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Radhakrishnan VK, Ravichandran K, Eke C, Ortiz-Vicil A, Tan Q, León MD, León DDD. Methylation of a newly identified region of the INS-IGF2 gene determines IGF2 expression in breast cancer tumors and in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3904-3920. [PMID: 33216823 PMCID: PMC7646830 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF2 is essential in breast differentiation, lactation, tumor growth, and in breast cancer (BC) development and progression. This growth factor also inhibits apoptosis and promotes metastasis and chemoresistance, contributing to more aggressive tumors. We previously demonstrated that IGF2 protein levels are higher in BC tissues from African American women than in Caucasian women. We also showed that high IGF2 protein levels are expressed in normal breast tissues of African American women while little or no IGF2 was detected in tissues from Caucasian women. Others showed that decreased DNA methylation of the IGF2 gene leads to different BC clinical features. Thus, we designed this study to determine if differentially methylated regions of the IGF2 gene correspond to IGF2 protein expression in paired (Normal/Tumor) breast tissues and in BC cell lines. Methylation analysis was performed using Sodium Bisulphite Analysis and Methylation Sensitive Restriction Enzyme digestion methods. Our results show that a unique site in the INS-IGF2 region is hypermethylated in normal breast and hypomethylated in breast cancer. We designated this region the DVDMR. Furthermore, the methylation levels in the DVDMR significantly correlated with IGF2 protein levels. This novel DMR consists of 257bp localized in the INS-IGF2 gene. We propose that methylation of DVDMR represents a novel epigenetic biomarker that determines the levels of IGF2 protein expression in breast cancer. Since IGF2 promotes metastasis and chemoresistance, we propose that IGF2 levels contribute to BC aggressiveness. Validation of IGF2 as a biomarker will improve diagnosis and treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kameswaran Ravichandran
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Chibuzo Eke
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Amanda Ortiz-Vicil
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qianwei Tan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Marino De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Daisy D De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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2
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Capoluongo E, Vento G, Ameglio F, Lulli P, Matassa P, Carrozza C, Santini S, Antenucci M, Castagnola M, Giardina B, Romagnoli C, Zuppi C. Increased Levels of IGF-1 and Beta2-Microglobulin in Epithelial Lining Fluid of Preterm Newborns Developing Chronic Lung Disease: Effects of rhG-CSF. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/205873920601900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in regulating the TH-l/TH-2 balance, favoring the development of the TH-2 compartment which enhances fibrosis, one of the main characteristics of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) in premature newborns. Limited data is available concerning a possible association between early epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of IGF-1 (total and free forms), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), b2-microglobulin (B2M) and subsequent development of CLD in preterm neonates. If neutropenic, preterm neonates are frequently treated with recombinant human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (rhG-CSF). The objective of the study was to correlate ELF concentrations of IGF-1 and B2M during the first week of life both in non-neutropenic and in rhG-CSF-treated neutropenic preterm neonates, with subsequent development in CLD. Thirty preterm neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (6 with neutropenia) were studied. Eleven out of 24 non-neutropenic preterm infants (46%) and all of the six neutropenic subjects (100%) developed CLD. With the exception of first day values, there was a clear similarity in the behaviors of assayed molecules between non-neutropenic and neutropenic patients developing CLD. Non-neutropenic patients without CLD showed significantly lower values of free IGF-1 and B2M both on days 1 and 3. Total IGF-I and cell counts were different only on the 3rd day. Conclusions: 1) the mechanisms leading to CLD might be mediated by high levels of IGF-family molecules soon after birth 2) B2M could be a marker of increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity with potential inflammatory properties 3) G-CSF treatment induces an increased synthesis of IGF-1 molecules by cells recruited in the lung, with possible enhancement of the fibrogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Capoluongo
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - G. Vento
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University, 00168 - Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ameglio
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - P. Lulli
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - P.G. Matassa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University, 00168 - Rome, Italy
| | - C. Carrozza
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - S.A. Santini
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - M. Antenucci
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - M. Castagnola
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - B. Giardina
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
| | - C. Romagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University, 00168 - Rome, Italy
| | - C. Zuppi
