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Moore KM, Cerqueira V, MacLeod KG, Mullen P, Hayward RL, Green S, Harrison DJ, Cameron DA, Langdon SP. Collateral-resistance to estrogen and HER-activated growth is associated with modified AKT, ERα, and cell-cycle signaling in a breast cancer model. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:97-116. [PMID: 35441158 PMCID: PMC7612628 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A model of progressively endocrine-resistant breast cancer was investigated to identify changes that can occur in signaling pathways after endocrine manipulation. Methods: The MCF7 breast cancer model is sensitive to estrogens and anti-estrogens while variant lines previously derived from wild-type MCF7 are either relatively 17β-estradiol (E2
)-insensitive (LCC1) or fully resistant to estrogen and anti-estrogens (LCC9). Results: In LCC1 and LCC9 cell lines, loss of estrogen sensitivity was accompanied by loss of growth response to transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), heregulin-beta and pertuzumab. LCC1 and LCC9 cells had enhanced AKT phosphorylation relative to MCF7 which was reflected in downstream activation of phospho-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), phospho-S6, and phospho-estrogen receptor alpha Ser167 [ERα(Ser167)]. Both AKT2 and AKT3 were phosphorylated in the resistant cell lines, but small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown suggested that all three AKT isoforms contributed to growth response. ERα(Ser118) phosphorylation was increased by E2 and TGFα in MCF7, by E2 only in LCC1, but by neither in LCC9 cells. Multiple alterations in E2-mediated cell cycle control were identified in the endocrine-resistant cell lines including increased expression of MYC, cyclin A1, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CDK2, and hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (ppRb), whereas p21 and p27 were reduced. Estrogen modulated expression of these regulators in MCF7 and LCC1 cells but not in LCC9 cells. Seliciclib inhibited CDK2 activation in MCF7 cells but not in resistant variants; in all lines, it reduced ppRb, increased p53 associated responses including p21, p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and p53 apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (p53AIP1), inhibited growth, and produced G2/M block and apoptosis. Conclusions: Multiple changes occur with progression of endocrine resistance in this model with AKT activation contributing to E2 insensitivity and loss of ERα(Ser118) phosphorylation being associated with full resistance. Cell cycle regulation is modified in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells, and seliciclib is effective in both endocrine-sensitive and resistant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Moore
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK 2Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Vera Cerqueira
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK 3West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, G51 4TF Glasgow, UK
| | - Kenneth G. MacLeod
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Mullen
- 4School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, KY16 9TF St Andrews, UK
| | - Richard L. Hayward
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Green
- 5Cyclacel Ltd, James Lindsay Place, Dundee Technopole, DD1 5JJ Dundee, UK
| | - David J. Harrison
- 4School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, KY16 9TF St Andrews, UK
| | - David A. Cameron
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P. Langdon
- 1Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Taguchi K, Lu H, Jiang Y, Hung TT, Stenzel MH. Safety of nanoparticles based on albumin-polymer conjugates as a carrier of nucleotides for pancreatic cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6278-6287. [PMID: 32254618 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy through systemic administration is expected to offer significant therapeutic potential against intractable cancers, including pancreatic cancer. One of the requirements for in vivo gene therapy is the development of a gene carrier with a high level of safety, transfection ability and tumour accumulation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) conjugation (BSA-PDMAEMA conjugation) could result in the development of a promising gene carrier. This conjugate could preserve the BSA structure well and efficiently condense the nucleotide inside, resulting in the formation of BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles that have a polyion complex core and surrounding BSA corona with a size of <100 nm. The nanoparticles that were produced based on BSA-PDMAEMA conjugation possessed good characteristics for use as a gene carrier with good biocompatibility, appropriate blood retention and gene protective properties. Furthermore, the in vivo two-dimensional and three-dimensional biodistribution in a xenograft pancreatic cancer (AsPC-1) model in mice clearly showed that BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles accumulated at the tumour site via enhanced permeability and the retention effect. Furthermore, BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles, which condensed the active anti-cancer oligonucleotide, ISIS5132, inhibited the growth of cancer in AsPC-1-bearing mice compared to mice which were administered with ISIS5132 alone. The structure of the BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles, i.e. the polyion complex core with the BSA corona, would comprehensively contribute to these ideal characteristics for use as a gene carrier. In conclusion, BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles could exert a therapeutic effect on intractable pancreatic cancer in vivo, indicating their use as a promising gene carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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3
