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Karaoglan M. Short Stature due to Bioinactive Growth Hormone (Kowarski Syndrome). Endocr Pract 2023; 29:902-911. [PMID: 37657628 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bioinactive growth hormone (BGH) is a structurally abnormal, biologically inactive, but immunoreactive form of growth hormone encoded by pathogenic growth hormone 1 gene variants. The underlying cause of the defective physiology is decreased BGH binding affinity to both growth hormone binding proteins and growth hormone receptors (GHRs). GHR cannot dimerize when it is in a quiescent state because BGH cannot activate it. Nondimerized GHR is unable to activate intracytoplasmic signaling pathway molecules such as Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription, which initiate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) transcription. IGF-1 cannot therefore be synthesized and IGF-1 levels in the circulation decrease. In contrast to children with growth hormone insensitivity, children with short stature due to BGH, known as Kowarski syndrome, exhibit an outstanding linear growth response to recombinant growth hormone therapy. For a number of reasons, differential diagnosis presents some difficulties. Similar diseases caused by genetic abnormalities that cause short stature range in severity from minor to severe clinical spectrum. Furthermore, some patients with Kowarski syndrome have previously been diagnosed with familial short stature, constitutional delayed puberty, and idiopathic short stature. This paper aims to review the particular clinical and laboratory findings of BGH. METHODS This study collected clinical and laboratory data from KS cases reported in the literature. RESULTS This review reports that KS cases have lower SDSs for height and IGF-1 compared to growth hormone deficiency. CONCLUSION The diversity of genetic defects underlying Kowarski syndrome (KS) will provide new insights into growth hormone insensitivity. As the availability of genetic analysis, including functional investigations expands, researchers will identify new underlying genetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karaoglan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Wit JM, Joustra SD, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, de Bruin C. Differential Diagnosis of the Short IGF-I-Deficient Child with Apparently Normal Growth Hormone Secretion. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:81-104. [PMID: 34091447 DOI: 10.1159/000516407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current differential diagnosis for a short child with low insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and a normal growth hormone (GH) peak in a GH stimulation test (GHST), after exclusion of acquired causes, includes the following disorders: (1) a decreased spontaneous GH secretion in contrast to a normal stimulated GH peak ("GH neurosecretory dysfunction," GHND) and (2) genetic conditions with a normal GH sensitivity (e.g., pathogenic variants of GH1 or GHSR) and (3) GH insensitivity (GHI). We present a critical appraisal of the concept of GHND and the role of 12- or 24-h GH profiles in the selection of children for GH treatment. The mean 24-h GH concentration in healthy children overlaps with that in those with GH deficiency, indicating that the previously proposed cutoff limit (3.0-3.2 μg/L) is too high. The main advantage of performing a GH profile is that it prevents about 20% of false-positive test results of the GHST, while it also detects a low spontaneous GH secretion in children who would be considered GH sufficient based on a stimulation test. However, due to a considerable burden for patients and the health budget, GH profiles are only used in few centres. Regarding genetic causes, there is good evidence of the existence of Kowarski syndrome (due to GH1 variants) but less on the role of GHSR variants. Several genetic causes of (partial) GHI are known (GHR, STAT5B, STAT3, IGF1, IGFALS defects, and Noonan and 3M syndromes), some responding positively to GH therapy. In the final section, we speculate on hypothetical causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Syro LV, Sundsbak JL, Scheithauer BW, Toledo RA, Camargo M, Heyer CM, Sekiya T, Uribe H, Escobar JI, Vasquez M, Rotondo F, Toledo SPA, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Harris PC. Somatotroph pituitary adenoma with acromegaly and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: SSTR5 polymorphism and PKD1 mutation. Pituitary 2012; 15:342-9. [PMID: 21744088 PMCID: PMC3905832 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-011-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A 39-year-old woman with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) presented with acromegaly and a pituitary macroadenoma. There was a family history of this renal disorder. She had undergone surgery for pituitary adenoma 6 years prior. Physical examination disclosed bitemporal hemianopsia and elevation of both basal growth hormone (GH) 106 ng/mL (normal 0-5) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) 811 ng/mL (normal 48-255) blood levels. A magnetic resonance imaging scan disclosed a 3.0 cm sellar and suprasellar mass with both optic chiasm compression and left cavernous sinus invasion. Pathologic, cytogenetic, molecular and in silico analysis was undertaken. Histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of the lesion disclosed a sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma. Standard chromosome analysis on the blood sample showed no abnormality. Sequence analysis of the coding regions of PKD1 and PKD2 employing DNA from both peripheral leukocytes and the tumor revealed the most common PKD1 mutation, 5014_5015delAG. Analysis of the entire SSTR5 gene disclosed the variant c.142C>A (p.L48M, rs4988483) in the heterozygous state in both blood and tumor, while no pathogenic mutations were noted in the MEN1, AIP, p27Kip1 and SSTR2 genes. To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of a GH-producing pituitary adenoma associated with ADPKD, but the first subjected to extensive morphological, ultrastructural, cytogenetic and molecular studies. The physical proximity of the PKD1 and SSTR5 genes on chromosome 16 suggests a causal relationship between ADPKD and somatotroph adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V. Syro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jamie L. Sundsbak