- Biochemistry and Clinical-Biochemistry Institute and Scientific International Institute “Paolo VI”
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3
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Estrogen receptor-beta is a potential target for triple negative breast cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33912-33930. [PMID: 30338035 PMCID: PMC6188058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple Negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that lacks the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. TNBC accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases but accounts for over 50% of mortality. We propose that Estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) and IGF2 play a significant role in the pathogenesis of TNBCs, and could be important targets for future therapy. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) from over 250 TNBC patients' were analyzed for ERβ and IGF2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Expression was correlated with clinical outcomes. In addition, TNBC cell lines Caucasians (CA): MB-231/BT549 and African Americans (AAs): MB-468/HCC70/HCC1806 were used to investigate the effect of hormonal and growth factor regulation on cell proliferation. TMAs from AAs had higher expression of ERβ and IGF2 expression when compared to CA. ERβ and IGF2 were found to be upregulated in our TNBC cell lines when compared to other cell types. TNBC cells treated with ERβ agonist displayed significant increase in cell proliferation and migration when compared to controls. AA tissue samples from TNBC patients had higher expression of ERβ. African-American breast cancer TNBC tissue samples from TNBC patients have higher expression of ERβ. In addition, TNBC cell lines were also found to express high levels of ERβ. IGF2 increased transcription of ERβ in TNBC cells. Understanding the mechanisms of IGF2/ERβ axis in TNBC tumors could provide an opportunity to target this aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
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Xu DD, Wang Y, Zhou PJ, Qin SR, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Xue X, Wang J, Wang X, Chen HC, Wang X, Pan YW, Zhang L, Yan HZ, Liu QY, Liu Z, Chen SH, Chen HY, Wang YF. The IGF2/IGF1R/Nanog Signaling Pathway Regulates the Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:687. [PMID: 30013477 PMCID: PMC6036281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is an aggressive disease characterized by clonal proliferation and differentiation into immature hematopoietic cells of dysfunctional myeloid precursors. Accumulating evidence shows that CD34+CD38- leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for drug resistance, metastasis, and relapse of leukemia. In this study, we found that Nanog, a transcription factor in stem cells, is significantly overexpressed in CD34+ populations from patients with acute myeloid leukemia and in LSCs from leukemia cell lines. Our data demonstrate that the knockdown of Nanog inhibited proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Moreover, Nanog silencing suppressed the leukemogenesis of LSCs in mice. In addition, we found that these functions of Nanog were regulated by the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway. Nanog overexpression rescued the colony formation ability of LSCs treated with picropodophyllin (PPP), an IGF1R inhibitor. By contrast, knockdown of Nanog abolished the effects of IGF2 on the colony formation ability of these LSCs. These findings suggest that the IGF2/IGF1R/Nanog signaling pathway plays a critical role in LSC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Rong Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Xue Xue
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ce Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Wei Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Zhao Yan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Qiu-Ying Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Chen Z, Liu J, Chu D, Shan Y, Ma G, Zhang H, Zhang XD, Wang P, Chen Q, Deng C, Chen W, Dimitrov DS, Zhao Q. A dual-specific IGF-I/II human engineered antibody domain inhibits IGF signaling in breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:799-806. [PMID: 29910690 PMCID: PMC6001679 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-I and IGF-II, are essential for regulating cell growth, differentiation and metastasis of a broad range of malignancies. The IGF-I/II actions are mediated through the IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR), which are overexpressed in multiple types of tumors. Here, we have firstly identified a human engineered antibody domain (eAd) from a phage-displayed VH library. The eAd suppressed the signal transduction of IGF-1R mediated by exogenous IGF-I or IGF-II in breast cancer cell lines through neutralizing both IGF-I and IGF-II. It also significantly inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. Therefore, the anti-IGF-I/II eAd offers an alternative approach to target both the IGF-1R signaling pathways through the inhibition of IGF-I/II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dafeng Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guixing Ma
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech-HKU joint laboratories for matrix biology and diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech-HKU joint laboratories for matrix biology and diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Weizao Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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6
