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Ocolotobiche EE, Dauder RM, Güerci AM. Radiosensitivity of radiotherapy patients: The effect of individual DNA repair capacity. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 867:503371. [PMID: 34266627 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Individual radiosensitivity is a critical problem in radiotherapy because of the treatment restrictions it imposes. We have tested whether induction/repair of genomic lesions correlates with the acute cutaneous effects of radiotherapy. Peripheral blood samples of 56 healthy volunteers and 18 patients with breast cancer were studied. DNA damage and DNA repair capacity were assessed in vitro (alkaline comet assay). Patients without skin reaction did not show significant differences from healthy individuals, with respect to either initial or radiation-induced DNA damage. Similar DNA repair kinetics, fitting a decreasing exponential response, were observed in both groups, and there were no significant differences in residual genotoxic damage. In contrast, patients exhibiting acute side effects showed significantly lower DNA repair ability and significantly more residual damage, compared to patients without radiotoxicity. This approach may help to identify patients who are at greater risk of radiotherapy side effects. However, many other factors, such as dosimetry, irradiated volume, and lifestyle should also be considered in the evaluation of individual radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana E Ocolotobiche
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 s/n (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115 s/n (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Terapia Radiante S.A. Red CIO - La Plata, Calle 60 Nº 480 (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricard Marcos Dauder
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Alba Mabel Güerci
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 s/n (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115 s/n (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Terapia Radiante S.A. Red CIO - La Plata, Calle 60 Nº 480 (CP 1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Brzozowska K, Pinkawa M, Eble MJ, Müller WU, Wojcik A, Kriehuber R, Schmitz S. In vivo versus in vitro individual radiosensitivity analysed in healthy donors and in prostate cancer patients with and without severe side effects after radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:405-13. [PMID: 22348555 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.666002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high cellular radiosensitivity may be connected with a risk for development of severe side effects after radiotherapy and indicate cancer susceptibility. Hence, a fast and robust in vitro test is desirable to identify radiosensitive individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 25 prostate cancer patients with severe side effects (S) and 25 patients without severe side effects (0) after radiotherapy as well as 23 male healthy age-matched donors. Blood samples were exposed to 0.5 Gy or 1 Gy of γ-rays. The initial level of double-strand breaks (dsb) and repair kinetics measured by phosphorylation of histone H2A (γ-H2AX-assay), apoptosis (Annexin V-assay) and the induction of chromatid aberrations after irradiation in the G2-phase of the cell cycle (G2-assay) were analysed. RESULTS A significant higher chromatid aberration yield was found in lymphocytes from prostate cancer patients when compared to healthy donors. We found no significant differences between patients S and patients 0. CONCLUSIONS There is no obvious correlation between clinical and cellular radiosensitivity in lymphocytes of prostate cancer patients when all chosen in vitro assays are considered. Although 25% of the patients showed both severe side effects and increased radiation-induced chromosomal sensitivity, predictive value of G2-assay is doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Brzozowska
- Research Center Juelich GmbH, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Juelich, Germany
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Cai J, Tang H, Xu L, Wang X, Yang C, Ruan S, Guo J, Hu S, Wang Z. Fibroblasts in omentum activated by tumor cells promote ovarian cancer growth, adhesion and invasiveness. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:20-9. [PMID: 22021907 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Omentum metastasis is a common occurrence in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which is often accompanied by ascites that facilitates the spread of EOC cells. A subpopulation of fibroblasts-the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important promoters of tumor progression. We have shown previously that CAFs exist not only in omentum with EOC metastasis but also in omentum without metastasis. In the present study, using primary human fibroblasts isolated from normal omentum (NFs) and omentum with ovarian cancer metastasis (CAFs), we established in vitro coculture models and a 3D culture model mimicking human omentum structure for investigation of interactions between fibroblasts and cancer cells. We demonstrate that EOC cells activate NFs and promote their proliferation via transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling, and the activated fibroblasts contribute to the invasion and adhesion of EOC cells. Moreover, EOC cells and NFs coculture led to overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and adhesion and invasion of EOC cells could be partially suppressed by blocking the function of HGF or MMP-2. Additionally, mouse peritoneal dissemination models of EOC confirmed the activation of fibroblasts by cancer cells and the tumor growth- and metastasis-promoting effects of activated fibroblasts in vivo. Our findings indicate that activated fibroblasts in omentum form a congenial environment to promote EOC cells implantation. It is an intriguing concept that targeting the activation of omentum fibroblast through the inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling can be used as a new therapeutic strategy against ovarian cancer omentum metastases, which needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