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bernd W. Scheithauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. Toledo
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, (LIM25), Endocrinology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Camargo
- Grupo Genetica de Poblaciones, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Christina M. Heyer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tomoko Sekiya
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, (LIM25), Endocrinology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Uribe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinica SOMA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jorge I. Escobar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinica las Americas, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Martin Vasquez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio P. A. Toledo
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, (LIM25), Endocrinology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Horvath
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter C. Harris
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Van Hemelrijck M, Wigertz A, Sandin F, Garmo H, Hellström K, Fransson P, Widmark A, Lambe M, Adolfsson J, Varenhorst E, Johansson JE, Stattin P. Cohort Profile: the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden and Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden 2.0. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 42:956-67. [PMID: 22561842 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1987, the first Regional Prostate Cancer Register was set up in the South-East health-care region of Sweden. Other health-care regions joined and since 1998 virtually all prostate cancer (PCa) cases are registered in the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) of Sweden to provide data for quality assurance, bench marking and clinical research. NPCR includes data on tumour stage, Gleason score, serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and primary treatment. In 2008, the NPCR was linked to a number of other population-based registers by use of the personal identity number. This database named Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe) has now been extended with more cases, longer follow-up and a selection of two control series of men free of PCa at the time of sampling, as well as information on brothers of men diagnosed with PCa, resulting in PCBaSe 2.0. This extension allows for studies with case-control, cohort or longitudinal case-only design on aetiological factors, pharmaceutical prescriptions and assessment of long-term outcomes. The NPCR covers >96% of all incident PCa cases registered by the Swedish Cancer Register, which has an underreporting of <3.7%. The NPCR is used to assess trends in incidence, treatment and outcome of men with PCa. Since the national registers linked to PCBaSe are complete, studies from PCBaSe 2.0 are truly population based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK, Regional Cancer Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Oncological Centre, CLINTEC Department, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Deparment of Urology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden, Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital and Örebro University, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden and Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Zhou G, Gingras MC, Liu SH, Li D, Li Z, Catania RL, Stehling KM, Li M, Paganelli G, Gibbs RA, DeMayo F, Fisher WE, Brunicardi FC. The hypofunctional effect of P335L single nucleotide polymorphism on SSTR5 function. World J Surg 2011; 35:1715-24. [PMID: 21249361 PMCID: PMC4137969 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin expression/secretion and cell proliferation. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SSTR5 have been identified, including P335L, a nonsynonymous SNP located in the protein C-terminal region and encrypted by the codon CCG (proline) or the codon CTG (leucine). In the present study we sought to determine the distribution of the SSTR5 P335L SNP in a cohort of pancreatic cancer patients and whether the P335L SNP affected cellular function of SSTR5 in human pancreatic cancer. METHODS The P335L germline genotype of 246 patients with pancreatic cancer (213 Caucasians, 16 Hispanics, and 17 African Americans) and 17 human pancreatic cell lines was determined with the TaqMan SNP Genotyping assay. Human SSTR5 leucine variant (L335) was generated by performing site-directed mutagenesis using SSTR5 proline variant (P335) as a template. Transient transfections were performed in HEK293, Mia PaCa-2, and β-TC-6 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. The expression of SSTR5 L335 was determined with a mouse monoclonal anti-SSTR5 L335 antibody generated in our laboratory. The cell proliferation rate was measured by performing MTS assays. Insulin concentration was measured by performing ELISA assays. RESULTS Genotyping of the patients' blood indicated that the frequency of the T allele (CT and TT genotypes) in codon 335 of SSTR5 in Caucasians, Hispanics, and African Americans was 52, 69, and 35%, respectively, which was race-dependent. Statistical analysis indicated that association between the frequency of the T allele and the existence of pancreatic cancer in each race missed significance perhaps due to limited sample size. In 17 tested human pancreatic cancer cell lines, 5 (Capan-2, HPAF-II, Panc03.27, Panc-1, and -3) were homozygous (TT genotype) and 9, including Mia PaCa-2, were heterozygous (CT genotype). Overexpression of SSTR5 L335 in Mia PaCa-2 cells enhanced cell proliferation compared to overexpression of SSTR5 P335. Overexpression of SSTR5 P335 enhanced the inhibitory effect of SSTR5 agonist RPL-1980 on cell proliferation of Mia PaCa-2 cells and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from mouse insulinoma cells, while overexpression of SSTR5 L335 blocked the inhibitory effect of RPL-1980. Overexpression of SSTR5 L335 enhanced PDX-1 expression in Mia PaCa-2 cells. A specific monoclonal antibody was generated to detect SSTR5 P335L. CONCLUSION SSTR5 P335L SNP widely exists in the human population, in patients with pancreatic cancer, and is race-dependent. The SNP is also present in selected human pancreatic cancer cell lines. In contrast to SSTR5 P335, overexpression of the SSTR5 L335 variant resulted in cellular proliferation and PDX-1 overexpression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Its overexpression blocked the inhibitory effect of an SSTR5-specific analog on human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from mouse insulinoma cells. These data suggest that SSTR5 P335L is a hypofunctional protein with a potentially harmful effect on function, as well as potential latent effect, and therefore it could affect the clinical response to somatostatin analog therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zhou
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical and Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhijun Li
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Robbi L. Catania
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Kelly M. Stehling
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Min Li
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Giovanni Paganelli
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - Franco DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - William E. Fisher
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
| | - F. Charles Brunicardi
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030,USA
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Shishkin SS, Lisitskaya KV, Krakhmaleva IN. Biochemical polymorphism of the growth hormone system proteins and its manifestations in human prostate cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1547-62. [PMID: 21417994 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms are considered that are responsible for producing biochemical polymorphism of human proteins realized at three basic levels: the structures of genome and genes; the transcription and maturation of transcripts; the postsynthetic formation of functionally active protein products of gene expression. The data on biochemical polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) and some other proteins that are directly or indirectly necessary for its functioning and support this polymorphism by polylocus, polyallelism, alternative splicing, and various postsynthetic modifications are analyzed. The role of polymorphic proteins of the GH system is discussed in formation of a variety of oligomeric molecular structures of this system (multicomponent transport complexes, receptors, and endocellular protein ensembles involved in the regulation of gene expression). It is emphasized that such structural polymorphism significantly influences the biological effects in various parts of the GH system during physiological processes and in tumors, in particular in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shishkin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Li D, Tanaka M, Brunicardi FC, Fisher WE, Gibbs RA, Gingras MC. Association between somatostatin receptor 5 gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival. Cancer 2011; 117:2863-72. [PMID: 21692047 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST) inhibited cell proliferation and negatively regulated the release of growth hormones by means of specific receptors (SSTR). Genetic variation in SSTR had been associated with risk of human cancers but had never been investigated in pancreatic cancer. METHODS In this retrospective study the SSTR5 gene in paired tumor and blood samples from 33 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients using the Sanger method were sequenced. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in samples from 863 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 876 healthy controls using the TaqMan method were analyzed. The associations between gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. RESULTS No somatic mutations were identified, but 3 nonsynonymous SSTR5 SNPs (P109S, L48M, and P335L) in pancreatic tumors were identified. The SSTR5 P109S variant allele was associated with a 1.62-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.43, P = 0.019). Furthermore, the SSTR5 L48M AC variant and smoking had a joint effect on pancreatic cancer risk (p(interaction) = 0.035). The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.58 (0.34-0.97), 1.49 (1.18-1.89), and 2.27 (1.35-3.83) for the variant genotype alone, smoking alone, and both factors, respectively, compared with no factors. Finally, SSTR5 P335L CC and P109S CC combined were associated with lower overall survival durations in patients with resectable disease. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SSTR5 genetic variants play a role in pancreatic cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Gu F, Schumacher FR, Canzian F, Allen NE, Albanes D, Berg CD, Berndt SI, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Buring JE, Chabbert-Buffet N, Chanock SJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dumeaux V, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Haiman CA, Hankinson SE, Hayes RB, Henderson BE, Hunter DJ, Hoover RN, Johansson M, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kolonel LN, Lagiou P, Lee IM, LeMarchand L, Lund E, Ma J, Onland-Moret NC, Overvad K, Rodriguez L, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Stampfer MJ, Stattin P, Stram DO, Thomas G, Thun MJ, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulos D, Tumino R, Virtamo J, Weinstein SJ, Willett WC, Yeager M, Zhang SM, Kaaks R, Riboli E, Ziegler RG, Kraft P. Eighteen insulin-like growth factor pathway genes, circulating levels of IGF-I and its binding protein, and risk of prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2877-87. [PMID: 20810604 PMCID: PMC2989404 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its main binding protein, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), have been associated with risk of several types of cancer. Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins. METHODS We systematically examined common genetic variation in 18 genes in the IGF signaling pathway for associations with circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. A total of 302 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped in >5,500 Caucasian men and 5,500 Caucasian women from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple testing, SNPs in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes were significantly associated with circulating IGF-I (P < 2.1 × 10(-4)); SNPs in the IGFBP3 and IGFALS genes were significantly associated with circulating IGFBP-3. Multi-SNP models explained R(2) = 0.62% of the variation in circulating IGF-I and 3.9% of the variation in circulating IGFBP-3. We saw no significant association between these multi-SNP predictors of circulating IGF-I or IGFBP-3 and risk of prostate or breast cancers. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes seems to influence circulating IGF-I levels, and variation in IGFBP3 and IGFALS seems to influence circulating IGFBP-3. However, these variants explain only a small percentage of the variation in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Caucasian men and women. IMPACT Further studies are needed to explore contributions from other genetic factors such as rare variants in these genes and variation outside of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Canzian F, Cox DG, Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Ziegler RG, Dossus L, Beckmann L, Blanché H, Barricarte A, Berg CD, Bingham S, Buring J, Buys SS, Calle EE, Chanock SJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, DeLancey JOL, Diver WR, Dorronsoro M, Haiman CA, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Hüsing A, Isaacs C, Khaw KT, Kolonel LN, Kraft P, Le Marchand L, Lund E, Overvad K, Panico S, Peeters PHM, Pollak M, Thun MJ, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulos D, Tumino R, Yeager M, Hoover RN, Riboli E, Thomas G, Henderson BE, Kaaks R, Feigelson HS. Comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in 61 genes related to steroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I metabolism and breast cancer risk in the NCI breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3873-84. [PMID: 20634197 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that increases in blood and tissue concentrations of steroid hormones and of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are associated with breast cancer risk. However, studies of common variation in genes involved in steroid hormone and IGF-I metabolism have yet to provide convincing evidence that such variants predict breast cancer risk. The Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3) is a collaboration of large US and European cohorts. We genotyped 1416 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 steroid hormone metabolism genes and 24 IGF-I pathway genes in 6292 cases of breast cancer and 8135 controls, mostly Caucasian, postmenopausal women from the BPC3. We also imputed 3921 additional SNPs in the regions of interest. None of the SNPs tested was significantly associated with breast cancer risk, after correction for multiple comparisons. The results remained null when cases and controls were stratified by age at diagnosis/recruitment, advanced or nonadvanced disease, body mass index, with or without in situ cases; or restricted to Caucasians. Among 770 estrogen receptor-negative cases, an SNP located 3' of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was marginally associated with increased risk after correction for multiple testing (P(trend) = 1.5 × 10(-4)). We found no significant overall associations between breast cancer and common germline variation in 61 genes involved in steroid hormone and IGF-I metabolism in this large, comprehensive study. Although previous studies have shown that variations in these genes can influence endogenous hormone levels, the magnitude of the effect of single SNPs does not appear to be sufficient to alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canzian
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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