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Tian D, Mitchell I, Kreeger PK. Quantitative analysis of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins to identify control mechanisms for insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor phosphorylation. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:15. [PMID: 26861122 PMCID: PMC4746774 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system impacts cellular development by regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and is an attractive therapeutic target in cancer. The IGF system is complex, with two ligands (IGF1, IGF2), two receptors (IGF1R, IGF2R), and at least six high affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that regulate IGF ligand bioavailability. While the individual components of the IGF system are well studied, the question of how these different components integrate as a system to regulate cell behavior is less clear. Results To analyze the relative importance of different mechanisms that control IGF network activity, we developed a mass-action kinetic model incorporating cell surface binding, phosphorylation, and intracellular trafficking events. The model was calibrated and validated using experimental data collected from OVCAR5, an immortalized ovarian cancer cell line. We then performed model analysis to examine the ability of IGF2R or IGFBPs to counteract phosphorylation of IGF1R, a critical step for IGF network activation. This analysis suggested that IGF2R levels would need to be 320-fold greater than IGF1R in order to decrease pIGF1R by 25 %, while IGFBP levels would need to be 390-fold greater. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set suggested that this level of overexpression is unlikely for IGF2R in ovarian, breast, and colon cancer. In contrast, IGFBPs can likely reach these levels, suggesting that IGFBPs are the more critical regulator of IGF1R network activity. Levels of phosphorylated IGF1R were insensitive to changes in parameters regulating the IGF2R arm of the network. Conclusions Using a mass-action kinetic model, we determined that IGF2R plays a minor role in regulating the activity of IGF1R under a variety of conditions and that due to their high expression levels, IGFBPs are the dominant mechanism to regulating IGF network activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0263-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4553 WI Institute Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Isaiah Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4553 WI Institute Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Pamela K Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4553 WI Institute Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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7
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Implication of milk and dairy products consumption through insulin-like growth factor-I in induction of breast cancer risk factors in women. NUTR CLIN METAB 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Biologic roles of estrogen receptor-β and insulin-like growth factor-2 in triple-negative breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:925703. [PMID: 25874233 PMCID: PMC4385615 DOI: 10.1155/2015/925703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs in 10–15% of patients yet accounts for almost half of all breast cancer deaths. TNBCs lack expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2 overexpression and cannot be treated
with current targeted therapies. TNBCs often occur in African American and younger women. Although initially responsive to some chemotherapies, TNBCs tend to relapse and metastasize. Thus, it is critical to find new therapeutic targets. A second ER gene product, termed ERβ, in the absence of ERα may be such a target. Using human TNBC specimens with known clinical outcomes to assess ERβ expression, we find that ERβ1 associates with significantly worse 5-year overall survival. Further, a panel of TNBC cell lines exhibit significant levels of ERβ protein. To assess ERβ effects on proliferation, ERβ expression in TNBC cells was silenced using shRNA, resulting in a significant reduction in TNBC proliferation. ERβ-specific antagonists similarly suppressed TNBC growth. Growth-stimulating effects of ERβ may be due in part to downstream actions that promote VEGF, amphiregulin, and Wnt-10b secretion, other factors associated with tumor promotion. In vivo, insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), along with ERβ1, is significantly expressed in TNBC and stimulates high ERβ mRNA in TNBC cells. This work may help elucidate the interplay of metabolic and growth factors in TNBC.
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Brouwer-Visser J, Huang GS. IGF2 signaling and regulation in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:371-7. [PMID: 25704323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of IGF2 occurs in both childhood and adult malignancies. Its overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and worse prognosis. IGF2 promoter usage is developmentally regulated; however, malignant tissues are characterized by re-activation of the fetal IGF2 promoters, especially P3. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of IGF2 signaling and regulation in normal and malignant tissues and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Brouwer-Visser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women's Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Women's Health (Division of Gynecologic Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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10