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Pietrowska M, Polańska J, Walaszczyk A, Wygoda A, Rutkowski T, Składowski K, Marczak Ł, Stobiecki M, Marczyk M, Polański A, Widłak P. Association between plasma proteome profiles analysed by mass spectrometry, a lymphocyte-based DNA-break repair assay and radiotherapy-induced acute mucosal reaction in head and neck cancer patients. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:711-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.556174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hao Y, Zhao Y, Zhao X, He C, Pang X, Wu TC, Califano JA, Gu X. Improvement of prostate cancer detection by integrating the PSA test with miRNA expression profiling. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:318-24. [PMID: 21345070 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.554477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is limited in prostate cancer diagnosis due to its inaccuracy. A new approach which integrates the PSA test with miRNA profiling was investigated to improve prostate cancer diagnosis. Six prostate cancer-related miRNAs (miR-16, -21, -34c, -101, -125b, -141) were tested in five cultured prostate cell lines and 20 human prostate specimens. We found that the miRNA expression profiles were significantly different between nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines and specimens. Positive predictive value analysis of prostate cancer was increased from 40% to 87.5% by integrating patient PSA blood levels with miR-21 and miR-141 profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Hao
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Service, College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Güerci A, Zúñiga L, Marcos R. Construction and validation of a dose-response curve using the comet assay to determine human radiosensitivity to ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:1087-1093. [PMID: 21707432 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.582318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Individual radiosensitivity is an individual characteristic associated with an increased reaction to ionizing radiation. The purpose of our work is to establish a dose-response curve useful to classify individuals as radiosensitive or radioresistant. Thus, a dose-response curve was constructed by measuring in vitro responses to increasing doses (0 to 8 Gy) of gamma radiation in the comet assay. The obtained curve fit well with a linear equation in the range of 0 to 8 Gy. The overall dose-response curve was constructed for percent DNA in tail, as a measure of the genetic damage induced by irradiation. To probe the goodness of the constructed curve, a validation study was carried out with whole blood from two donors in a blind study. Results show that, for the two applied doses (2 and 6 Gy), the obtained values fit well inside the interval of confidence of the curve. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the usefulness of the comet assay in determining individual responses to defined doses of gamma radiation. The standard dose-response curve constructed may be used to detect individuals departing from reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Güerci
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Saad AF, Hu W, Sood AK. Microenvironment and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. HORMONES & CANCER 2010; 1:277-90. [PMID: 21761359 PMCID: PMC3199131 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-010-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetic alterations play a role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Although many key proteins and pathways involved in ovarian carcinogenesis and metastasis have been discovered, knowledge of the early steps leading to malignancy remains poorly understood. This poor understanding stems from lack of data from early-stage cancers and absence of a well-established premalignant state universal to all ovarian cancer subtypes. Existing evidence suggests that ovarian cancers develop either through a stepwise mutation process (low-grade pathway), through genetic instability resulting in hastened metastasis (high-grade pathway), or more recently through what has been described as the "'fimbrial-ovarian' serous neoplasia theory." In this latter model, ovarian serous cancers evolve from premalignant lesions in the distal fallopian tube called tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. In this manuscript, we review key genetic and molecular changes that occur in cancer cell progression and suggest a model of ovarian cancer pathogenesis involving both tumor cell mutations and microenvironmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F. Saad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, U.T.M.B. Galveston Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Department of Cancer Biology, U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Analysis of vaccine-induced T cells in humans with cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:178-88. [PMID: 20795549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, progress in the field of tumor immunology has lead to advances in active immunotherapy and vaccination as a means ofeliciting tumor-specific immune responses to mediate tumor regression and clearance. Developing vaccines targeted against cancer became an important focus as a therapy following the success of viral vaccines in preventing infection and disease. In humans with cancer, similar to viral infections, the host immune system is capable of recognizing antigens expressed on tumor cells. This similarity allows the immunological framework of the viral vaccine to be adapted to the cancer setting in hopes of enhancing human T-cell reactivity against tumor. It is generally believed that a requirement for tumor destruction to occur is the induction of sufficient levels of immune cells with high avidity for recognition of tumor antigens. Moreover, the cells must be targeted to the tumor site and be capable of infiltrating tumor stroma.2 Several tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been identified in the melanoma model which has allowed for immunization trials to evaluate therapeutic potential of tumor-specific T-cell induction. Some clinical trials reported limited success ofT-cell mediated tumor rejection, reportingpartial or complete regression in 10 to 30% of patients. Although tumor regression was not observed following active immunization in vivo, ex vivo assays evaluating TAA-specific T cells demonstrated tumor recognition and subsequent T-cell activation suggesting that tumor-specific T-cell induction indeed occurs but alone is not adequate to induce tumor regression. Recently, the usefulness and success of active-specific immunization (ASI) against TAAs as a means ofeliciting a tumor-specific immune response leading to tumor regression and clearance has been a topic of debate and discussion.
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Wang WD, Chen ZT, Li DZ, Cao ZH, Pu P, Sun SL, Shen XP. Retraction: Correlation between DNA repair capacity in lymphocytes and acute side effects to skin during radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3642. [PMID: 19390114 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-10-ret] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital Chongqing, PR China
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Lawrence YR, Werner-Wasik M, Dicker AP. Biologically conformal treatment: biomarkers and functional imaging in radiation oncology. Future Oncol 2008; 4:689-704. [PMID: 18922126 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
'Conformal radiation therapy' is the standard of care in radiation oncology, referring to the process of shaping the radiation beam to precisely match a tumor's physical dimensions. We describe 'biologically conformal radiotherapy', in which the radiation oncologist matches the prescribed treatment to a tumor's biological characteristics and the host's predicted tolerance of radiation. This paradigm emphasizes that not all tumors are equally sensitive to radiation; conversely, some patients are especially susceptible to radiation's side effects. Patients bearing radioresistant tumors or those prone to toxicity may be best treated with the incorporation of targeted radiation modulators or, in extreme cases, by a different modality. The biological characteristics of tumors can be assessed by a wide range of techniques: functional imaging (positron emission tomography and advanced magnetic resonance imaging), single gene/protein molecular techniques and 'omic' technologies. This paper reviews the latest advances in the use of biomarkers and functional imaging in guiding patients to receive the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Richard Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Collagen I but not Matrigel matrices provide an MMP-dependent barrier to ovarian cancer cell penetration. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:223. [PMID: 18681958 PMCID: PMC2519089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasive potential of cancer cells is usually assessed in vitro using Matrigel as a surrogate basement membrane. Yet cancer cell interaction with collagen I matrices is critical, particularly for the peritoneal metastatic route undertaken by several cancer types including ovarian. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity is important to enable cells to overcome the barrier constraints imposed by basement membranes and stromal matrices in vivo. Our objective was to compare matrices reconstituted from collagen I and Matrigel as representative barriers for ovarian cancer cell invasion. METHODS The requirement of MMP activity for ovarian cancer cell penetration of Matrigel and collagen matrices was assessed in 2D transwell and 3D spheroid culture systems. RESULTS The broad range MMP inhibitor GM6001 completely prevented cell perforation of polymerised collagen I-coated transwell membranes. In contrast, GM6001 decreased ES-2 cell penetration of Matrigel by only approximately 30% and had no effect on HEY cell Matrigel penetration. In 3D culture, ovarian cancer cells grown as spheroids also migrated into surrounding Matrigel matrices despite MMP blockade. In contrast, MMP activity was required for invasion into 3D matrices of collagen I reconstituted from acid-soluble rat-tail collagen I, but not from pepsin-extracted collagen I (Vitrogen/Purecol), which lacks telopeptide regions. CONCLUSION Matrigel does not form representative barriers to ovarian cancer cells in either 2D or 3D culture systems. Our findings support the use of collagen I rather than Matrigel as a matrix barrier for invasion studies to better approximate critical interactions and events associated with peritoneal metastasis.
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Gamulin M, Kopjar N, Grgić M, Ramić S, Bisof V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Genome damage in oropharyngeal cancer patients treated by radiotherapy. Croat Med J 2008; 49:515-27. [PMID: 18716999 PMCID: PMC2525833 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2008.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To estimate genome damage in oropharyngeal cancer patients before, during, and after radiotherapy and to measure the persistence of caused genome damage relevant in the evaluation of secondary cancer risk. METHODS DNA damage was evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 10 oropharyngeal cancer patients using alkaline comet assay, analysis of structural chromosome aberrations, and micronucleus assay. Blood samples were taken 2 hours before irradiation on day 1 of the first radiotherapy cycle, 2 hours after the application of the first dose, in the middle of the radiotherapy cycle, within 2 hours after the last received radiotherapy dose, and after 6 and 12 months after radiotherapy. RESULTS In most participants, the highest level of primary DNA damage was recorded in blood samples collected after the administration of first radiation dose (mean tail length 25.04+/-6.23 mum). Most patients also had increased frequency of comets with long tail-nucleus (LTN comets) after the administration of the first radiation dose (mean, 10.50+/-7.71 per 100 comets), which remained increased in the middle of radiotherapy (mean, 18.30+/-27.62 per 100 comets). Later on, the levels of primary DNA damage as recorded by the comet assay, slightly diminished. The frequency of structural chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes gradually increased during the radiation cycle (26.50+/-27.72 per 100 metaphases at the end of the therapy), as well as the frequency of micronuclei (mean total number of micronuclei 167.20+/-35.69 per 1000 binuclear cells). CONCLUSION Oropharyngeal cancer patients had relatively high levels of primary DNA damage in their peripheral blood lymphocytes even before therapy. The frequency of complex structural chromosome aberrations and the frequency of micronuclei increased with the progression of the radiation cycle and the doses delivered. As the frequency of chromosomal aberrations a year after radiotherapy mostly did not return to pre-therapy values, it represents an important risk factor related to the onset of second cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gamulin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Badie C, Dziwura S, Raffy C, Tsigani T, Alsbeih G, Moody J, Finnon P, Levine E, Scott D, Bouffler S. Aberrant CDKN1A transcriptional response associates with abnormal sensitivity to radiation treatment. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1845-51. [PMID: 18493234 PMCID: PMC2410125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal tissue reactions to radiation therapy vary in severity among patients and cannot be accurately predicted, limiting treatment doses. The existence of heritable radiosensitivity syndromes suggests that normal tissue reaction severity is determined, at least in part, by genetic factors and these may be revealed by differences in gene expression. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from 22 breast cancer patients with either minimal (11) or very severe acute skin reactions (11) have been used to analyse gene expression. Basal and post-irradiation expression of four radiation-responsive genes (CDKN1A, GADD45A, CCNB1, and BBC3) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in T-cell cultures established from the two patient groups before radiotherapy. Relative expression levels of BBC3, CCNB1, and GADD45A 2 h following 2 Gy X-rays did not discriminate between groups. However, post-irradiation expression response was significantly reduced for CDKN1A (P<0.002) in severe reactors compared to normal. Prediction of reaction severity of approximately 91% of individuals sampled was achieved using this end point. Analysis of TP53 Arg72Pro and CDKN1A Ser31Arg single nucleotide polymorphisms did not show any significant association with reaction sensitivity. Although these results require confirmation and extension, this study demonstrates the possibility of predicting the severity of acute skin radiation toxicity in simple tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badie
- Radiation Effects Department, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Radiation Protection Division, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORQ, UK.
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Wang E, Panelli M, Marincola FM. Complementary techniques: RNA amplification for gene profiling analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 593:39-53. [PMID: 17265715 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-39978-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of clinical samples is often limited by the amount of material available. DNA and RNA can be amplified from small specimens and, therefore, used for high-throughput analyses. While precise estimates of the level of DNA concentration in a given specimen is rarely studied (with the exception of relatively crude analyses of gene amplification or loss in cancer specimens), it is critical to know the proportional expression of various RNA transcripts since this proportion governs cell function by modulating the expression of various proteins. In addition, accurate estimates of relative RNA expression in biological conditions portray the reaction of cells to environmental stimuli shedding light on the characteristics of the microenvironment associated with particular physiologic or pathologic conditions. For this reason, the development of technologies for high fidelity messenger RNA amplification have been focused of extreme interest in the past decade with specific aim not only of increasing the abundance of RNA available to study but to accurately maintain the proportionality of expression of various RNA species among each other within a given specimen. This chapter will discuss various approaches to proportional RNA amplification focusing on amplification of the whole transcriptome (all transcripts in a given samples) rather than individual genes. These methods are suitable for high-throughput transcriptional profiling studies.
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Ayllón V, O'connor R. PBK/TOPK promotes tumour cell proliferation through p38 MAPK activity and regulation of the DNA damage response. Oncogene 2006; 26:3451-61. [PMID: 17160018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the insulin-like growth-factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) to tumour progression is well documented. To identify new mediators of IGF-IR function in cancer, we recently isolated genes differentially expressed in cells overexpressing the IGF-IR. Among these was the serine/threonine kinase PBK/TOPK (PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase), previously associated with highly proliferative cells and tissues. Here, we show that PBK is expressed at high levels in tumour cell lines compared with non-transformed cells. IGF-I could induce PBK expression only in transformed cells, whereas epidermal growth factor could induce PBK in non-transformed MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Suppression of PBK expression using small interfering RNA did not prevent progression through the cell cycle, but caused decreased proliferation over time in culture, and reduced clonogenic growth in soft agarose. PBK knockdown impaired p38 activation after long-term stimulation with different growth factors and reduced DU145 cells motility. Suppressed PBK expression also resulted in an impaired response to DNA damage that was evident by the decreased generation of gamma-H2AX, increased DNA damage and decreased cell survival. Taken together, the data indicate that PBK is necessary for appropriate activation and function of the p38 pathway by growth factors. Thus, enhanced expression of PBK may facilitate tumour growth by mediating p38 activation and by helping cells to overcome DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ayllón
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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