1
|
Motamedi RK, Sarhangi N, Afshari M, Sattari M, Jamaldini SH, Samzadeh M, Mohsen Ziaei SA, Pourmand GR, Hasanzad M. Kallikarein-related peptidase 3 common genetic variant and the risk of prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14822-14830. [PMID: 31017705 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kallikarein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene polymorphisms seem to play a role in susceptibility to prostate cancer (PC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between rs2735839 polymorphism of KLK3 gene and risk of PC in an Iranian population. In this case-control study, rs2735839 was genotyped in 532 patients with PC and 602 controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The frequency of GG, AG, and AA genotypes of KLK3 polymorphism was 24.6% and 76.2%, 46.6% and 21.7%, and 28.8% and 2.1%, in patients with BPH and PC, respectively (P < 0.001). The frequency of G allele in patients with BPH and PC was 47.9% and 87%, respectively (odds ratio: 7.31; confidence interval: 5.88-9.10; P < 0.001). Patients with AG and GG genotypes had a higher total serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) compared to those with AA genotype (P < 0.001). Patients with this polymorphism had higher risk of tumor with higher grade (P = 0.23), advanced stage (P = 0.11), perineural invasion (P = 0.07), and vascular invasion (P = 0.07) compared to those without it but this difference was not statistically significant. Based on our results, KLK3 gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of PC. Higher levels of PSA in the presence of KLK3 polymorphism in patients with PC indicated that rs2735839 polymorphism could be a risk factor for increased levels of PSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah K Motamedi
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Sarhangi
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahshid Sattari
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Jamaldini
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samzadeh
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A Mohsen Ziaei
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam R Pourmand
- Urology Research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Hasanzad
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Hospitalist, Department of Internal Medicine, SOVAH Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Santi C, Pucci P, Bonotti A, Melaiu O, Cipollini M, Silvestri R, Vymetalkova V, Barone E, Paolicchi E, Corrado A, Lepori I, Dell'Anno I, Pellè L, Vodicka P, Mutti L, Foddis R, Cristaudo A, Gemignani F, Landi S. Mesothelin promoter variants are associated with increased soluble mesothelin-related peptide levels in asbestos-exposed individuals. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74:456-463. [PMID: 28343162 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble mesothelin-related peptide (SMRP) is a promising diagnostic biomarker for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), but various confounders hinder its usefulness in surveillance programmes. We previously showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of the mesothelin (MSLN) gene could affect the levels of SMRP. OBJECTIVES To focus on SNPs located within MSLN promoter as possible critical genetic variables in determining SMRP levels. METHODS The association between SMRP and SNPs was tested in 689 non-MPM subjects and 70 patients with MPM. Reporter plasmids carrying the four most common haplotypes were compared in a dual luciferase assay, and in silico analyses were performed to investigate the putative biological role of the SNPs. RESULTS We found a strong association between serum SMRP and variant alleles of rs3764247, rs3764246 (in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2235504) and rs2235503 in non-MPM subjects. Inclusion of the genotype information led to an increase in SMRP specificity from 79.9% to 85.5%. Although not statistically significant, the group with MPM showed the same trend of association. According to the in vitro luciferase study, rs3764247 itself had a functional role. In silico approaches showed that the binding sites for transcription factors such as Staf and ZNF143 could be affected by this SNP. The other SNPs were shown to interact with each other in a more complex way. CONCLUSIONS These data support the suggestion that SMRP performance is affected by individual (ie, genetic) variables and that MSLN expression is influenced by SNPs located within the promoter regulatory region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Santi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Perla Pucci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonotti
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ombretta Melaiu
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Cipollini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Elisa Barone
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Paolicchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Lepori
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Dell'Anno
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Pellè
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Luciano Mutti
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research and of new Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Translational Research and of new Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Helfand BT, Roehl KA, Cooper PR, McGuire BB, Fitzgerald LM, Cancel-Tassin G, Cornu JN, Bauer S, Van Blarigan EL, Chen X, Duggan D, Ostrander EA, Gwo-Shu M, Zhang ZF, Chang SC, Jeong S, Fontham ETH, Smith G, Mohler JL, Berndt SI, McDonnell SK, Kittles R, Rybicki BA, Freedman M, Kantoff PW, Pomerantz M, Breyer JP, Smith JR, Rebbeck TR, Mercola D, Isaacs WB, Wiklund F, Cussenot O, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, Cannon-Albright L, Cooney KA, Chanock SJ, Stanford JL, Chan JM, Witte J, Xu J, Bensen JT, Taylor JA, Catalona WJ. Associations of prostate cancer risk variants with disease aggressiveness: results of the NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group analysis of 18,343 cases. Hum Genet 2015; 134:439-50. [PMID: 25715684 PMCID: PMC4586077 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PC). It remains unclear whether such genetic variants are associated with disease aggressiveness. The NCI-SPORE Genetics Working Group retrospectively collected clinicopathologic information and genotype data for 36 SNPs which at the time had been validated to be associated with PC risk from 25,674 cases with PC. Cases were grouped according to race, Gleason score (Gleason ≤ 6, 7, ≥ 8) and aggressiveness (non-aggressive, intermediate, and aggressive disease). Statistical analyses were used to compare the frequency of the SNPs between different disease cohorts. After adjusting for multiple testing, only PC-risk SNP rs2735839 (G) was significantly and inversely associated with aggressive (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.69-0.87) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.68-0.86) in European men. Similar associations with aggressive (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI 0.58-0.89) and high-grade disease (OR = 0.69; 95 % CI 0.54-0.87) were documented in African-American subjects. The G allele of rs2735839 was associated with disease aggressiveness even at low PSA levels (<4.0 ng/mL) in both European and African-American men. Our results provide further support that a PC-risk SNP rs2735839 near the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13 may be associated with aggressive and high-grade PC. Future prospectively designed, case-case GWAS are needed to identify additional SNPs associated with PC aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter Center for Urological Health, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Helfand BT, Catalona WJ. The Epidemiology and Clinical Implications of Genetic Variation in Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41:277-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Song J, Park H, Lee G. Contribution of genetic variation rs266882 to prostate-specific antigen levels in healthy controls with serum PSA below 2.0 ng/ml. Biochem Genet 2013; 51:264-74. [PMID: 23315126 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of genetic variation in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene (rs266882) on serum PSA levels in healthy men as well as risk factors for benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer. The study population comprised 91 men with PSA levels below 2.0 ng/ml as healthy controls, 78 men with PSA 2-10 ng/ml as a BPH group, and 128 prostate cancer patients, all in Korea. DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the product was sequenced. We found that PSA levels were associated with a G/A polymorphism only in healthy controls. The transition, however, was not associated with PSA levels of BPH and cancer patients, nor was it a risk factor. In conclusion, this genetic factor is important for determining serum PSA levels in the naive group, whereas the disruption of prostatic architecture in BPH or prostate cancer may be a major determining factor for PSA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeman Song
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodriguez S, Al-Ghamdi OA, Burrows K, Guthrie PAI, Lane JA, Davis M, Marsden G, Alharbi KK, Cox A, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Day INM. Very low PSA concentrations and deletions of the KLK3 gene. Clin Chem 2013; 59:234-44. [PMID: 23169475 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.192815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a widely used biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa), is encoded by a kallikrein gene (KLK3, kallikrein-related peptidase 3). Serum PSA concentrations vary in the population, with PCa patients generally showing higher PSA concentrations than control individuals, although a small proportion of individuals in the population display very low PSA concentrations. We hypothesized that very low PSA concentrations might reflect gene-inactivating mutations in KLK3 that lead to abnormally reduced gene expression. METHODS We have sequenced all KLK3 exons and the promoter and searched for gross deletions or duplications in KLK3 in the 30 individuals with the lowest observed PSA concentrations in a sample of approximately 85 000 men from the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study. The ProtecT study examines a community-based population of men from across the UK with little prior PSA testing. RESULTS We observed no stop codons or frameshift mutations, but we did find 30 single-base genetic variants, including 3 variants not described previously. These variants included missense variants that could be functionally inactivating and splicing variants. At this stage, however, we cannot confidently conclude whether these variants markedly lower PSA concentration or activity. More importantly, we identified 3 individuals with different large heterozygous deletions that encompass all KLK3 exons. The absence of a functional copy of KLK3 in these individuals is consistent with their reduced serum PSA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The clinical interpretation of the PSA test for individuals with KLK3 gene inactivation could lead to false-negative PSA findings used for screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology-CAiTE and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories-BGEL, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Borque Á, del Amo J, Esteban LM, Ars E, Hernández C, Planas J, Arruza A, Llarena R, Palou J, Herranz F, Raventós CX, Tejedor D, Artieda M, Simon L, Martínez A, Carceller E, Suárez M, Allué M, Sanz G, Morote J. Genetic predisposition to early recurrence in clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2012; 111:549-58. [PMID: 22759231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Currently available nomograms to predict preoperative risk of early biochemical recurrence (EBCR) after radical prostatectomy are solely based on classic clinicopathological variables. Despite providing useful predictions, these models are not perfect. Indeed, most researchers agree that nomograms can be improved by incorporating novel biomarkers. In the last few years, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with prostate cancer, but little is known about their impact on disease recurrence. We have identified four SNPs associated with EBCR. The addition of SNPs to classic nomograms resulted in a significant improvement in terms of discrimination and calibration. The new nomogram, which combines clinicopathological and genetic variables, will help to improve prediction of prostate cancer recurrence. OBJECTIVES To evaluate genetic susceptibility to early biochemical recurrence (EBCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP), as a prognostic factor for early systemic dissemination. To build a preoperative nomogram to predict EBCR combining genetic and clinicopathological factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated 670 patients from six University Hospitals who underwent RP for clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa), and were followed-up for at least 5 years or until biochemical recurrence. EBCR was defined as a level prostate-specific antigen >0.4 ng/mL within 1 year of RP; preoperative variables studied were: age, prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, and the genotype of 83 PCa-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Univariate allele association tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to generate predictive models for EBCR, with clinicopathological factors and adding SNPs. We internally validated the models by bootstrapping and compared their accuracy using the area under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement, integrated discrimination improvement, calibration plots and Vickers' decision curves. RESULTS Four common SNPs at KLK3, KLK2, SULT1A1 and BGLAP genes were independently associated with EBCR. A significant increase in AUC was observed when SNPs were added to the model: AUC (95% confidence interval) 0.728 (0.674-0.784) vs 0.763 (0.708-0.817). Net reclassification improvement showed a significant increase in probability for events of 60.7% and a decrease for non-events of 63.5%. Integrated discrimination improvement and decision curves confirmed the superiority of the new model. CONCLUSIONS Four SNPs associated with EBCR significantly improved the accuracy of clinicopathological factors. We present a nomogram for preoperative prediction of EBCR after RP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Borque
- Department of Urology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, P° Isabel la Catolica 1 y 3, 50.009-Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jansson KF, Akre O, Garmo H, Bill-Axelson A, Adolfsson J, Stattin P, Bratt O. Concordance of tumor differentiation among brothers with prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2012; 62:656-61. [PMID: 22386193 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors seem to be of greater importance in prostate cancer than in other forms of cancer. Studies have suggested familial concordance in survival, but the extent to which that is due to tumor characteristics is not known. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a brother of an index case with prostate cancer is at particularly increased risk of prostate cancer with the same tumor differentiation as the index case. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We identified 21,930 brothers of index cases with prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Data Base Sweden and followed them up for incidence of prostate cancer. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The relative risk of Gleason score-specific prostate cancer in the cohort of brothers was estimated by using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) stratified by Gleason score of the index case. We estimated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assuming a Poisson distribution. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among brothers of index cases with Gleason score 8-10 cancer, the SIR was 2.53 (95% CI, 1.97-3.21) for a Gleason score 2-6 cancer and 4.00 (95% CI, 2.63-5.82) for a Gleason score 8-10 cancer. SIR for Gleason score 2-6 cancer among brothers decreased with time since the date of the index cases' diagnoses, whereas the risk of Gleason 8-10 cancer increased over time for brothers of index cases with Gleason 8-10 cancer (p for trend = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Brothers of men with high-grade prostate cancer are at particularly increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Likewise, there is a concordance of less malignant prostate cancers within families. These findings may have direct clinical relevance for counseling men with a family history of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fredrik Jansson
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health problem as it continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the Western world. While improved early detection significantly decreased mortality, prostate cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Western men. Understanding the mechanisms of prostate cancer initiation and progression should have a significant impact on development of novel therapeutic approaches that can help to combat this disease. The recent explosion of novel high-throughput genetic technologies together with studies in animal models and human tissues allowed a comprehensive analysis and functional validation of the molecular changes. This chapter will summarize and discuss recently identified critical genetic and epigenetic changes that drive prostate cancer initiation and progression. These discoveries should help concentrate the efforts of drug development on key pathways and molecules, and finally translate the knowledge that is gained from mechanistic studies into effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lawrence MG, Lai J, Clements JA. Kallikreins on steroids: structure, function, and hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen and the extended kallikrein locus. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:407-46. [PMID: 20103546 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 15 members of the kallikrein-related serine peptidase (KLK) family have diverse tissue-specific expression profiles and putative proteolytic functions. The kallikrein family is also emerging as a rich source of disease biomarkers with KLK3, commonly known as prostate-specific antigen, being the current serum biomarker for prostate cancer. The kallikrein locus is also notable because it is extraordinarily responsive to steroids and other hormones. Indeed, at least 14 functional hormone response elements have been identified in the kallikrein locus. A more comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins may help the field make more informed hypotheses about the physiological functions of kallikreins and their effectiveness as biomarkers. In this review, we describe the organization of the kallikrein locus and the structure of kallikrein genes and proteins. We also focus on the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins by androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and other hormones in animal models and human prostate, breast, and reproductive tract tissues. The interaction of the androgen receptor with androgen response elements in the promoter and enhancer of KLK2 and KLK3 is also summarized in detail. There is evidence that all kallikreins are regulated by multiple nuclear receptors. Yet, apart from KLK2 and KLK3, it is not clear whether all kallikreins are direct transcriptional targets. Therefore, we argue that gaining more detailed information about the mechanisms that regulate kallikrein expression should be a priority of future studies and that the kallikrein locus will continue to be an important model in the era of genome-wide analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu SY, Liu T, Liu ZZ, Ledet E, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Mandal DM, Koochekpour S. Identification of a novel germline missense mutation of the androgen receptor in African American men with familial prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:336-43. [PMID: 20173765 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Race, family history and age are the unequivocally accepted risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptor (AR)-dependent signaling is an important element in prostate carcinogenesis and its progression to metastatic disease. We examined the possibility of genomic changes in the AR in association with familial PCa in African Americans who have a higher incidence and mortality rate and a clinically more aggressive disease presentation than Caucasians. Genomic DNAs of 60 patients from 30 high-risk African American and Caucasian families participating in the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center genetic linkage study of PCa were studied. Exon-specific polymerase-chain reaction, bi-directional automated sequencing and restriction enzyme genotyping were used to analyze for mutations in the coding region of the AR gene. We identified a germline AR (A1675T) (T559S) substitution mutation in the DNA-binding domain in three PCa-affected members of an African-American family with a history of early-onset disease. The present study describes the first AR germline mutation in an African-American family with a history of familial PCa. The AR (T559S) mutation may contribute to the disease by altering AR DNA-binding affinity and/or its response to androgens, non-androgenic steroids or anti-androgens. Additional studies will be required to define the frequency and contribution of the AR (A1675T) allele to early-onset and/or familial PCa in African Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Hu
- Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Parikh H, Deng Z, Yeager M, Boland J, Matthews C, Jia J, Collins I, White A, Burdett L, Hutchinson A, Qi L, Bacior JA, Lonsberry V, Rodesch MJ, Jeddeloh JA, Albert TJ, Halvensleben HA, Harkins TT, Ahn J, Berndt SI, Chatterjee N, Hoover R, Thomas G, Hunter DJ, Hayes RB, Chanock SJ, Amundadottir L. A comprehensive resequence analysis of the KLK15-KLK3-KLK2 locus on chromosome 19q13.33. Hum Genet 2010; 127:91-9. [PMID: 19823874 PMCID: PMC2793378 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the KLK3 gene on chromosome 19q13.33 are associated with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Recent genome wide association studies of prostate cancer have yielded conflicting results for association of the same SNPs with prostate cancer risk. Since the KLK3 gene encodes the PSA protein that forms the basis for a widely used screening test for prostate cancer, it is critical to fully characterize genetic variation in this region and assess its relationship with the risk of prostate cancer. We have conducted a next-generation sequence analysis in 78 individuals of European ancestry to characterize common (minor allele frequency, MAF >1%) genetic variation in a 56 kb region on chromosome 19q13.33 centered on the KLK3 gene (chr19:56,019,829-56,076,043 bps). We identified 555 polymorphic loci in the process including 116 novel SNPs and 182 novel insertion/deletion polymorphisms (indels). Based on tagging analysis, 144 loci are necessary to tag the region at an r (2) threshold of 0.8 and MAF of 1% or higher, while 86 loci are required to tag the region at an r (2) threshold of 0.8 and MAF >5%. Our sequence data augments coverage by 35 and 78% as compared to variants in dbSNP and HapMap, respectively. We observed six non-synonymous amino acid or frame shift changes in the KLK3 gene and three changes in each of the neighboring genes, KLK15 and KLK2. Our study has generated a detailed map of common genetic variation in the genomic region surrounding the KLK3 gene, which should be useful for fine-mapping the association signal as well as determining the contribution of this locus to prostate cancer risk and/or regulation of PSA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemang Parikh
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Zuoming Deng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Joseph Boland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Casey Matthews
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Jinping Jia
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Irene Collins
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ariel White
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Laura Burdett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Liqun Qi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Bacior
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Victor Lonsberry
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Gilles Thomas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Synergie-Lyon-Cancer, INSERM U590, Centre Leon Berard, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - David J. Hunter
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Laufey Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|