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Radhakrishnan VK, Hernandez LC, Anderson K, Tan Q, De León M, De León DD. Expression of Intratumoral IGF-II Is Regulated by the Gene Imprinting Status in Triple Negative Breast Cancer from Vietnamese Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:401851. [PMID: 26448747 PMCID: PMC4581569 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African American women suffer higher incidence and mortality of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) than Caucasian women. TNBC is very aggressive, causing the worst clinical outcome. We previously demonstrated that tumors from these patients express high IGF-II and exhibit high activation of the IGF signaling pathways. IGF-II gene expression is imprinted (monoallelic), promotes tumor progression, and metastasis and regulates Survivin, a TNBC prognostic marker. Since BC mortality has increased among young Vietnamese women, we analyzed 48 (paired) TNBC samples from Vietnamese patients to assess IGF-II expression. We analyzed all samples by qrtPCR for identification of IGF-II heterozygosity and to determine allelic expression of the IGF-II gene. We also analyzed the tissues for proIGF-II and Survivin by RT-PCR and Western blotting. A total of 28 samples displayed IGF-II heterozygosity of which 78% were biallelic. Tumors with biallelic IGF-II gene expression exhibited the highest levels of proIGF-II and Survivin. Although 100% of these tissues corresponding normal samples were biallelic, they expressed significantly lower levels of or no proIGF-II and Survivin. Thus, IGF-II biallelic gene expression is differentially regulated in normal versus tumor tissues. We propose that intratumoral proIGF-II is dependent on the IGF-II gene imprinting status and it will promote a more aggressive TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorraine Christine Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kendra Anderson
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qianwei Tan
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Marino De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Daisy D. De León
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- *Daisy D. De León:
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11
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Gadducci A, Sergiampietri C, Tana R. Alternatives to risk-reducing surgery for ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 24 Suppl 8:viii47-viii53. [PMID: 24131970 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers have an 18%-60% and 11%-27% lifetime risk of developing ovarian carcinoma, respectively. Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of this malignancy by up to 96%. Gynecological screening programs with periodical trans-vaginal ultrasound and serum CA125 assay have been widely used in women at hereditary high risk of ovarian carcinoma, but clinical results have been conflicting. These surveillance protocols have often fallen short of expectations because of the advanced stage of ovarian carcinoma in the identified screened women. Several investigations have been addressed to the detection of additional tumor markers able to generate more reliable screening tools. The combined serum assay of leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, CA125, macrophage inhibiting factor and insulin-like growth factor-II appears to have a significant better diagnostic reliability compared with serum CA125 alone in discriminating healthy individuals from ovarian carcinoma patients, and therefore, it could have a role in the screening of women at high risk for this malignancy. As far as chemoprevention is concerned, oral contraceptives significantly reduce the ovarian carcinoma risk also in BRCA mutation carriers, whereas the efficacy of fenretinide is still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gadducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between tumor and stromal cells propel cancer progression and metastasis. A complete understanding of the complex contributions of the tumor stroma to cancer progression necessitates a careful examination of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is largely synthesized and modulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts. This structurally supportive meshwork serves as a signaling scaffold for a myriad of biologic processes and responses favoring tumor progression. The ECM is a repository for growth factors and cytokines that promote tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis through diverse interactions with soluble and insoluble ECM components. Growth factors activated by proteases are involved in the initiation of cell signaling pathways essential to invasion and survival. Various transmembrane proteins produced by the cancer stroma bind the collagen and fibronectin-rich matrix to induce proliferation, adhesion, and migration of cancer cells, as well as protease activation. Integrins are critical liaisons between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, and with their mechano-sensing ability, induce cell signaling pathways associated with contractility and migration. Proteoglycans also bind and interact with various matrix proteins in the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression. Together, these components function to mediate cross-talk between tumor cells and fibroblasts ultimately to promote tumor survival and metastasis. These stromal factors, which may be expressed differentially according to cancer stage, have prognostic utility and potential. This review examines changes in the ECM of cancer-associated fibroblasts induced through carcinogenesis, and the impact of these changes on cancer progression. The implication is that cancer progression, even in epithelial cancers, may be based in large part on changes in signaling from cancer-associated stromal cells. These changes may provide early prognostic indicators to further stratify patients during treatment or alter the timing of their follow-up visits and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, 326 Wolf Hall, Biology, Newark, DE 19716.
