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Pieters R, de Groot-Kruseman H, Van der Velden V, Fiocco M, van den Berg H, de Bont E, Egeler RM, Hoogerbrugge P, Kaspers G, Van der Schoot E, De Haas V, Van Dongen J. Successful Therapy Reduction and Intensification for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring: Study ALL10 From the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2591-601. [PMID: 27269950 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.64.6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) improved greatly by intensifying chemotherapy for all patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) levels during the first months predict outcome and may select patients for therapy reduction or intensification. METHODS Patients 1 to 18 years old with ALL were stratified on the basis of MRD levels after the first and second course of chemotherapy. Thereafter, therapy was substantially reduced in patients with undetectable MRD (standard risk) and intensified in patients with intermediate (medium risk) and high (high risk) levels of MRD. Seven hundred seventy-eight consecutive patients were enrolled. The method of analysis was intention-to-treat. Outcome was compared with historical controls. RESULTS In MRD-based standard-risk patients, the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 93% (SE 2%), the 5-year survival rate was 99% (SE 1%), and the 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse rate was 6% (SE 2%). The safety upper limit of number of observation years was reached and therapy reduction was declared safe.MRD-based medium-risk patients had a significantly higher 5-year EFS rate (88%, SE 2%) with therapy intensification (including 30 weeks of asparaginase exposure and dexamethasone/vincristine pulses) compared with historical controls (76%, SE 6%). Intensive chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in MRD-based high-risk patients resulted in a significantly better 5-year EFS rate (78%, SE 8% v 16%, SE 8% in controls). Overall outcome improved significantly (5-year EFS rate 87%, 5-year survival rate 92%, and 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse rate 8%) compared with preceding Dutch Childhood Oncology Group protocols. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy was substantially reduced safely in one-quarter of children with ALL who were selected on the basis of undetectable MRD levels, without jeopardizing the survival rate. Outcomes of patients with intermediate and high levels of MRD improved with therapy intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Pieters
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hester de Groot-Kruseman
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Van der Velden
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marta Fiocco
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henk van den Berg
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evelien de Bont
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Hoogerbrugge
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gertjan Kaspers
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ellen Van der Schoot
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Valerie De Haas
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jacques Van Dongen
- Rob Pieters, Peter Hoogerbrugge, and Gertjan Kaspers, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht; Rob Pieters, Hester de Groot-Kruseman, Marta Fiocco, and Valerie De Haas, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague; Vincent Van der Velden and Jacques Van Dongen, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam; Marta Fiocco, Leiden University, Leiden; Henk van den Berg, Academic Medical Center; Gertjan Kaspers, Free University Hospital Amsterdam; Ellen Van der Schoot, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam; Evelien de Bont, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and R. Maarten Egeler, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Grausenburger R, Bastelberger S, Eckert C, Kauer M, Stanulla M, Frech C, Bauer E, Stoiber D, von Stackelberg A, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Genetic alterations in glucocorticoid signaling pathway components are associated with adverse prognosis in children with relapsed ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:1163-73. [PMID: 26327566 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1088650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ETV6/RUNX1 gene fusion defines the largest genetic subgroup of childhood ALL with overall rapid treatment response. However, up to 15% of cases relapse. Because an impaired glucocorticoid pathway is implicated in disease recurrence we studied the impact of genetic alterations by SNP array analysis in 31 relapsed cases. In 58% of samples, we found deletions in various glucocorticoid signaling pathway-associated genes, but only NR3C1 and ETV6 deletions prevailed in minimal residual disease poor responding and subsequently relapsing cases (p<0.05). To prove the necessity of a functional glucocorticoid receptor, we reconstituted wild-type NR3C1 expression in mutant, glucocorticoid-resistant REH cells and studied the glucocorticoid response in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. While these results prove that glucocorticoid receptor defects are crucial for glucocorticoid resistance in an experimental setting, they do not address the essential clinical situation where glucocorticoid resistance at relapse is rather part of a global drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Grausenburger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Stephan Bastelberger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | - Maximilian Kauer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Stanulla
- c Department of Pediatrics , University Hospital Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Eva Bauer
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria .,e Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria , and
| | - Arend von Stackelberg
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Oskar A Haas
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria .,f St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Renate Panzer-Grümayer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
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