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Bone Metastasis in Bladder Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010054. [PMID: 36675715 PMCID: PMC9864951 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most common and 13th most deadly malignancy worldwide. About 5% of BCa patients present initially with metastatic disease, with bone being the most diagnosed site for distant metastasis. The overall one-year survival of patients with BCa is 84%, whereas it is only 21% in patients with bone metastasis (BM). Metastasis of BCa cells to bone occurs by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, intravasation, extravasation, and interactions with the bone microenvironment. However, the mechanism of BCa metastasis to the bone is not completely understood; it needs a further preclinical model to completely explain the process. As different imaging mechanisms, PET-CT cannot replace a radionuclide bone scan or an MRI for diagnosing BM. The management of BCa patients with BM includes chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, bisphosphonates, denosumab, radioisotopes, and surgery. The objective of these treatments is to inhibit disease progression, improve overall survival, reduce skeletal-related events, relieve pain, and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Charney VA, Miller MA, Heng HG, Weng HY, Knapp DW. Skeletal Metastasis of Canine Urothelial Carcinoma: Pathologic and Computed Tomographic Features. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:380-386. [PMID: 27879443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816677152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma (UC) is the most common cancer in the canine urinary tract. Prolonged survival of dogs with UC due to better management of the primary tumor and prevention of urethral obstruction might have contributed to an apparent increase in distant metastasis. Metastasis to bone is particularly concerning because the ensuing pain often leads to euthanasia; however, little is known of the frequency, site, or nature of UC skeletal metastasis. In a retrospective analysis, 17 (9%) of 188 canine UC cases had histologically confirmed skeletal metastasis, mainly to the vertebrae. In a prospective analysis of 21 dogs with UC that underwent total body computed tomography (CT) at euthanasia followed by a standardized pathologic examination, skeletal lesions detected on CT were suspected to be metastatic in 4 dogs and were confirmed as metastatic UC histologically in 3 (14%) dogs. In all 3 cases, skeletal metastasis had been suspected based on history and physical examination; however, 1 dog had additional CT-detected skeletal metastases in a clinically unsuspected location, and 2 dogs had histologically confirmed skeletal metastases that corresponded to nonspecific osseous lesions on CT. These findings suggest that total body CT could be helpful in detecting skeletal metastasis as a cause of bone pain in dogs with UC as well as in identifying clinically “silent” sites of skeletal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Charney
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M. A. Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H. G. Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H. Y. Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D. W. Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Kato J, Futamura M, Kanematsu M, Gaowa S, Mori R, Tanahashi T, Matsuhashi N, Yoshida K. Combination therapy with zoledronic acid and cetuximab effectively suppresses growth of colorectal cancer cells regardless of KRAS status. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1516-27. [PMID: 26437179 PMCID: PMC5057332 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeted molecular therapy is an effective anticancer strategy. Anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies such as cetuximab (CTX) have been approved for the treatment of various malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC) with wild‐type KRAS. However, their efficacy in patients with KRAS mutations has not been established. Therefore, we investigated whether CTX treatment was effective as a single agent or in combination with zoledronic acid (ZOL) in human CRC cell lines with different KRAS status. CRC cell lines SW48 (wild‐type KRAS) and LS174T (mutant KRAS) were treated with ZOL, CTX and a combination of both drugs. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. Changes in the levels of intracellular signaling proteins were evaluated using western blot analysis. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of the combination treatment in an in vivo xenograft model. We observed that ZOL apparently inhibited growth in both cell lines, whereas CTX showed little effect. ZOL also increased the levels of unprenylated RAS. Combined ZOL and CTX treatment was synergistic in both cell lines and was associated with inhibition of the RAS‐MAPK and AKT‐mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination treatment was more effective in suppressing the growth of xenografts derived from both SW48 and LS174T cells; this effect was associated with increased apoptosis. These results demonstrate that ZOL inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells regardless of KRAS status, and combination therapy using ZOL and CTX enhances this growth suppression. These findings suggest a novel strategy for the treatment of CRC independent of KRAS mutational status. What's new? A new combination therapy could be the one‐two punch that takes out treatment‐resistant colorectal cancer. The anti‐EGFR antibody cetuximab works well against colorectal cancer, but tumors with KRAS mutations can fend it off. Zoledronic acid, which can treat osteoporosis, also thwarts various types of cancer, and in this article the authors evaluated whether it could boost cetuximab's effectiveness. They showed that not only did zoledronic acid suppress colorectal tumor growth, even in KRAS mutants, but that the combination of both agents works better than either alone, both in cultured cell and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kato
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manabu Futamura
- Department of Breast and Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masako Kanematsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Siqin Gaowa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Matsuhashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Kurabayashi A, Inoue K, Fukuhara H, Karashima T, Fukata S, Kawada C, Shuin T, Furihata M. Combination with third-generation bisphosphonate (YM529) and interferon-alpha can inhibit the progression of established bone renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1092-9. [PMID: 26041278 PMCID: PMC4556400 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the third-generation nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (YM529) can inhibit the progression of established bone renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to elucidate its mechanism. Antiproliferative effect and apoptosis induction of RCC cells and mouse osteoclasts by YM529 and/or interferon-alpha (IFN-α) were evaluated in vitro using cell counting and in vivo using soft X-ray, the TUNEL method and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stain. For the in vivo study, male athymic BALB/cA Jc1-nu nude mice bearing human RCC cell line RBM1-IT4 cells were treated with YM529 and/or IFN-α. The biological activity of osteoclasts was evaluated using the pit formation assay. The antiangiogenetic effect by YM529 and/or IFN-α was analyzed using micro-vessel density and in situ mRNA hybridization. Osteoclast number in bone tumors was decreased in YM529-treated mouse. YM529 also inhibited osteoclast activity and proliferation in vitro, whereas basic fibroblast growth factor expressions and micro-vessel density within tumors were inhibited by IFN-α. Neither YM529 nor IFN-α alone significantly inhibited the growth of established bone metastatic tumors. Combined treatment with YM529 and IFN-α may be beneficial in patients with human RCC bone metastasis. Their effects are mediated by osteoclast recruitment inhibition and inactivation by YM529 and antiangiogenesis by IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Fukata