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13
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Lodjak J, Mägi M, Tilgar V. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth rate in nestlings of a wild passerine bird. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaanis Lodjak
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; 46 Vanemuise Street Tartu 51014 Estonia
| | - Marko Mägi
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; 46 Vanemuise Street Tartu 51014 Estonia
| | - Vallo Tilgar
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; 46 Vanemuise Street Tartu 51014 Estonia
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Samoli E, Trichopoulos D, Lagiou A, Zourna P, Georgila C, Minaki P, Barbouni A, Vassilarou D, Tsikkinis A, Sfikas C, Spanos E, Lagiou P. The hormonal profile of benign breast disease. Br J Cancer 2012; 108:199-204. [PMID: 23169293 PMCID: PMC3553510 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information exists about the endocrine milieu of benign breast disease (BBD), a documented breast cancer risk factor. We compared blood levels of estrogens, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) between BBD patients by histological type and women without breast pathology. METHODS We studied 578 BBD patients and 178 healthy women in Athens, Greece, who provided blood samples, and completed interviewer-administered questionnaires. RESULTS Of the BBD patients, 254 had non-proliferative disease, 268 proliferative disease without atypia and 56 atypical hyperplasia. Comparing BBD patients with healthy women, the per cent differences (and 95% confidence intervals) for blood hormones, among pre-menopausal and peri/post-menopausal women, respectively, were: 22.4% (-4.0%, 56.1%) and 32.0% (5.6%, 65.1%) for estradiol; 26.2% (10.1%, 44.8%) and 30.9% (16.8%, 46.6%) for estrone; 19.5% (3.1%, 38.4%) and 16.5% (-5.0%, 42.9%) for testosterone; and -5.2% (-13.8%, 4.4%) and -12.1% (-19.8%, -3.6%) for IGF-1. Steroid hormones tended to be higher in proliferative compared with non-proliferative BBD. CONCLUSIONS Circulating steroid hormones tend to be higher among women with BBD than women with no breast pathology and higher in proliferative than non-proliferative disease; these patterns are more evident among peri/post-menopausal women. In peri/post-menopausal women IGF-1 was lower among women with BBD compared with healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi GR-115 27, Greece
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15
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Chen W, Feng Y, Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS. Human monoclonal antibodies targeting nonoverlapping epitopes on insulin-like growth factor II as a novel type of candidate cancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1400-10. [PMID: 22553356 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soluble ligands are important targets for therapy of cancers and other diseases. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against such ligands block their interactions with corresponding receptors but do not enhance their removal from the circulation and can increase their half-lives because of the long half-lives of the antibodies. We have hypothesized that mAbs targeting two or more nonoverlapping epitopes on the same ligand could form oligomeric antibody-ligand complexes that can bind to cells expressing Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) with high avidity leading to their fast and irreversible removal from the circulation. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an example of such ligands and an important target for human cancer therapy. We identified two mAbs, m610.27 and m630.3, which bound to nonoverlapping epitopes on IGF-II with nanomolar affinity, and generated a bispecific antibody, m660. m660 inhibited the interaction of human IGF-II (hIGF-II) with the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, hIGF-II-mediated IGF receptor type I and insulin receptor phosphorylation, and cell growth. In the presence of hIGF-II, large complexes of m660 were formed that bound to FcγRII-expressing BJAB cells much more efficiently than the monospecific antibody-hIGF-II complexes and were presumably phagocytosed by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated macrophage-like U937 cells. A mixture of m610.27 and m630.3 exhibited similar properties. To our knowledge, these mAbs are the first reported to target nonoverlapping epitopes on a cancer-related ligand and could represent a novel class of candidate therapeutics against cancers. This approach could also be used to irreversibly eliminate other disease-related soluble ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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16
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Kalla Singh S, Brito C, Tan QW, De León M, De León D. Differential expression and signaling activation of insulin receptor isoforms A and B: A link between breast cancer and diabetes. Growth Factors 2011; 29:278-89. [PMID: 21913804 PMCID: PMC3205219 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We showed that when insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is highly expressed in breast tissues and cell lines, the IGF-I receptor signaling pathway is highly activated. Since IGF-II activates the insulin receptor (INSR), we propose that the INSR signaling is also activated in this system. We examined the expression of both INSR isoforms, insulin receptor A (INSR-A) and insulin receptor B (INSR-B), and the downstream signaling pathways in breast cancer (BC) cells and in paired (normal/tumor) breast tissues from 100 patients. Analysis was performed by real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and phospho-ELISA techniques. Tumor tissues and cell lines from African-American patients expressed higher levels of INSR-A, but lower levels of INSR-B. Accordingly, insulin receptor substrate 1 and focal adhesion kinase activation were significantly increased in these women. We conclude that higher INSR-A and lower INSR-B contribute to higher proliferation and lower metabolic response. Thus, differential expression of INSR isoforms represents a potential biological link between BC and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalla Singh
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA 92350, USA
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17