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Abstract
Several observations have led us to a new hypothesis for cancer mechanism. First, that cancer appears only on those multicellular organisms with complicated wound-healing capacities. Second, that wounds considered as risk factors can be identified in all cancers in clinics. And finally, that oncogene activation appears not only in cancer, but also in normal physiology and noncancer pathology processes. Our proposed hypothesis is that cancer is a natural wound healing-related process, which includes oncogene activations, cytokine secretions, stem cell recruitment differentiation, and tissue remodeling. Wounds activate oncogenes of some cells and the latter secrete cytokines to recruit stem cells to heal the wounds. However, if the cause of the wound or if the wound persists, such as under the persistent UV and carcinogen exposures, the continuous wound healing process will lead to a clinical cancer mass. There is no system in nature to stop or reverse the wound healing process in the middle stage when the wound exists. The outcome of the cancer mechanism is either healing the wound or exhausting the whole system (death). The logic of this cancer mechanism is consistent with the rationales of the other physiological metabolisms in the body-for survival. This hypothesis helps to understand many cancer mysteries derived from the mutation theory, such as why cancer only exists in a small proportion of multicellular organisms, although they are all under potential mutation risks during DNA replications. The hypothesis can be used to interpret and guide cancer prevention, recurrence, metastasis, in vitro and in vivo studies, and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Meng
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jie Zhong
- Neurosurgery Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mollianne Murray
- Systems Biology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7435 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Ana M. Gonzalez-Angulo
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
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4
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Lim WK, Micklem G. MicroRNAs dysregulated in breast cancer preferentially target key oncogenic pathways. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2571-6. [PMID: 21766137 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation has been associated with numerous cancers including breast cancer. The dysregulation of miRNAs in cancer has been shown to perturb various pathways, with oncogenic effects. Here we investigate the relationship between dysregulated miRNAs and pathways involved in breast cancer by integrating miRNA and mRNA expression data. From a list of dysregulated miRNAs, we started by selecting the subset that appear to be regulating genes differentially expressed in breast cancer vs. normal tissue. Individually and as a group, this subset was found to target several canonical oncogenic pathways including the p53 signalling pathway, MAPK signalling pathway, TGFβ signalling pathway, focal adhesion and cell cycle progression. These results suggest that the dysregulation of miRNAs in breast cancer not only results in widespread changes to gene expression, but also the dysregulation of key oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Khong Lim
- Cambridge Systems Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
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5
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Matei D, Sill MW, Lankes HA, DeGeest K, Bristow RE, Mutch D, Yamada SD, Cohn D, Calvert V, Farley J, Petricoin EF, Birrer MJ. Activity of sorafenib in recurrent ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis: a gynecologic oncology group trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29:69-75. [PMID: 21098323 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.7856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib is a kinase inhibitor targeting Raf and other kinases (ie, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [VEGFR], platelet-derived growth factor receptor [PDGFR], Flt3, and c-KIT). This study assessed its activity and tolerability in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer (OC) or primary peritoneal carcinomatosis (PPC). METHODS This open-label, multi-institutional, phase II study used a two-stage design. Eligible patients had persistent or recurrent OC/PPC after one to two prior cytotoxic regimens, and they experienced progression within 12 months of platinum-based therapy. Treatment consisted of sorafenib 400 mg orally twice per day. Primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months and toxicity by National Cancer Institute criteria. Secondary end points were tumor response and duration of PFS and overall survival. Biomarker analyses included measurement of ERK and b-Raf expression in tumors and phosphorylation of ERK (pERK) in peripheral-blood lymphocytes (PBLs) before and after 1 month of treatment. Results Seventy-three patients were enrolled, of which 71 were eligible. Fifty-nine eligible patients (83%) had measurable disease, and 12 (17%) had detectable disease. Significant grade 3 or 4 toxicities included the following: rash (n = 7), hand-foot syndrome (n = 9), metabolic (n = 10), GI (n = 3), cardiovascular (n = 2), and pulmonary (n = 2). Only patients with measurable disease were used to assess efficacy. Fourteen survived progression free for at least 6 months (24%; 90% CI, 15% to 35%). Two patients had partial responses (3.4%; 90% CI, 1% to 10%); 20 had stable disease; 30 had progressive disease; and seven could not have their tumor assessed. ERK and b-Raf were expressed in all tumors. Exploratory analyses indicated that pERK in post-treatment PBL specimens was associated with PFS. CONCLUSION Sorafenib has modest antitumor activity in patients with recurrent OC, but the activity was at the expense of substantial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Matei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, RT-457, 535 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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6