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawada
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Taro Shuin
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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5
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Simmons JK, Hildreth BE, Supsavhad W, Elshafae SM, Hassan BB, Dirksen WP, Toribio RE, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Bone Metastasis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:827-41. [PMID: 26021553 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815586223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Bone metastases are considered incurable and result in pain, pathologic fracture, and decreased quality of life. Animal models of skeletal metastases are essential to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways of cancer metastasis and growth in bone and to develop new therapies to inhibit and prevent bone metastases. The ideal animal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible, and representative of human disease. Currently, an ideal model does not exist; however, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the available models will lead to proper study design and successful cancer research. This review provides an overview of the current in vivo animal models used in the study of skeletal metastases or local tumor invasion into bone and focuses on mammary and prostate cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and miscellaneous tumors that metastasize to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B B Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Josson S, Nomura T, Lin JT, Huang WC, Wu D, Zhau HE, Zayzafoon M, Weizmann MN, Gururajan M, Chung LWK. β2-microglobulin induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition and confers cancer lethality and bone metastasis in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2600-10. [PMID: 21427356 PMCID: PMC3182156 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is one of the predominant causes of cancer lethality. This study demonstrates for the first time how β2-microglobulin (β2-M) supports lethal metastasis in vivo in human prostate, breast, lung, and renal cancer cells. β2-M mediates this process by activating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote lethal bone and soft tissue metastases in host mice. β2-M interacts with its receptor, hemochromatosis (HFE) protein, to modulate iron responsive pathways in cancer cells. Inhibition of either β2-M or HFE results in reversion of EMT. These results demonstrate the role of β2-M in cancer metastasis and lethality. Thus, β2-M and its downstream signaling pathways are promising prognostic markers of cancer metastases and novel therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajni Josson
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Takeo Nomura
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
,Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jen-Tai Lin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Daqing Wu
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - M. Neale Weizmann
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Murali Gururajan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Takahashi M, Mizoguchi T, Uehara S, Nakamichi Y, Yang S, Naramoto H, Yamashita T, Kobayashi Y, Yamaoka M, Furusawa K, Udagawa N, Uematsu T, Takahashi N. Docetaxel inhibits bone resorption through suppression of osteoclast formation and function in different manners. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:24-35. [PMID: 19082914 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are formed from the monocyte-macrophage lineage in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) expressed by osteoblasts. Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis, and osteoclasts play roles in the metastasis. The taxane-derived compounds paclitaxel and docetaxel are used for the treatment of malignant diseases, including breast cancer. Here we explored the effects of docetaxel on osteoclastic bone resorption in mouse culture systems. Osteoclasts were formed within 6 days in cocultures of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) plus prostaglandin E(2). Docetaxel at 10(-8) M inhibited osteoclast formation in the coculture when added for the entire culture period or for the first 3 days. Docetaxel, even at 10(-6) M added for the final 3 days, failed to inhibit osteoclast formation. Osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor of RANKL, completely inhibited osteoclast formation when added for the final 3 days. Docetaxel at 10(-8) M inhibited the proliferation of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. RANKL mRNA expression induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) plus prostaglandin E(2) in osteoblasts was not affected by docetaxel even at 10(-6) M. Docetaxel at 10(-6) M, but not at 10(-8) M, inhibited pit-forming activity of osteoclasts cultured on dentine. Actin ring formation and L: -glutamate secretion by osteoclasts were also inhibited by docetaxel at 10(-6) M. Thus, docetaxel inhibits bone resorption in two different manners: inhibition of osteoclast formation at 10(-8) M and of osteoclast function at 10(-6) M. These results suggest that taxanes have beneficial effects in the treatment of bone metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takahashi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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van Beek ER, Lowik CWGM, van Wijngaarden J, Ebetino FH, Papapoulos SE. Synergistic effect of bisphosphonate and docetaxel on the growth of bone metastasis in an animal model of established metastatic bone disease. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 118:307-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Stresing V, Daubiné F, Benzaid I, Mönkkönen H, Clézardin P. Bisphosphonates in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2007; 257:16-35. [PMID: 17697748 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are the standard of care in the treatment of malignant bone diseases, because of their ability to inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. We review here preclinical evidence that bisphosphonates also exert direct antitumour effects and antiangiogenic properties. Furthermore, we describe new insights on how bisphosphonates may act synergistically in combination with antineoplastic drugs or gammadelta T cells to exhibit antitumour activity. These findings reveal new exciting possibilities to fully exploit the antitumour potential of bisphosphonates in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Stresing
- INSERM, Research Unit U.664, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Rue Guillaume Paradin, F-69372 Lyon cedex 08, France.
