgery, China-Japan Union hospital JiLin University, Chang chun, JiLin 130033, China
| | - Guanghao Ren
- Department of vascular surgery, China-Japan Union hospital JiLin University, Chang chun, JiLin 130033, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of vascular surgery, China-Japan Union hospital JiLin University, Chang chun, JiLin 130033, China.
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15
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Farrington CC, Yuan E, Mazhar S, Izadmehr S, Hurst L, Allen-Petersen BL, Janghorban M, Chung E, Wolczanski G, Galsky M, Sears R, Sangodkar J, Narla G. Protein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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PP2ACα of Alveolar Macrophages Is a Novel Protective Factor for LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Inflammation 2019; 42:1004-1014. [PMID: 30684253 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is one main serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotes, and its activation changes have been linked to modulation of numerous pathological processes, such as cancer, inflammation, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the major cause of respiratory failure, remains with limited therapies available up to now. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are essential to innate immunity and host defense, participating in the pathogenesis of ARDS. As a result, AMs are considered as a potential therapeutic target for ARDS. In our study, we firstly found that PP2A activity was significantly decreased in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated AMs. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of AMs with enhanced PP2A enzyme activity that was improved by C2-ceramide prior to LPS exposure alleviated acute lung inflammation. Conversely, AM-specific ablation of PP2ACα exacerbated inflammatory responses to LPS. Mechanistically, PP2ACα negatively regulates LPS-induced cytokine secretion of AMs by NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Together, these findings provide the evidence to guide the development of novel therapeutic options targeting PP2ACα for ARDS/acute lung injury.
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17
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Farrington CC, Yuan E, Mazhar S, Izadmehr S, Hurst L, Allen-Petersen BL, Janghorban M, Chung E, Wolczanski G, Galsky M, Sears R, Sangodkar J, Narla G. Protein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:757-770. [PMID: 31822503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase whose activity is inhibited in most human cancers. One of the best-characterized PP2A substrates is MYC proto-oncogene basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (MYC), whose overexpression is commonly associated with aggressive forms of this disease. PP2A directly dephosphorylates MYC, resulting in its degradation. To explore the therapeutic potential of direct PP2A activation in a diverse set of MYC-driven cancers, here we used biochemical assays, recombinant cell lines, gene expression analyses, and immunohistochemistry to evaluate a series of first-in-class small-molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs) in Burkitt lymphoma, KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer. In all tested models of MYC-driven cancer, the SMAP treatment rapidly and persistently inhibited MYC expression through proteasome-mediated degradation, inhibition of MYC transcriptional activity, decreased cancer cell proliferation, and tumor growth inhibition. Importantly, we generated a series of cell lines expressing PP2A-dependent phosphodegron variants of MYC and demonstrated that the antitumorigenic activity of SMAPs depends on MYC degradation. Collectively, the findings presented here indicate a pharmacologically tractable approach to drive MYC degradation by using SMAPs for the management of a broad range of MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Yuan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sahar Mazhar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Lauren Hurst
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Brittany L Allen-Petersen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Mahnaz Janghorban
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Eric Chung
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Grace Wolczanski
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Matthew Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rosalie Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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18
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Kauko O, O'Connor CM, Kulesskiy E, Sangodkar J, Aakula A, Izadmehr S, Yetukuri L, Yadav B, Padzik A, Laajala TD, Haapaniemi P, Momeny M, Varila T, Ohlmeyer M, Aittokallio T, Wennerberg K, Narla G, Westermarck J. PP2A inhibition is a druggable MEK inhibitor resistance mechanism in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/450/eaaq1093. [PMID: 30021885 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinase inhibitor resistance constitutes a major unresolved clinical challenge in cancer. Furthermore, the role of serine/threonine phosphatase deregulation as a potential cause for resistance to kinase inhibitors has not been thoroughly addressed. We characterize protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity as a global determinant of KRAS-mutant lung cancer cell resistance across a library of >200 kinase inhibitors. The results show that PP2A activity modulation alters cancer cell sensitivities to a large number of kinase inhibitors. Specifically, PP2A inhibition ablated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor response through the collateral activation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Combination of mTOR and MEK inhibitors induced cytotoxicity in PP2A-inhibited cells, but even this drug combination could not abrogate MYC up-regulation in PP2A-inhibited cells. Treatment with an orally bioavailable small-molecule activator of PP2A DT-061, in combination with the MEK inhibitor AZD6244, resulted in suppression of both p-AKT and MYC, as well as tumor regression in two KRAS-driven lung cancer mouse models. DT-061 therapy also abrogated MYC-driven tumorigenesis. These data demonstrate that PP2A deregulation drives MEK inhibitor resistance in KRAS-mutant cells. These results emphasize the need for better understanding of phosphatases as key modulators of cancer therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Kauko
