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Su Y, Zeng Z, Rong D, Yang Y, Wu B, Cao Y. PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP are specific biomarkers for HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:289. [PMID: 33732365 PMCID: PMC7905686 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is poorer than those with HPV-positive HNSCC. The present study aimed to identify novel and specific biomarkers of HPV-negative HNSCC using bioinformatics analysis and associated experiments. The gene expression profiles of HPV-negative HNSCC tissues and corresponding clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and used in a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Genes in clinically significant co-expression modules were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The genes demonstrating a high degree score in the PPI network and a high correlation with tumor grade were considered hub genes. The diagnostic value of the hub genes associated with HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC was analyzed using differential expression gene (DEG) analysis, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Seven genes [Serrate RNA effector molecule (SRRT), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide E (SNRPE), proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2 (PSMC2), origin recognition complex subunit 5 (ORC5), S100 calcium binding protein A7 and keratinocyte differentiation associated protein (KRTDAP)] were demonstrated to be hub genes in clinically significant co-expression modules. DEG, IHC and ROC curve analyses revealed that SRRT, CHEK2 and SNRPE were significantly upregulated in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC tissues compared with in adjacent tissues, and these genes demonstrated a high diagnostic value for distinguishing HNSCC tissues. However, PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP were the only differentially expressed genes identified in HPV-negative HNSCC tissues, and these genes demonstrated a high diagnostic value for HPV-negative HNSCC. PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP may therefore serve as novel and specific biomarkers for HPV-negative HNSCC, potentially improving the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Su
- Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Rong
- Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Public Health School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yushi Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 925 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Tian Y, Wang Y, Xu S, Guan C, Zhang Q, Li W. The Expression and Therapeutic Potential of Checkpoint Kinase 2 in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2613-2622. [PMID: 32753843 PMCID: PMC7351626 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s245267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most common histological subtype of laryngeal cancer. The involved molecular mechanisms and suitable therapeutic targets for LSCC still need to be further investigated. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) participates in several cellular physiology pathways and plays a role in tumor progression. However, the roles of CHK2 in LSCC remain unclear. Methods mRNA expression data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and bioinformatic analysis was performed. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to detect protein expression. MTS assays were performed to examine cell growth of LSCC-derived cell lines. Results In the present study, we found that both active form of CHK2 and total CHK2 protein expressions were up-regulated in LSCC tissues. Positive expression of CHK2 was closely associated with advanced clinical features and poor prognosis. Moreover, potential CHK2-involving bioprocesses and signaling pathways were analyzed. In addition, repressed proliferation of LSCC cells was induced by CHK2 inhibitor. Discussion Taken together, our findings elucidated that CHK2 may act as an oncogenic factor in LSCC, suggesting a potential target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Guan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Nikitakis NG, Pentenero M, Georgaki M, Poh CF, Peterson DE, Edwards P, Lingen M, Sauk JJ. Molecular markers associated with development and progression of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: Current knowledge and future implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:650-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nikitakis NG, Rassidakis GZ, Tasoulas J, Gkouveris I, Kamperos G, Daskalopoulos A, Sklavounou A. Alterations in the expression of DNA damage response-related molecules in potentially preneoplastic oral epithelial lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:637-649. [PMID: 29705090 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of DNA damage response (DDR) markers in potentially preneoplastic oral epithelial lesions (PPOELs). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical expression of DDR markers (γΗ2 ΑΧ, pChk2, 53 BP1, p53, and phosphorylated at Ser 15 p53) was assessed in 41 oral leukoplakias, ranging from hyperplasia (H) to dysplasia (D) and in comparison with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal mucosa (NM). Statistical and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed. RESULTS γH2 AX immunoexpression demonstrated a gradual increase and upper layer extension from NM to H to higher D degrees to OSCC. pChk2 expression was minimal in NM, relatively low in PPOELs, with an increasing tendency from H to D, and higher in OSCC. 53 BP1 demonstrated higher levels in OSCC than in NM, whereas its expression in PPOELs was heterogeneous, gradually increasing according to D. p53 demonstrated progressively higher levels and upper layer extension from H to D to OSCC. Phosphorylated p53 was absent in NM and relatively low in PPOELs and OSCC. CONCLUSIONS DDR markers' expression is variable in PPOELs, showing a tendency to increase along with dysplasia. Activated DDR mechanisms may play an important protective role at early stages of oral carcinogenesis, but probably suffer progressive deregulation, eventually failing to suppress malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Jason Tasoulas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gkouveris
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Division of Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Kamperos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Daskalopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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DNA Damage Response is Prominent in Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinomas, Especially Those with Rsf-1 (HBXAP) Overexpression. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:621685. [PMID: 22028712 PMCID: PMC3199114 DOI: 10.1155/2012/621685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage commonly occurs in cancer cells as a result of endogenous and tumor microenvironmental stress. In this study, we applied immunohistochemistry to study the expression of phosphorylated Chk2 (pChk2), a surrogate marker of the DNA damage response, in high grade and low grade of ovarian serous carcinoma. A phospho-specific antibody specific for threonine 68 of Chk2 was used for immunohistochemistry on a total of 292 ovarian carcinoma tissues including 250 high-grade and 42 low-grade serous carcinomas. Immunostaining intensity was correlated with clinicopathological features. We found that there was a significant correlation between pChk2 immunostaining intensity and percentage of pChk2 positive cells in tumors and demonstrated that high-grade serous carcinomas expressed an elevated level of pChk2 as compared to low-grade serous carcinomas. Normal ovarian, fallopian tube, ovarian cyst, and serous borderline tumors did not show detectable pChk2 immunoreactivity. There was no significant difference in pChk2 immunoreactivity between primary and recurrent high-grade serous carcinomas. In high-grade serous carcinomas, a significant correlation (P < 0.0001) in expression level (both in intensity and percentage) was found between pChk2 and Rsf-1 (HBXAP), a gene involved in chromatin remodeling that is amplified in high-grade serous carcinoma. Our results suggest that the DNA damage response is common in high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas, especially those with Rsf-1 overexpression, suggesting that Rsf-1 may be associated with DNA damage response in high-grade serous carcinomas.