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Richardson AE, Hamilton N, Davis W, Brito C, De León D. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) activates estrogen receptor-α and -β via the IGF-1 and the insulin receptors in breast cancer cells. Growth Factors 2011; 29:82-93. [PMID: 21410323 PMCID: PMC3092021 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.565003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a primary target for breast cancer (BC) treatment. As BC progresses to estrogen-independent growth, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the ER interact in synergistic cross-talk mechanisms, which result in enhanced activation of both receptors' signaling cascades. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) is critical in BC progression and its actions are mediated by the IGF-1R. Our previous studies showed that IGF-2 regulates survival genes that protect the mitochondria and promote chemoresistance. In this study, we analyzed BC cells by subcellular fractionation, Western-Blot, qRT-PCR, and siRNA analysis. Our results demonstrate that IGF-2 activates ER-α and ER-β, and modulates their translocation to the nucleus, membrane organelles, and the mitochondria. IGF-2 actions are mediated by the IGF-1R and the insulin receptor. This novel mechanism of IGF-2 synergistic cross-talk signaling with ER-α and ER-β can promote estrogen-independent BC progression and provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Richardson
- School of Medicine, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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18
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Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza D, Silvan G, Peña L, Lopes CS, Illera JC. Serum and intratumoural GH and IGF-I concentrations: Prognostic factors in the outcome of canine mammary cancer. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Liou JM, Shun CT, Liang JT, Chiu HM, Chen MJ, Chen CC, Wang HP, Wu MS, Lin JT. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 levels as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of colorectal cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1717-25. [PMID: 20157191 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overexpression of IGF-II and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 has been reported in several cancers. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the roles of plasma IGF-II and IGFBP-2 levels as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and the impact of loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF-II on the survival of colorectal cancer (CRC). DESIGN We conducted a case control and prospective cohort study for diagnostic and prognostic values, respectively. PATIENTS AND SETTING Plasma levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-2 were measured in 162 patients with CRC before surgery, in paired 15 patients after curative surgery, in 24 patients with advanced colon polyps, and in 114 healthy controls between 2003 and 2006 in National Taiwan University Hospital. RESULTS The area under the curve values of using IGFBP-2 as a diagnostic marker for advanced colon polyp and CRC were 0.654 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.547-0.76; P = 0.017] and 0.815 (95% CI = 0.766-0.864; P < 0.001), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing CRC were 80.2 and 64%, respectively, if the cutoff value of IGFBP-2 was 377 ng/ml. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model, higher IGFBP-2 levels were associated with increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.46; P = 0.017], whereas higher IGF-II levels were associated with reduced risk of mortality (HR = 0.42; P = 0.044). LOI of IGF-II was associated with increased risk of mortality (HR = 7.91; P = 0.014) in patients with stage IV disease. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-2 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of CRC. LOI of IGF-II is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with stage IV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Liou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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20
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Cancer risk factors associated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 levels in healthy women: effect modification by menopausal status. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1985-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Yoon KC, You IC, Im SK, Jeong TS, Park YG, Choi J. Application of Umbilical Cord Serum Eyedrops for the Treatment of Neurotrophic Keratitis. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:1637-42. [PMID: 17382396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of umbilical cord serum eyedrops for the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis. DESIGN Prospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients with neurotrophic keratitis who were refractory to conventional treatment. METHODS The patients with neurotrophic keraitis were treated with 20% umbilical cord serum eyedrops 6 to 10 times a day. Ophthalmic examinations including best-corrected visual acuity (VA) measurement, corneal sensitivity test, corneal fluorescein staining, and anterior segment photography were performed before and after the treatment. Concentrations of substance P, insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in umbilical cord serum, normal peripheral blood serum, and tears were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Epithelial healing time; changes of VA and corneal sensitivity after treatment; and levels of substance P, IGF-1, and NGF in umbilical cord serum, normal peripheral blood serum, and tears. RESULTS The epithelial defect healed completely in all eyes, with a mean healing time of 4.4+/-4.0 weeks. The epithelial defect healed within 2 weeks in 8 eyes (28.6%), between 2 and 4 weeks in 14 eyes (50.0%), and after 4 weeks in 6 eyes (21.4%). After treatment, VA improved by >2 lines in 17 eyes (60.7%). Mean pretreatment corneal sensitivity was 21.1+/-10.5 mm, and mean posttreatment corneal sensitivity was 24.3+/-11.7 mm (P<0.01). Mean concentrations of substance P, IGF-1, and NGF were 245.3+/-53.9 pg/ml, 239.0+/-77.1 ng/ml, and 729.7+/-72.0 pg/ml in umbilical cord serum; 169.5+/-81.0 pg/ml, 375.5+/-51.3 ng/ml, and 401.7+/-98.1 pg/ml in peripheral blood serum; and 69.8+/-24.9 pg/ml, 75.7+/-50.5 ng/ml, and 107.5+/-70.9 pg/ml in tears, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Umbilical cord serum contains many neurotrophic factors, and umbilical cord serum eyedrops appeared to be effective for the treatment of neurotrophic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwang-Ju, South Korea.