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Semenova ML, Zakharova EE, Zaletov SY, Zaeva VV, Kosheleva NV. The effect of antisense oligonucleoties specific to the harakiri mRNA on spontaneous and induced defects of mouse preimplantation embryo development. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408090184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Hau P, Jachimczak P, Schlingensiepen R, Schulmeyer F, Jauch T, Steinbrecher A, Brawanski A, Proescholdt M, Schlaier J, Buchroithner J, Pichler J, Wurm G, Mehdorn M, Strege R, Schuierer G, Villarrubia V, Fellner F, Jansen O, Straube T, Nohria V, Goldbrunner M, Kunst M, Schmaus S, Stauder G, Bogdahn U, Schlingensiepen KH. Inhibition of TGF-β2 with AP 12009 in Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: From Preclinical to Phase I/II Studies. Oligonucleotides 2007; 17:201-12. [PMID: 17638524 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2006.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) is known to suppress the immune response to cancer cells and plays a pivotal role in tumor progression by regulating key mechanisms including proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. For targeted protein suppression the TGF-beta2-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide AP 12009 was developed. In vitro experiments have been performed to prove specificity and efficacy of the TGF-beta2 inhibitor AP 12009 employing patient-derived malignant glioma cells as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients. Clinically, the antisense compound AP 12009 was assessed in three Phase I/II-studies for the treatment of patients with recurrent or refractory malignant (high-grade) glioma WHO grade III or IV. Although the study was not primarily designed as an efficacy evaluation, prolonged survival compared to literature data and response data were observed, which are very rarely seen in this tumor indication. Two patients experienced long-lasting complete tumor remissions. These results implicate targeted TGF-beta2-suppression using AP 12009 as a promising novel approach for malignant gliomas and other highly aggressive, TGF-beta-2-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Mullen P, McPhillips F, Monia BP, Smyth JF, Langdon SP. Comparison of strategies targeting Raf-1 mRNA in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 118:1565-71. [PMID: 16184551 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the uptake and specificity of a first-generation Raf-1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) (ISIS 5132) and compare it with a second-generation ASO (ISIS 13650) and an RNA interference approach. All three approaches resulted in inhibition of both Raf-1 expression and cellular growth. Specificity of the Raf-1 ASOs was confirmed by comparison with ASOs targeted against another Raf isoform (B-Raf) as well as mismatch sequences. Cellular uptake studies with FAM-labelled ISIS 5132 revealed that whilst the majority of cells treated at a low-intermediate plating density were labelled within 3 hr, cells treated at high density demonstrated neither Raf-1 protein knockout nor significant growth inhibition, following similar treatment. This lack of response at high cell densities was associated with reduced pERK and Raf-1 inhibition. Cell cycle analysis revealed that whilst SKOV-3 cells both accumulated in the S-phase of the cell cycle and showed enhanced annexin V levels, following Raf-1 ASO treatment; these effects were also demonstrated with first-generation but not second-generation mismatch oligonucleotides. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation analysis suggested that these effects may indeed be partly attributable to sequence nonspecific effects. Finally, the combination of ISIS 5132 with either carboplatin or taxol showed enhanced growth inhibition, supporting the view that such ASOs may have a more effective clinical role when used in combination with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mullen
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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10
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Mullen P, Cameron DA, Hasmann M, Smyth JF, Langdon SP. Sensitivity to pertuzumab (2C4) in ovarian cancer models: cross-talk with estrogen receptor signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:93-100. [PMID: 17237269 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pertuzumab (Omnitarg, rhuMab 2C4) is a humanized monoclonal antibody, which inhibits HER2 dimerization. Because it has shown some clinical activity in ovarian cancer, this study sought to identify predictors of response to this agent in a model of ovarian cancer. A panel of 13 ovarian cancer cell lines was treated with heregulin beta1 (HRGbeta1) or transforming growth factor-alpha, and cell proliferation was assessed. Both agents increased cell number in the majority of cell lines studied, the response to both being similar (r = 0.83; P = 0.0004, Pearson test). HRGbeta1 stimulation could be partially reversed by pertuzumab in 6 of 13 cell lines, with complete reversal in PE04 and PE06 cells. Addition of pertuzumab to transforming growth factor-alpha-stimulated cells produced growth inhibition in 3 of 13 cell lines (PE01, PE04, and PE06). The magnitude of HRGbeta1-driven growth stimulation correlated significantly with an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (P = 0.037) but not Akt (P = 0.99) phosphorylation. Such HRGbeta1-driven phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt could be reduced with pertuzumab, accompanied by changes in cell cycle distribution. In cell lines responsive to pertuzumab, HRGbeta1-enhanced phosphorylation of HER2 (Tyr(877)) was reduced. Estrogen-stimulated changes in growth, cell cycle distribution, and signaling were reversed by pertuzumab, indicating cross-talk between HER2 and estrogen signaling. These data indicate that there is a subset of ovarian cancer cell lines sensitive to pertuzumab and suggest possible predictors of response to identify patients who could benefit from this therapy. Furthermore, we have identified an interaction between HER2 and estrogen signaling in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mullen
