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Liang X, Huang X, Cai Z, Deng Y, Liu D, Hu J, Jin Z, Zhou X, Zhou H, Wang L. The S100 family is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune cell infiltration in pan-cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38684596 PMCID: PMC11058162 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The S100 protein family is a group of small molecular EF-hand calcium-binding proteins that play critical roles in various biological processes, including promotion of growth, metastasis and immune evasion of tumor. However, the potential roles of S100 protein family expression in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration in pan-cancer remain elusive. METHODS Herein, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the expression patterns of the S100 protein family in pan-cancer, meticulously examining their correlation with characteristics of TME cell infiltration. The S100 score was constructed to quantify S100 family expression patterns of individual tumors. RESULTS The S100 family was a potent risk factor in many cancers. Clustering analysis based on the transcriptome patterns of S100 protein family identified two cancer clusters with distinct immunophenotypes and clinical characteristics. Cluster A, with lower S100 expression, exhibited lower immune infiltration, whereas, Cluster B, with higher S100 expression, featured higher immune infiltration. Interestingly, Cluster B had a poorer prognosis, likely due to an immune-excluded phenotype resulting from stromal activation. The analysis revealed robust enrichment of the TGFb and EMT pathways in the cohort exhibiting high S100 score, alongside a positive correlation between the S100 score and Treg levels, suggesting the manifestation of an immune-excluded phenotype in this group. Moreover, S100 families were associated with the prognosis of 22 different cancers and a noteworthy association was observed between high S100 score and an unfavorable response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy. Consistent findings across two independent immunotherapy cohorts substantiated the advantageous therapeutic outcomes and clinical benefits in patients displaying lower S100score. CONCLUSION Our analysis demonstrated the role of S100 family in formation of TME diversity and complexity, enabling deeper cognition of TME infiltration characterization and the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies targeting S100 family for unique tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaoshan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zihong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yeling Deng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiayi Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Zhihao Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Yin H, Wang J, Tan Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor abnormalities in B-ALL leukemogenesis and treatment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:855-870. [PMID: 37407363 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and repressor proteins is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. In B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) TF abnormalities occur at high frequency and are often recognized as the major driving factor in carcinogenesis. We provide an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of six major TF rearrangements in B-ALL, including DUX4-rearranged (DUX4-R), MEF2D-R, ZNF384-R, ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusions, and KMT2A-R. In addition, the therapeutic options and prognoses for patients who harbor these TF abnormalities are discussed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date panoramic view of how TF-based oncogenic fusions might drive carcinogenesis and impact on potential therapeutic exploration of B-ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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3
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Yang F, Ma J, Zhu D, Wang Z, Li Y, He X, Zhang G, Kang X. The Role of S100A6 in Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1139. [PMID: 37509175 PMCID: PMC10377078 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6, also known as calcyclin, is a low-molecular-weight Ca2+-binding protein from the S100 family that contains two EF-hands. S100A6 is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells and tissues. It is also expressed in lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and liver cancers, as well as other cancers such as melanoma. S100A6 has many molecular functions related to cell proliferation, the cell cycle, cell differentiation, and the cytoskeleton. It is not only involved in tumor invasion, proliferation, and migration, but also the pathogenesis of other non-neoplastic diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of S100A6 in tumors, nervous system diseases, leukemia, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jinglin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (F.Y.); (X.H.); (G.Z.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Immanuel T, Li J, Green TN, Bogdanova A, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Deregulated calcium signaling in blood cancer: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1010506. [PMID: 36330491 PMCID: PMC9623116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling regulates diverse physiological and pathological processes. In solid tumors, changes to calcium channels and effectors via mutations or changes in expression affect all cancer hallmarks. Such changes often disrupt transport of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria, impacting apoptosis. Evidence rapidly accumulates that this is similar in blood cancer. Principles of intracellular Ca2+ signaling are outlined in the introduction. We describe different Ca2+-toolkit components and summarize the unique relationship between extracellular Ca2+ in the endosteal niche and hematopoietic stem cells. The foundational data on Ca2+ homeostasis in red blood cells is discussed, with the demonstration of changes in red blood cell disorders. This leads to the role of Ca2+ in neoplastic erythropoiesis. Then we expand onto the neoplastic impact of deregulated plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, ER Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ pumps and exchangers, as well as Ca2+ sensor and effector proteins across all types of hematologic neoplasms. This includes an overview of genetic variants in the Ca2+-toolkit encoding genes in lymphoid and myeloid cancers as recorded in publically available cancer databases. The data we compiled demonstrate that multiple Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms and Ca2+ responsive pathways are altered in hematologic cancers. Some of these alterations may have genetic basis but this requires further investigation. Most changes in the Ca2+-toolkit do not appear to define/associate with specific disease entities but may influence disease grade, prognosis, treatment response, and certain complications. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel treatments, with the aim to tailor drugs to different patterns of deregulation. To our knowledge this is the first review of its type in the published literature. We hope that the evidence we compiled increases awareness of the calcium signaling deregulation in hematologic neoplasms and triggers more clinical studies to help advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Immanuel
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan City, China
| | - Taryn N. Green
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Guo X, Zhou X. Risk stratification of acute myeloid leukemia: Assessment using a novel prediction model based on ferroptosis-immune related genes. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:11821-11839. [PMID: 36653976 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the link between ferroptosis and the immune microenvironment has profound clinical significance. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ferroptosis-immune related genes (FIRGs) in predicting the prognosis and therapeutic sensitivity in patients with AML. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, single sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed to calculate the ferroptosis score of AML samples. To search for FIRGs, differentially expressed genes between the high- and low-ferroptosis score groups were identified and then cross-screened with immune related genes. Univariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses were performed on the FIRGs to establish a prognostic risk score model with five signature FIRGs (BMP2, CCL3, EBI3, ELANE, and S100A6). The prognostic risk score model was then used to divide the patients into high- and low-risk groups. For external validation, two Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts were employed. Overall survival was poorer in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The novel risk score model was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with AML. Infiltrating immune cells were also linked to high-risk scores. Treatment targeting programmed cell death protein 1 may be more effective in high-risk patients. This FIRG-based prognostic risk model may aid in optimizing prognostic risk stratification and treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
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6
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Runde AP, Mack R, S J PB, Zhang J. The role of TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis and anticancer immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:135. [PMID: 35395857 PMCID: PMC8994244 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and oncogenic kinases, including activated K-RAS/N-RAS mutants. TBK1 primarily mediates IRF3/7 activation and NF-κB signaling to regulate inflammatory cytokine production and the activation of innate immunity. TBK1 is also involved in the regulation of several other cellular activities, including autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular proliferation. Although TBK1 mutations have not been reported in human cancers, aberrant TBK1 activation has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancer, including leukemia and solid tumors with KRAS-activating mutations. As such, TBK1 has been proposed to be a feasible target for pharmacological treatment of these types of cancer. Studies suggest that TBK1 inhibition suppresses cancer development not only by directly suppressing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also by activating antitumor T-cell immunity. Several small molecule inhibitors of TBK1 have been identified and interrogated. However, to this point, only momelotinib (MMB)/CYT387 has been evaluated as a cancer therapy in clinical trials, while amlexanox (AMX) has been evaluated clinically for treatment of type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. In this review, we summarize advances in research into TBK1 signaling pathways and regulation, as well as recent studies on TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of targeting TBK1 for cancer treatment. We hope that our effort can help to stimulate the development of novel strategies for targeting TBK1 signaling in future approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Runde
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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7
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Xin Q, Chen Z, Wei W, Wu Y. Animal models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Recapitulating the human disease to evaluate drug efficacy and discover therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114970. [PMID: 35183530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant hematologic tumor with highly aggressive characteristics, which is prone to relapse, has a poor prognosis and few clinically effective drugs. It is meaningful to gain a better understanding of its pathogenesis in order to discover and evaluate potential therapeutic drugs and new treatment targets. The goal of developing novel targeted drugs and treatment methods is to increase complete remission, reduce toxicity and morbidity, and that is also the most important prerequisite for modern leukemia treatment. However, the process of new drugs from research and development to clinical application is long and difficult. Many promising drugs were rejected by the USFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA) due to serious adverse drug reactions (ADR) in clinical phase I trials. Animal models provide us with an excellent tool to understand the complex pathological mechanisms of human diseases, to evaluate the potential of new targeted drugs and therapeutic approaches to treat ALL in vivo and, more importantly, to assess the potential ADR they may have on healthy organs. In this article we review ALL animal models' progression, their