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22
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Landi F, Russo A, Capoluongo E, Cesari M, Liperoti R, Danese P, Bernabei R, Onder G. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 and hemoglobin concentration in older persons living in the community. Int J Hematol 2007; 85:294-9. [PMID: 17483071 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.e0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A decreased hemoglobin concentration is a common clinical condition in elderly subjects, and in at least 20% of the cases it is not possible to directly attribute the anemia to specific factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of different levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) with the blood concentration of hemoglobin in persons aged 80 years and older. Data are from a baseline evaluation of the Aging and Longevity in the Sirente Geographic Area (ilSIRENTE) study (n=253). Analysis of covariance was used to examine the effect of different IGFBP-3 levels on hemoglobin concentration. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, which included age, sex, number of diseases, renal failure, cancer, gastric ulcer, albumin, and iron concentrations, individuals in the group with higher IGFBP-3 concentrations showed a significantly higher mean hemoglobin concentration than participants in the group with lower IGFBP-3 concentrations (13.4 +/- 1.4 g/dL versus 12.9 +/- 1.9 g/dL, respectively; P=.03). In conclusion, the present study has shown that a higher IGFBP-3 level is associated with a higher hemoglobin concentration among older people living in the community. This finding suggests that the growth hormone/IGF axis may play an important role in hematopoiesis, and it may be implicated in the age-related decline in hemoglobin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Landi
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy.
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23
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Landi F, Capoluongo E, Russo A, Onder G, Cesari M, Lulli P, Minucci A, Pahor M, Zuppi C, Bernabei R. Free insulin-like growth factor-I and cognitive function in older persons living in community. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007; 17:58-66. [PMID: 17208483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing evidences from experimental and human studies suggest that the activity of the growth hormone (GH/insulin-like growth factor-I) axis may contribute to the age-related cognitive decline and poor cognition in late life. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of total serum free IGF-I and its binding protein-3 with cognitive performance in older persons aged 80 years or older. DESIGN Data are from baseline evaluation of the ilSIRENTE study (n=353). Cognitive performance was evaluated using five items enclosed in the Minimum Data Set for Home Care assessment form: short-term memory, procedural memory, cognitive skills in daily decision making, verbal expression, comprehension. Free insulin-like growth factor-I (free IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in blood were measured. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the relationship between cognitive impairment and the serum free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, which included age, gender, education, cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, depression, Parkinson diseases, thyroid diseases, smoking status, alcohol abuse, body mass index, and number of medications, individuals with verbal expression problems (n=20) and individuals with comprehension problems (n=24) had a significantly lower serum levels of readily dissociable IGF-I than participants without cognitive impairments. The serum IGFBP-3 presented the same behavior of free IGF-I. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that among old-old subjects living in the community lower levels of total serum free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are associated with impairment of cognitive performance. This finding suggests that the GH/IGF-I axis may play an important role in the age-related decline of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Landi
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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24
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Mitsui Y, Mochizuki S, Kodama T, Shimoda M, Ohtsuka T, Shiomi T, Chijiiwa M, Ikeda T, Kitajima M, Okada Y. ADAM28 is overexpressed in human breast carcinomas: implications for carcinoma cell proliferation through cleavage of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9913-20. [PMID: 17047053 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are involved in various biological events including cell adhesion, cell fusion, membrane protein shedding, and proteolysis. In the present study, our reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that among the 12 different ADAM species with a putative metalloproteinase motif, prototype membrane-anchored ADAM28m and secreted-type ADAM28s are selectively expressed in human breast carcinoma tissues. By real-time quantitative PCR, their expression levels were significantly higher in carcinomas than in nonneoplastic breast tissues. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting analyses indicated that ADAM28 is predominantly expressed in an active form by carcinoma cells within carcinoma tissues. A direct correlation was observed between mRNA expression levels and proliferative activity of the carcinoma cells. Treatment of ADAM28-expressing breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB231) with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increased cell proliferation, cleavage of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, as well as IGF-I cell signaling; these processes were all significantly inhibited by treatment with ADAM inhibitor or anti-ADAM28 antibody. Down-regulation of ADAM28 expression in MDA-MB231 cells with small interfering RNA significantly reduced cell proliferation, IGFBP-3 cleavage, and growth of xenografts in mice. In addition, cleavage of IGFBP-3 in breast carcinoma tissues was correlated with ADAM28 expression levels and inhibited by treatment with ADAM inhibitor or anti-ADAM28 antibody. These results show that ADAM28 is overexpressed in an activated form in human breast carcinoma cells and suggest that ADAM28 is involved in cell proliferation through enhanced bioavailability of IGF-I released from the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex by selective IGFBP-3 cleavage in human breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Mitsui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Chen C, Doherty JA, Lewis SK, Ray RM, Gao DL, Stalsberg H, Feng Z, Thomas DB. Insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and the risk of fibrocystic breast conditions among Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2303-9. [PMID: 16331609 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels are associated with the risk of fibrocystic breast conditions (FBC), in a case-control study nested within a randomized trial of breast self-examination conducted in Shanghai, China. Participants were enrolled during 1989-1991 and were followed over 10 years for the development of breast diseases. Controls (n = 897) were frequency-matched by age to cases (n = 451), who were diagnosed with FBC between 1995 and 2000. Circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels and their molar ratio were positively associated with risk of FBC. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the upper fourth of the distribution compared to the lowest fourth for IGF-I, IGFBP3 and their molar ratio were 3.02 (2.02-4.52), 1.92 (1.37-2.71) and 2.26 (1.52-3.36), respectively. The strength of the association between IGF-I levels and FBC was attenuated after adjustment for IGFBP-3 and that for IGFBP-3 was largely eliminated after adjustment for IGF-I. Increasing levels of IGF-I were particularly associated with increasing risk of FBC with proliferative elements (ORs and 95% CIs for the 2nd, 3rd and upper fourth of the distribution of IGF-I: 3.13 (1.50-6.53), 4.57 (2.22-9.39) and 6.30 (3.08-12.89), compared with the lowest fourth. Our results suggest that elevated levels of IGF-I may contribute to the development of FBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Mor G, Visintin I, Lai Y, Zhao H, Schwartz P, Rutherford T, Yue L, Bray-Ward P, Ward DC. Serum protein markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7677-82. [PMID: 15890779 PMCID: PMC1140439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502178102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) would significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality from this disease but is difficult in the absence of physical symptoms. Here, we report a blood test, based on the simultaneous quantization of four analytes (leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and insulin-like growth factor-II), that can discriminate between disease-free and EOC patients, including patients diagnosed with stage I and II disease, with high efficiency (95%). Microarray analysis was used initially to determine the levels of 169 proteins in serum from 28 healthy women, 18 women newly diagnosed with EOC, and 40 women with recurrent disease. Evaluation of proteins that showed significant differences in expression between controls and cancer patients by ELISA assays yielded the four analytes. These four proteins then were evaluated in a blind cross-validation study by using an additional 106 healthy females and 100 patients with EOC (24 stage I/II and 76 stage III/IV). Upon sample decoding, the results were analyzed by using three different classification algorithms and a binary code methodology. The four-analyte test was further validated in a blind binary code study by using 40 additional serum samples from normal and EOC cancer patients. No single protein could completely distinguish the cancer group from the healthy controls. However, the combination of the four analytes exhibited the following: sensitivity 95%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95%, specificity 95%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 94%, a considerable improvement on current methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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27
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Badawi RA, Birns J, Watson T, Kalra L. Growth factors and their relationship to neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16:83-94. [PMID: 15833673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are extracellular signaling molecules that act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to regulate growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells. Dysregulation of the growth factor networks is intimately related to the molecular pathogenesis of neoplastic and paraneoplastic disease. Increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying growth factors and their actions on cell cycling, cell division, and cell death is shedding light on new therapeutic avenues for molecular targeting of tumors. Epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor both offer examples of how growth factor biology and its relationship to cancer can be harnessed to create effective clinical therapeutic tools such as monoclonal antibodies. This approach heralds a future in which rational molecular oncological therapy may increasingly become the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Badawi
- Department of Medicine, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
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