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,TuBS and TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Caitlin M O'Connor
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Evgeny Kulesskiy
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna Aakula
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artur Padzik
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Daniel Laajala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Haapaniemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Majid Momeny
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Varila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goutham Narla
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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19
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Clark AR, Ohlmeyer M. Protein phosphatase 2A as a therapeutic target in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:181-201. [PMID: 31158394 PMCID: PMC6700395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly complex heterotrimeric enzyme that catalyzes the selective removal of phosphate groups from protein serine and threonine residues. Emerging evidence suggests that it functions as a tumor suppressor by constraining phosphorylation-dependent signalling pathways that regulate cellular transformation and metastasis. Therefore, PP2A-activating drugs (PADs) are being actively sought and investigated as potential novel anti-cancer treatments. Here we explore the concept that PP2A also constrains inflammatory responses through its inhibitory effects on various signalling pathways, suggesting that PADs may be effective in the treatment of inflammation-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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20
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. PP2A: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 31214504 PMCID: PMC6558005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the use of targeted therapies has immensely increased in the treatment of cancer. However, treatment for endometrial carcinomas (ECs) has lagged behind, although potential molecular markers have been identified. This is particularly problematic for the type II ECs, since these aggressive tumors are usually not responsive toward the current standard therapies. Therefore, type II ECs are responsible for most EC-related deaths, indicating the need for new treatment options. Interestingly, molecular analyses of type II ECs have uncovered frequent genetic alterations (up to 40%) in PPP2R1A, encoding the Aα subunit of the tumor suppressive heterotrimeric protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). PPP2R1A mutations were also reported in type I ECs and other common gynecologic cancers, albeit at much lower frequencies (0-7%). Nevertheless, PP2A inactivation in the latter cancer types is common via other mechanisms, in particular by increased expression of Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and PP2A Methylesterase-1 (PME-1) proteins. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of direct and indirect PP2A targeting compounds, possibly in combination with other anti-cancer drugs, in EC. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of the PP2A status as a predictive and/or prognostic marker for type I and II ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Brautigan DL, Shenolikar S. Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases: Keys to Unlocking Regulators and Substrates. Annu Rev Biochem 2019; 87:921-964. [PMID: 29925267 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PPPs) are ancient enzymes, with distinct types conserved across eukaryotic evolution. PPPs are segregated into types primarily on the basis of the unique interactions of PPP catalytic subunits with regulatory proteins. The resulting holoenzymes dock substrates distal to the active site to enhance specificity. This review focuses on the subunit and substrate interactions for PPP that depend on short linear motifs. Insights about these motifs from structures of holoenzymes open new opportunities for computational biology approaches to elucidate PPP networks. There is an expanding knowledge base of posttranslational modifications of PPP catalytic and regulatory subunits, as well as of their substrates, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. Cross talk between these posttranslational modifications creates PPP-based signaling. Knowledge of PPP complexes, signaling clusters, as well as how PPPs communicate with each other in response to cellular signals should unlock the doors to PPP networks and signaling "clouds" that orchestrate and coordinate different aspects of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA;
| | - Shirish Shenolikar
- Signature Research Programs in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
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22
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Raman D, Pervaiz S. Redox inhibition of protein phosphatase PP2A: Potential implications in oncogenesis and its progression. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101105. [PMID: 30686777 PMCID: PMC6859563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes are dictated by the active signaling of proteins relaying messages to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction and cell communications. An intricate web of protein kinases and phosphatases are critical to the proper transmission of signals across such cascades. By governing 30–50% of all protein dephosphorylation in the cell, with prominent substrate proteins being key regulators of signaling cascades, the phosphatase PP2A has emerged as a celebrated player in various developmental and tumorigenic pathways, thereby posing as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in various pathologies wherein its activity is deregulated. This review is mainly focused on refreshing our understanding of the structural and functional complexity that cocoons the PP2A phosphatase, and its expression in cancers. Additionally, we focus on its physiological regulation as well as into recent advents and strategies that have shown promise in countering the deregulation of the phosphatase through its targeted reactivation. Finally, we dwell upon one of the key regulators of PP2A in cancer cells-cellular redox status-its multifarious nature, and its integration into the reactome of PP2A, highlighting some of the significant impacts that ROS can inflict on the structural modifications and functional aspect of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Liu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Petersen RB, Huang K. Targeting mitosis exit: A brake for cancer cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:179-191. [PMID: 30611728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition from mitosis to interphase, referred to as mitotic exit, is a critical mitotic process which involves activation and inactivation of multiple mitotic kinases and counteracting protein phosphatases. Loss of mitotic exit checkpoints is a common feature of cancer cells, leading to mitotic dysregulation and confers cancer cells with oncogenic characteristics, such as aberrant proliferation and microtubule-targeting agent (MTA) resistance. Since MTA resistance results from cancer cells prematurely exiting mitosis (mitotic slippage), blocking mitotic exit is believed to be a promising anticancer strategy. Moreover, based on this theory, simultaneous inhibition of mitotic exit and additional cell cycle phases would likely achieve synergistic antitumor effects. In this review, we divide the molecular regulators of mitotic exit into four categories based on their different regulatory functions: 1) the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C, a ubiquitin ligase), 2) cyclin B, 3) mitotic kinases and phosphatases, 4) kinesins and microtubule-binding proteins. We also review the regulators of mitotic exit and propose prospective anticancer strategies targeting mitotic exit, including their strengths and possible challenges to their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yangkai Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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25
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Reynhout S, Jansen S, Haesen D, van Belle S, de Munnik SA, Bongers EM, Schieving JH, Marcelis C, Amiel J, Rio M, Mclaughlin H, Ladda R, Sell S, Kriek M, Peeters-Scholte CM, Terhal PA, van Gassen KL, Verbeek N, Henry S, Scott Schwoerer J, Malik S, Revencu N, Ferreira CR, Macnamara E, Braakman HM, Brimble E, Ruzhnikov MR, Wagner M, Harrer P, Wieczorek D, Kuechler A, Tziperman B, Barel O, de Vries BB, Gordon CT, Janssens V, Vissers LE. De Novo Mutations Affecting the Catalytic Cα Subunit of PP2A, PPP2CA, Cause Syndromic Intellectual Disability Resembling Other PP2A-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:139-156. [PMID: 30595372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2As) are highly expressed in the brain and regulate neuronal signaling by catalyzing phospho-Ser/Thr dephosphorylations in diverse substrates. PP2A holoenzymes comprise catalytic C-, scaffolding A-, and regulatory B-type subunits, which determine substrate specificity and physiological function. Interestingly, de novo mutations in genes encoding A- and B-type subunits have recently been implicated in intellectual disability (ID) and developmental delay (DD). We now report 16 individuals with mild to profound ID and DD and a de novo mutation in PPP2CA, encoding the catalytic Cα subunit. Other frequently observed features were severe language delay (71%), hypotonia (69%), epilepsy (63%), and brain abnormalities such as ventriculomegaly and a small corpus callosum (67%). Behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorders, were reported in 47% of individuals, and three individuals had a congenital heart defect. PPP2CA de novo mutations included a partial gene deletion, a frameshift, three nonsense mutations, a single amino acid duplication, a recurrent mutation, and eight non-recurrent missense mutations. Functional studies showed complete PP2A dysfunction in four individuals with seemingly milder ID, hinting at haploinsufficiency. Ten other individuals showed mutation-specific biochemical distortions, including poor expression, altered binding to the A subunit and specific B-type subunits, and impaired phosphatase activity and C-terminal methylation. Four were suspected to have a dominant-negative mechanism, which correlated with severe ID. Two missense variants affecting the same residue largely behaved as wild-type in our functional assays. Overall, we found that pathogenic PPP2CA variants impair PP2A-B56(δ) functionality, suggesting that PP2A-related neurodevelopmental disorders constitute functionally converging ID syndromes.
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26
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Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:31-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Miyagawa T, Khor SS, Toyoda H, Kanbayashi T, Imanishi A, Sagawa Y, Kotorii N, Kotorii T, Ariyoshi Y, Hashizume Y, Ogi K, Hiejima H, Kamei Y, Hida A, Miyamoto M, Ikegami A, Wada Y, Takami M, Higashiyama Y, Miyake R, Kondo H, Fujimura Y, Tamura Y, Taniyama Y, Omata N, Tanaka Y, Moriya S, Furuya H, Kato M, Kawamura Y, Otowa T, Miyashita A, Kojima H, Saji H, Shimada M, Yamasaki M, Kobayashi T, Misawa R, Shigematsu Y, Kuwano R, Sasaki T, Ishigooka J, Wada Y, Tsuruta K, Chiba S, Tanaka F, Yamada N, Okawa M, Kuroda K, Kume K, Hirata K, Uchimura N, Shimizu T, Inoue Y, Honda Y, Mishima K, Honda M, Tokunaga K. A variant at 9q34.11 is associated with HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative essential hypersomnia. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1259-1267. [PMID: 30266950 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypersomnia (EHS) is a lifelong disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness without cataplexy. EHS is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*06:02, similar to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy). Previous studies suggest that DQB1*06:02-positive and -negative EHS are different in terms of their clinical features and follow different pathological pathways. DQB1*06:02-positive EHS and narcolepsy share the same susceptibility genes. In the present study, we report a genome-wide association study with replication for DQB1*06:02-negative EHS (408 patients and 2247 healthy controls, all Japanese). One single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs10988217, which is located 15-kb upstream of carnitine O-acetyltransferase (CRAT), was significantly associated with DQB1*06:02-negative EHS (P = 7.5 × 10-9, odds ratio = 2.63). The risk allele of the disease-associated SNP was correlated with higher expression levels of CRAT in various tissues and cell types, including brain tissue. In addition, the risk allele was associated with levels of succinylcarnitine (P = 1.4 × 10-18) in human blood. The leading SNP in this region was the same in associations with both DQB1*06:02-negative EHS and succinylcarnitine levels. The results suggest that DQB1*06:02-negative EHS may be associated with an underlying dysfunction in energy metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Miyagawa
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toyoda
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Aya Imanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yohei Sagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kotorii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Kotorii Isahaya Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuji Hashizume
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Ogi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hiejima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kamei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hida
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yamato Wada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Takami
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuichi Higashiyama
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoko Miyake
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kondo
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yota Fujimura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukari Taniyama
- Department of Neurology, Junwakai Memorial Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Omata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shunpei Moriya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otowa
- Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, Teikyo Heisei University Major of Professional Clinical Psychology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | - Mihoko Shimada
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Yamasaki
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Misawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shigematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuruta
- Department of Neurology, Junwakai Memorial Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masako Okawa
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.,Japan Foundation for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hannan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Sleep Center, Kuwamizu Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Embryology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Yoyogi Sleep Disorder Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Honda
- Seiwa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Mishima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Honda
- Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Seiwa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. Targeted Therapies in Type II Endometrial Cancers: Too Little, but Not Too Late. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2380. [PMID: 30104481 PMCID: PMC6121653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II endometrial carcinomas (ECs) are responsible for most endometrial cancer-related deaths due to their aggressive nature, late stage detection and high tolerance for standard therapies. However, there are no targeted therapies for type II ECs, and they are still treated the same way as the clinically indolent and easily treatable type I ECs. Therefore, type II ECs are in need of new treatment options. More recently, molecular analysis of endometrial cancer revealed phosphorylation-dependent oncogenic signalling in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to be most frequently altered in type II ECs. Consequently, clinical trials tested pharmacologic kinase inhibitors targeting these pathways, although mostly with rather disappointing results. In this review, we highlight the most common genetic alterations in type II ECs. Additionally, we reason why most clinical trials for ECs using targeted kinase inhibitors had unsatisfying results and what should be changed in future clinical trial setups. Furthermore, we argue that, besides kinases, phosphatases should no longer be ignored in clinical trials, particularly in type II ECs, where the tumour suppressive phosphatase protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) is frequently mutated. Lastly, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PP2A for (re)activation, possibly in combination with pharmacologic kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Remmerie
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Kauko O, Westermarck J. Non-genomic mechanisms of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulation in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:157-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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