roles in revealing the pathogenesis of ALL and drug development. Additionally, we mainly focus on the mouse models, especially xenotransplantation and transgenic models that more closely reproduce the human phenotype. In conclusion, we summarize the advantages and limitations of each model, thereby facilitating further understanding the etiology of ALL, and eventually contributing to the effective management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Xin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhaoying Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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The potential value of amlexanox in the treatment of cancer: Molecular targets and therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114895. [PMID: 34968491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amlexanox (AMX) is an azoxanthone drug used for decades for the treatment of mouth aphthous ulcers and now considered for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. The drug is usually viewed as a dual inhibitor of the non-canonical IκB kinases IKK-ɛ (inhibitor-kappaB kinase epsilon) and TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1). But a detailed target profile analysis indicated that AMX binds directly to twelve protein targets, including different enzymes (IKK-ɛ, TBK1, GRK1, GRK5, PDE4B, 5- and 12-lipoxygenases) and non-enzyme proteins (FGF-1, HSP90, S100A4, S100A12, S100A13). AMX has been demonstrated to have marked anticancer effects in multiple models of xenografted tumors in mice, including breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers and in onco-hematological models. The anticancer potency is generally modest but largely enhanced upon combination with cytotoxic (temozolide, docetaxel), targeted (selumetinib) or biotherapeutic agents (anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies). The multiple targets participate in the anticancer effects, chiefly IKK-ɛ/TBK1 but also S100A proteins and PDE4B. The review presents the molecular basis of the antitumor effects of AMX. The capacity of the drug to block nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is also discussed, as well as AMX-induced reduction of cancer-related pain. Altogether, the analysis provides a survey of the anticancer action of AMX, with the implicated protein targets. The use of this well-tolerated drug to treat cancer should be further considered and the design of newer analogues encouraged.
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Wu L, Lian W, Zhao L. Calcium signaling in cancer progression and therapy. FEBS J 2021; 288:6187-6205. [PMID: 34288422 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The old Greek aphorism 'Panta Rhei' ('everything flows') is true for all living things in general. As a dynamic process, calcium signaling plays fundamental roles in cellular activities under both normal and pathological conditions, with recent researches uncovering its involvement in cell proliferation, migration, survival, gene expression, and more. The major question we address here is how calcium signaling affects cancer progression and whether it could be targeted to combine with classic chemotherapeutics or emerging immunotherapies to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Lian
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Revach OY, Liu S, Jenkins RW. Targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1065-1078. [PMID: 32962465 PMCID: PMC7644630 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1826929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a Ser/Thr kinase with a central role in coordinating the cellular response to invading pathogens and regulating key inflammatory signaling cascades. While intact TBK1 signaling is required for successful anti-viral signaling, dysregulated TBK1 signaling has been linked to a variety of pathophysiologic conditions, including cancer. Several lines of evidence support a role for TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis, but the specific roles and regulation of TBK1 remain incompletely understood. A key challenge is the diversity of cellular processes that are regulated by TBK1, including inflammation, cell cycle, autophagy, energy homeostasis, and cell death. Nevertheless, evidence from pre-clinical cancer models suggests that targeting TBK1 may be an effective strategy for anti-cancer therapy in specific settings. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the roles and regulation of TBK1 with a focus on cancer pathogenesis and drug targeting of TBK1 as an anti-cancer strategy. Relevant literature was derived from a PubMed search encompassing studies from 1999 to 2020. EXPERT OPINION TBK1 is emerging as a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Inhibition of TBK1 alone may be insufficient to restrain the growth of most cancers; hence, combination strategies will likely be necessary. Improved understanding of tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic TBK1 signaling will inform novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or-yam Revach
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuming Liu
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Hua X, Zhang H, Jia J, Chen S, Sun Y, Zhu X. Roles of S100 family members in drug resistance in tumors: Status and prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110156. [PMID: 32335300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and targeted therapy can significantly improve survival rates in cancer, but multiple drug resistance (MDR) limits the efficacy of these approaches. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MDR is crucial for improving drug efficacy and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. S100 proteins belong to a family of calcium-binding proteins and have various functions in tumor development. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the dysregulation of various S100 proteins contributes to the development of drug resistance in tumors, providing a basis for the development of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Therefore, a combination of biological inhibitors or sensitizers of dysregulated S100 proteins could enhance therapeutic responses. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms by which S100 family members influence resistance of tumors to cancer treatment, with a focus on the development of effective strategies for overcoming MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, 224000, China.