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Abstract
The skeletal system is the most frequent metastatic site of hematogenous spread of urologic carcinomas. Osseus metastases are classified as osteoneutral, osteolytic, osteoblastic and combinations thereof. Osteolytic metastases lead to bone resorption by activating osteoclasts, while osteoblastic metastases stimulate osteoblasts by paracrine mechanisms. The local osteoblastic effect is associated with secondary systemic bone resorption. The use of bisphosphonates is now an established supportive therapy and newer treatment strategies including targeted intervention in the pathophysiology of bone metastases and radioimmunotherapy are being applied or will be coming soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sauer
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
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Nomura T, Huang WC, Zhau HE, Wu D, Xie Z, Mimata H, Zayzafoon M, Young AN, Marshall FF, Weitzmann MN, Chung LWK. Beta2-microglobulin promotes the growth of human renal cell carcinoma through the activation of the protein kinase A, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor axis. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:7294-305. [PMID: 17189401 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Beta(2)-microglobulin (beta2M), a soluble protein secreted by cancer and host inflammatory cells, has various biological functions, including antigen presentation. Because aberrant expression of beta2M has been reported in human renal cell carcinoma, we investigated the effects of beta2M overexpression on cancer cell growth and analyzed its molecular signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established clonal cell lines that overexpressed beta2M in human renal cell carcinoma (SN12C) cells and then examined cell growth in vitro and in vivo and studied the beta2M-mediated downstream cell signaling pathway. RESULTS Our results showed that beta2M expression positively correlates with (a) in vitro growth on plastic dishes and as Matrigel colonies, (b) cell invasion and migration in Boyden chambers, and (c) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion by cells. We found, in addition, that beta2M mediates its action through increased phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) via the protein kinase A-CREB axis, resulting in increased VEGF expression and secretion. In convergence with this signal axis, beta2M overexpression also activated both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Beta2M overexpression induced accelerated growth of SN12C in mouse subcutis and bone. Interrupting the beta2M signaling pathway using small interfering RNA led to apoptosis with increased activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed for the first time that the beta2M-protein kinase A-CREB-VEGF signaling axis plays a crucial role in support of renal cell carcinoma growth and progression and reveals a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nomura
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Sato K, Yuasa T, Nogawa M, Kimura S, Segawa H, Yokota A, Maekawa T. A third-generation bisphosphonate, minodronic acid (YM529), successfully prevented the growth of bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1354-61. [PMID: 17043684 PMCID: PMC2360606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Minodronic acid (YM529) is a third-generation bisphosphonate (BP) that has been shown to directly and indirectly prevent proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit metastasis of various types of cancer cells. In this study, we have investigated the therapeutic efficacy of YM529 against bladder cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. YM529 inhibited geranylgeranylation as well as farnesylation and reduced the growth of all seven bladder cancer cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro. YM529 demonstrated a good synergistic or additive antiproliferative effect when administered in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel. Immunohistochemical study revealed YM529 inhibited the prenylation of Rap1A in vivo. YM529 administered systemically did not markedly inhibit the growth of visceral metastases but it showed a significant anticancer effect on bone metastases monitored by an in vivo imaging system. Moreover, intravesical YM529 demonstrated significant growth inhibition in a bladder cancer orthotopic model. No adverse effects were associated with the systemic as well as the intravesical treatment regimens. In conclusion, our study suggests that YM529 may be a potent anticancer agent for bladder cancer. The efficacy and safety of this BP as an agent for combination chemotherapies against bladder cancer should be verified by early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - T