1
|
Qian S, Chen G, Li R, Ma Y, Pan L, Wang X, Wang X. Disulfide stress and its role in cardiovascular diseases. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103297. [PMID: 39127015 PMCID: PMC11364009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in humans, and oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in disease progression. This phenomenon typically arises from weakening of the cellular antioxidant system or excessive accumulation of peroxides. This review focuses on a specialized form of oxidative stress-disulfide stress-which is triggered by an imbalance in the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin antioxidant systems within the cell, leading to the accumulation of disulfide bonds. The genesis of disulfide stress is usually induced by extrinsic pathological factors that disrupt the thiol-dependent antioxidant system, manifesting as sustained glutathionylation of proteins, formation of abnormal intermolecular disulfide bonds between cysteine-rich proteins, or irreversible oxidation of thiol groups to sulfenic and sulfonic acids. Disulfide stress not only precipitates the collapse of the antioxidant system and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, exacerbating oxidative stress, but may also initiate cellular inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis through a cascade of signaling pathways. Furthermore, this review explores the detrimental effects of disulfide stress on the progression of various CVDs including atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. This review also proposes several potential therapeutic avenues to improve the future treatment of CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoju Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lin Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song T, Yu Z, Shen Q, Xu Y, Hu H, Liu J, Zeng K, Lei J, Yu L. Pharmacodynamic and Toxicity Studies of 6-Isopropyldithio-2'-guanosine Analogs in Acute T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1614. [PMID: 38730567 PMCID: PMC11083707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The research group has developed a new small molecule, 6-Isopropyldithio-2'-deoxyguanosine analogs-YLS004, which has been shown to be the most sensitive in acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Moreover, it was found that the structure of Nelarabine, a drug used to treat acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia, is highly similar to that of YLS004. Consequently, the structure of YLS004 was altered to produce a new small molecule inhibitor for this study, named YLS010. (2) Results: YLS010 has exhibited potent anti-tumor effects by inducing cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. A dose gradient was designed for in vivo experiments based on tentative estimates of the toxicity dose using acute toxicity in mice and long-term toxicity in rats. The study found that YLS010 at a dose of 8 mg/kg prolonged the survival of late-stage acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia mice in the mouse model study. (3) Conclusions: YLS010 has demonstrated specific killing effects against acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia both in vivo and in vitro. Preclinical studies of YLS010 offer a new opportunity for the treatment of patients with acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zheming Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Qitao Shen
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xu
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Junqing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Kui Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jinxiu Lei
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (T.S.); (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (K.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China; (Q.S.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing 312068, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oberacker T, Kraft L, Schanz M, Latus J, Schricker S. The Importance of Thioredoxin-1 in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051078. [PMID: 37237944 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a multifunctional protein ubiquitously found in the human body. Trx-1 plays an important role in various cellular functions such as maintenance of redox homeostasis, proliferation, and DNA synthesis, but also modulation of transcription factors and control of cell death. Thus, Trx-1 is one of the most important proteins for proper cell and organ function. Therefore, modulation of Trx gene expression or modulation of Trx activity by various mechanisms, including post-translational modifications or protein-protein interactions, could cause a transition from the physiological state of cells and organs to various pathologies such as cancer, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we not only discuss the current knowledge of Trx in health and disease, but also highlight its potential function as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Oberacker
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonie Kraft
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Schanz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Latus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Severin Schricker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun NN, Ge XL, Liu XS, Xu LL. Histogram analysis of DCE-MRI for chemoradiotherapy response evaluation in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiol Med 2019; 125:165-176. [PMID: 31605354 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to predict and assess treatment response by histogram analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving chemoradiotherapy (CRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent DCE-MRI before and after chemoradiotherapy were enrolled and divided into the complete response (CR) group and the non-CR group based on RECIST. The histogram parameters (10th percentile, 90th percentile, median, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) of pre-CRT and post-CRT were compared using a paired Student's t test in the CR and non-CR groups, respectively. The histogram parameter differences between the CR and the non-CR groups were compared using an unpaired Student's t test. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance. RESULTS The histogram parameters of Ktrans values were observed to have significantly decreased after chemoradiotherapy in the CR group. The CR responders showed significantly higher median, mean, and 10th and 90th percentile of pre-Ktrans values than those of the non-CR group. The histogram analysis indicated the decreased heterogeneity in the CR group after CRT. Esophageal cancer with higher pre-Ktrans and lower post-Ktrans values indicated a good treatment response to CRT. Pre-Ktrans-10th showed the best diagnostic performance in predicting the chemoradiotherapy response. CONCLUSIONS The histogram parameters of Ktrans are useful in the assessment and prediction of the chemoradiotherapy response in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DCE-MRI could serve as an adjunctive imaging technique for treatment planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Lu-Lu Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Islam MI, Nagakannan P, Ogungbola O, Djordjevic J, Albensi BC, Eftekharpour E. Thioredoxin system as a gatekeeper in caspase-6 activation and nuclear lamina integrity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:567-580. [PMID: 30769159 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports in pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) have linked nuclear lamina degradation/deficits to neuronal cell death. Lamin-B1 damage is specifically involved in this process leading to nuclear envelope invagination and heterochromatin rearrangement. The underlying mechanisms involved in these events are not yet defined. In this study, while examining the effect of Thioredoxin-1(Trx1) inhibition on cell death in a model of oxidative stress, we noted robust nuclear invagination in SH-SY5Y cells. Evaluation of nuclear lamina proteins revealed lamin-B1 cleavage that was prevented by caspase-6 (CASP6) inhibitor and exacerbated after pharmacologic/genetic inhibition of Trx1 system, but not after glutathione depletion. Activation of CASP6 was upstream of CASP3/7 activation and its inhibition was sufficient to prevent cell death in our system. The effect of Trx1 redox status on CASP6 activation was assessed by administration of reduced/oxidized forms in cell-free nuclei preparation and purified enzymatic assays. Although reduced Trx1 decreased CASP6 enzymatic activity and lamin-B1 cleavage, the fully oxidized Trx1 showed opposite effects. The enhanced CASP6 activation was also associated with lower levels of DJ-1, a neuroprotective and master regulator of cellular antioxidants. The implication of our findings in ND pathophysiology was strengthened with detection of lower Trx1 levels in the hippocampi tissue of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. This coincided with higher CASP6 activation resulting in increased lamin-B1 and DJ-1 depletion. This study provides a first mechanistic explanation for the key regulatory role of Trx1 as a gatekeeper in activation of CASP6 and induction of nuclear invagination, an important player in ND pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Imamul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Canada; Dept. Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Canada; Dept. Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Olamide Ogungbola
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Canada; Dept. Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Canada; Dept. Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thioredoxin-1 protects against androgen receptor-induced redox vulnerability in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1204. [PMID: 29089489 PMCID: PMC5663934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation (AD) therapy failure leads to terminal and incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We show that the redox-protective protein thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) increases with prostate cancer progression and in androgen-deprived CRPC cells, suggesting that CRPC possesses an enhanced dependency on TRX1. TRX1 inhibition via shRNA or a phase I-approved inhibitor, PX-12 (untested in prostate cancer), impedes the growth of CRPC cells to a greater extent than their androgen-dependent counterparts. TRX1 inhibition elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53 levels and cell death in androgen-deprived CRPC cells. Unexpectedly, TRX1 inhibition also elevates androgen receptor (AR) levels under AD, and AR depletion mitigates both TRX1 inhibition-mediated ROS production and cell death, suggesting that AD-resistant AR expression in CRPC induces redox vulnerability. In vivo TRX1 inhibition via shRNA or PX-12 reverses the castration-resistant phenotype of CRPC cells, significantly inhibiting tumor formation under systemic AD. Thus, TRX1 is an actionable CRPC therapeutic target through its protection against AR-induced redox stress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shukla R, Shukla H, Kalita P, Sonkar A, Pandey T, Singh DB, Kumar A, Tripathi T. Identification of potential inhibitors of Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin1: computational screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1344141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Tripti Pandey
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Dev Bukhsh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu T, Tang B, Sun X. Development of Inhibitors Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 and 2 for Cancer Therapy. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:489-496. [PMID: 28332352 PMCID: PMC5368132 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.3.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is frequently observed in solid tumors and also one of the major obstacles for effective cancer therapies. Cancer cells take advantage of their ability to adapt hypoxia to initiate a special transcriptional program that renders them more aggressive biological behaviors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the key factors that control hypoxia-inducible pathways by regulating the expression of a vast array of genes involved in cancer progression and treatment resistance. HIFs, mainly HIF-1 and -2, have become potential targets for developing novel cancer therapeutics. This article reviews the updated information in tumor HIF pathways, particularly recent advances in the development of HIF inhibitors. These inhibitors interfere with mRNA expression, protein synthesis, protein degradation and dimerization, DNA binding and transcriptional activity of HIF-1 and -2, or both. Despite efforts in the past two decades, no agents directly inhibiting HIFs have been approved for treating cancer patients. By analyzing results of the published reports, we put the perspectives at the end of the article. The therapeutic efficacy of HIF inhibitors may be improved if more efforts are devoted on developing agents that are able to simultaneously target HIF-1 and -2, increasing the penetrating capacity of HIF inhibitors, and selecting suitable patient subpopulations for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xueying Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai B, Yoo SY, Bartholomeusz G, Graham RA, Majidi M, Yan S, Meng J, Ji L, Coombes K, Minna JD, Fang B, Roth JA. KEAP1-dependent synthetic lethality induced by AKT and TXNRD1 inhibitors in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5532-43. [PMID: 23824739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance to agents targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is one of the major challenges in cancer treatment with such agents. The objective of this study is to identify the genes or pathways that can be targeted to overcome the resistance of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to the AKT inhibitor MK2206, which is currently being evaluated in phase I and II clinical trials. Using a genome-wide siRNA library screening and biologic characterization, we identified that inhibition of thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1), one of the key antioxidant enzymes, with siRNAs or its inhibitor, auranofin, sensitized NSCLC cells to MK2206 treatment in vitro and in vivo. We found that simultaneous inhibition of TXNRD1 and AKT pathways induced robust reactive oxygen species production, which was involved in c-jun-NH2-kinase (JNK; MAPK8) activation and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the synthetic lethality interaction between the TXNRD1 and AKT pathways occurred through the KEAP1/NRF2 cellular antioxidant pathway. Finally, we found that synthetic lethality induced by TXNRD1 and AKT inhibitors relied on wild-type KEAP1 function. Our study indicates that targeting the interaction between AKT and TXNRD1 antioxidant pathways with MK2206 and auranofin, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, is a rational strategy to treat lung cancer and that KEAP1 mutation status may offer a predicative biomarker for such combination approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Dai
- Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|