| | - Jinfang Jia
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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12
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Zhu L, Li Y, Xie X, Zhou X, Gu M, Jie Z, Ko CJ, Gao T, Hernandez BE, Cheng X, Sun SC. TBKBP1 and TBK1 form a growth factor signalling axis mediating immunosuppression and tumourigenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1604-1614. [PMID: 31792381 PMCID: PMC6901116 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinase TBK1 responds to microbial stimuli and mediates type I interferon (IFN-I) induction. We show that TBK1 is also a central mediator of growth factor signaling; this function relies on a specific adaptor, TBK-binding protein 1 (TBKBP1). TBKBP1 recruits TBK1 to PKCθ via a scaffold protein, Card10, which allows PKCθ to phosphorylate TBK1 at serine-716, a crucial step for TBK1 activation by growth factors but not by innate immune stimuli. While the TBK1/TBKBP1 signaling axis is dispensable for IFN-I induction, it mediates mTORC1 activation and oncogenesis. Lung epithelial cell-conditional deletion of either TBK1 or TBKBP1 inhibits tumorigenesis in a mouse model of lung cancer. In addition to promoting tumor growth, the TBK1/TBKBP1 axis facilitates tumor-mediated immunosuppression by a mechanism involving induction of the checkpoint molecule PD-L1 and stimulation of glycolysis. These findings suggest a PKCθ-TBKBP1-TBK1 growth factor signaling axis mediating both tumor growth and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Zhu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meidi Gu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianxiao Gao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Blanca E Hernandez
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Ma N, Zhu L, Yang L, Cui Y, Zhan Y. Prognostic values of S100 family mRNA expression in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biomark 2019; 25:67-78. [PMID: 31033462 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
S100 family is made up of at least 20 calcium-binding proteins which are involved in many cellular processes. The prognostic values of individual S100 member in ovarian cancer patients are still unknown. In this study, we performed a detailed prognostic values of S100 in ovarian cancer. The mRNA expression levels of S100 family in various cancers were analyzed via the Oncomine, and the protein-protein interaction network of S100 family was analyzed via String. The prognostic values of individual S100 member were evaluated via Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The S100 family genes expression and mutation were analyzed via cBioProtal. We observed that the mRNA expression of most S100 family were overexpressed in ovarian cancer compared with normal tissues. In survival analysis in Kaplan-Meier Plotter, 10 members of S100 family showed significant correlation with overall survival in ovarian cancer patients. The trends of high expression of individual S100 members were nearly the same in different subtype and pathological grades. However, the S100 family genes expression and mutation showed no significant prognostic values in overall survival and disease free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Although, the results need more verification both in clinical trials and fundamental experiments, our study provide new insights for the prognostic function of S100 family in ovarian cancer and might promote development of S100 targeted inhibitors for the new treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lizhe Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Bresnick AR. S100 proteins as therapeutic targets. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1617-1629. [PMID: 30382555 PMCID: PMC6297089 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome codes for 21 S100 protein family members, which exhibit cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Despite sharing a high degree of sequence and structural similarity, the S100 proteins bind a diverse range of protein targets and contribute to a broad array of intracellular and extracellular functions. Consequently, the S100 proteins regulate multiple cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and/or invasion, and differentiation, and play important roles in a variety of cancers, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the development of S100 neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors and their potential therapeutic use in controlling disease progression and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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15
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Brenner AK, Bruserud Ø. S100 Proteins in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1175-1186. [PMID: 30366122 PMCID: PMC6215056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100 protein family contains 20 functionally expressed members, which are commonly dysregulated in cancer. Their wide range of functions includes cell proliferation, cell differentiation, regulation of transcription factors, inflammation, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. S100 proteins have in several types of cancer proven to be biomarkers for disease progression and prognosis. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive disease in which immature myeloblasts replace normal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. This review focuses on the S100 protein family members, which commonly are dysregulated in AML, and on the consequences of their dysregulation in the disorder. Like in other cancers, it appears as if S100 proteins are potential biomarkers for leukemogenesis. Furthermore, several S100 members seem to be involved in maintaining the leukemic phenotype. For these reasons, specific S100 proteins might serve as prognostic biomarkers, especially in the patient subset with intermediate/undetermined risk, and as potential targets for patient-adjusted therapy. Because the question of the most suitable candidate S100 biomarkers in AML still is under discussion, because particular AML subgroups lead to specific S100 signatures, and because downstream effects and the significance of co-expression of potential S100 binding partners in AML are not fully elucidated yet, we conclude that a panel of S100 proteins will probably be best suited for prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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