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Chou SJ, Alawi F. Expression of DNA damage response biomarkers during oral carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:346-53. [PMID: 21310354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that an intact DNA damage response (DDR) serves as a potent barrier to malignant transformation. Using immunohistochemistry and patient-derived biopsy samples, we investigated whether the same may hold true during oral carcinogenesis. DNA damage accumulates early in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as evidenced by the detection of surrogate DDR biomarkers γ-H2A.X and phosphorylated CHK2-threonine-68 (phospho-CHK2(Thr68)) in epithelial hyperplasias. However, whereas γ-H2A.X expression peaked in dysplastic epithelium, its levels were significantly reduced in OSCCs (χ(2) = 7.655; P = .02). In contrast, there was a trend toward increased phospho-CHK2(Thr68) expression with increasing severity of the pathology. Nonetheless, combined expression of the biomarkers was significantly greater in the nontransformed tissues relative to OSCCs (χ(2) = 6.42; P = .04). Thus, our findings suggest that early therapeutic exploitation of the DDR may be worthy of investigation as a means by which to limit OSCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ju Chou
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Scheckenbach K, Papadopoulou G, Hoffmann TK, Chaker A, Bier H, Schipper J, Balz V, Wagenmann M. The checkpointkinase 2 (CHK2) 1100delC germ line mutation is not associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). J Negat Results Biomed 2010; 9:10. [PMID: 21184685 PMCID: PMC3018459 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The checkpointkinase 2 (CHK2) is part of the highly conserved ATM-CHK2 signaling pathway, which is activated in response to DNA damage, in particular after double strand breaks which can be caused by carcinogens like smoking. After induction of downstream targets, e.g. the tumor suppressor p53, its activation leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Recently, the presence of CHK2 germ line mutations, primarily the 1100delC variant, has been reported to be involved in carcinogenesis. The CHK2 1100delC variant results in a truncated protein which is instable and inactive. Carriers of this variant have been shown to have an increased risk to develop breast cancer and probably also other tumors. Our purpose was to investigate the role of CHK2 germ line mutations in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Materials and Methods We investigated 91 patients suffering from SCCHN including all tumor sites (oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx) for the presence of the germ line mutation 1100delC by direct sequence analysis. Patients were characterized by their tumor localization, tumor stage, age, the presence of additional malignant tumors and predisposing carcinogens (smoking, alcohol abuse). Results None of the patients, independently of the tumor site, age, the abuse of predisposing carcinogens, or the presence of other kinds of tumors, carried the CHK2 1100delC variant. Conclusions The germ line CHK2 1100delC variant does not seem to have a major impact on the development of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Yoon AJ, Shen J, Wu HC, Angelopoulos C, Singer SR, Chen R, Santella RM. Expression of activated checkpoint kinase 2 and histone 2AX in exfoliative oral cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2009; 171:771-5. [PMID: 19580484 DOI: 10.1667/rr1560.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-H2AX (activated histone 2AX) and pChk2 (activated checkpoint kinase 2), which are DNA damage response molecules, are produced in irradiated cells and may be signature molecules of radiation exposure. We investigated their use as potential biomarkers to identify individuals exposed to ionizing radiation. We collected exfoliated oral epithelial cell samples from 100 healthy individuals undergoing routine dental radiographic examination (2.34 cGy) both before and after the radiograph using a non-invasive technique. The expression levels of pChk2 and gamma-H2AX in oral cells were assessed by immunohistochemical assay. Both biomarkers showed statistically significant increases in levels of expression after the radiation exposure (P < 0.001). This suggests that pChk2 and gamma-H2AX may serve as sensitive indicators of low-dose radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Yoon
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, PH15W-1562, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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