- Cancer Research UK, Edinburgh Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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11
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Popadiuk CM, Xiong J, Wells MG, Andrews PG, Dankwa K, Hirasawa K, Lake BB, Kao KR. Antisense suppression of pygopus2 results in growth arrest of epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2216-23. [PMID: 16609037 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Pygopus proteins are critical elements of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin transcriptional complex. In epithelial ovarian cancer, constitutively active Wnt signaling is restricted to one (endometrioid) tumor subtype. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of expression and growth requirements of human Pygopus2 (hPygo2) protein in epithelial ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression and subcellular localization of hPygo2 was determined in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines and tumors using Northern blot, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was done on 125 archived patient epithelial ovarian cancer tumors representing all epithelial ovarian cancer subtypes. T-cell factor-dependent transcription levels were determined in epithelial ovarian cancer cells using TOPflash/FOPflash in vivo assays. Phosphorothioated antisense oligonucleotides were transfected into cell lines and growth assayed by cell counting, anchorage-independent colony formation on soft agar, and xenografting into severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS All six epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines and 82% of the patient samples overexpressed nuclear hPygo2 compared with control cells and benign disease. Depletion of hPygo2 by antisense oligonucleotides in both Wnt-active (TOV-112D) and Wnt-inactive serous (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3) and clear cell (TOV-21G) carcinoma cell lines halted growth, assessed using tissue culture, anchorage-independent, and xenograft assays. CONCLUSIONS hPygo2 is unexpectedly widely expressed in, and required in the absence of, Wnt signaling for malignant growth of epithelial ovarian cancer, the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. These findings strongly suggest that inhibition of hPygo2 may be of therapeutic benefit for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M Popadiuk
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratories, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Shimada K, Nakamura M, Matsuyoshi S, Ishida E, Konishi N. Specific positive and negative effects of FLIP on cell survival in human prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:1349-57. [PMID: 16537561 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here for the first time novel positive and negative effects of the FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) on human prostate cancer cell survival. A proteaosome inhibitor, MG132, mediated cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis through p38 activation. Interestingly, FLIP was stabilized by MG132 and interacted with Raf-1, resulting in enhancement of p38 signals and cytotoxicity. In contrast, overexpression of FLIP inhibited ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin, resulting in increase of the target gene cyclin D1, colony formation and invasive activity. Immunohistochemical analysis and in vitro experiments in primary culture showed FLIP to be overexpressed, statistically associated with expression of beta-catenin/cyclin D1 in metastatic cells, the FLIP/beta-catenin/cyclin D1 signals contributing to colony formation and invasion, which were canceled by FLIP knock down. In contrast, MG132-induced cytotoxicity including apoptosis was strongly inhibited by reduction of FLIP. Taken together, the results indicate that FLIP plays an important role in development of metastatic prostate cancer by inhibiting proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin, whereas it is mainly involved in proteasome inhibitior-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activating the Raf-1/p38 pathway. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors may be effective drugs for advanced prostate cancers overexpressing FLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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13
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McPhillips F, Mullen P, MacLeod KG, Sewell JM, Monia BP, Cameron DA, Smyth JF, Langdon SP. Raf-1 is the predominant Raf isoform that mediates growth factor-stimulated growth in ovarian cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:729-39. [PMID: 16332724 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently much interest in the role of the Raf family in cancer, particularly since mutated B-Raf has been shown to be oncogenic in certain disease types. In this study we have explored the expression, signaling and function of the three known Raf isoforms (Raf-1, A-Raf and B-Raf) in patients with ovarian cancer. While increased expression of Raf-1 was associated with poor survival, increased expression of B-Raf was associated with improved survival. Using a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, all three isoforms were shown to be involved in growth factor initiated signaling. Antisense inhibition of function in ovarian cancer cell lines indicated that both Raf-1 and A-Raf, but not B-Raf, were linked to cell proliferation. Raf-1 (but not A-Raf or B-Raf) was also associated with reduced apoptosis. While individual Raf reduction by isoform-targeted antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) produced growth inhibition in some cell lines, similar use of the MEK inhibitor UO126 produced growth inhibition in all cell lines tested. These data suggest that Raf-1 is the predominant Raf isoform responsible for regulating cellular growth in ovarian cancer cells and may be particularly important in high grade serous ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McPhillips
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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14
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Dai G, Chan KK, Liu S, Hoyt D, Whitman S, Klisovic M, Shen T, Caligiuri MA, Byrd J, Grever M, Marcucci G. Cellular uptake and intracellular levels of the bcl-2 antisense g3139 in cultured cells and treated patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2998-3008. [PMID: 15837754 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Down-regulation of Bcl-2 by the antisense G3139, currently under clinical evaluations, could restore chemosensitivity in otherwise resistant malignant cells. To date, the mechanism of intracellular accumulation of G3139 following in vivo administration remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess whether detectable intracellular concentrations of G3139 are achievable in vivo and how these relate to Bcl-2 down-regulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cellular uptake of G3139 was studied in leukemia myeloid cell lines and blasts collected from treated patients using a newly developed, novel, and highly sensitive ELISA-based assay. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to quantify Bcl-2 mRNA changes in treated cells. RESULTS The assay was fully validated and showed a limit of quantification of 50 pmol/L. When exposed to 0.33 to 10 mumol/L G3139, K562 cells exhibited intracellular concentrations in the range of 2.1 to 11.4 pmol/mg protein. When G3139 was delivered with cationic lipids, a 10- to 25-fold increase of the intracellular concentrations was observed. There was an accumulation of G3139 in the nuclei, and the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm was increased 7-fold by cationic lipids. Intracellular concentrations of G3139 were correlated with Bcl-2 mRNA down-regulation. Robust intracellular concentrations of G3139 were achieved in vivo in bone marrow (range, 3.4-40.6 pmol/mg protein) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (range, 0.47-19.4 pmol/mg protein) from acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with G3139. CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence that measurable intracellular levels of G3139 are achievable in vivo in acute myeloid leukemia patients and that Bcl-2 down-regulation is likely to depend on the achievable intracellular concentrations rather than on plasma concentrations.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/blood
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacokinetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thionucleotides/blood
- Thionucleotides/metabolism
- Thionucleotides/pharmacokinetics
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Dai
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Macleod K, Mullen P, Sewell J, Rabiasz G, Lawrie S, Miller E, Smyth JF, Langdon SP. Altered ErbB receptor signaling and gene expression in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6789-800. [PMID: 16061661 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of ovarian cancer patients are treated with platinum-based chemotherapy, but the emergence of resistance to such chemotherapy severely limits its overall effectiveness. We have shown that development of resistance to this treatment can modify cell signaling responses in a model system wherein cisplatin treatment has altered cell responsiveness to ligands of the erbB receptor family. A cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line PE01CDDP was derived from the parent PE01 line by exposure to increasing concentrations of cisplatin, eventually obtaining a 20-fold level of resistance. Whereas PE01 cells were growth stimulated by the erbB receptor-activating ligands, such as transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha), NRG1alpha, and NRG1beta, the PE01CDDP line was growth inhibited by TGFalpha and NRG1beta but unaffected by NRG1alpha. TGFalpha increased apoptosis in PE01CDDP cells but decreased apoptosis in PE01 cells. Differences in extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling were also found, which may be implicated in the altered cell response to ligands. Microarray analysis revealed 51 genes whose mRNA increased by at least 2-fold in PE01CDDP cells relative to PE01 (including FRA1, ETV4, MCM2, AXL, MT3, TRAP1, and FANCG), whereas 36 genes (including IGFBP3, TRAM1, and KRT4 and KRT19) decreased by a similar amount. Differential display reverse transcriptase-PCR identified altered mRNA expression for TCP1, SLP1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and ZXDA. Small interfering RNA inhibition of FRA1, TCP1, and MCM2 expression was associated with reduced growth and FRA1 inhibition with enhanced cisplatin sensitivity. Altered expression of these genes by cytotoxic exposure may provide survival advantages to cells including deregulation of signaling pathways, which may be critical in the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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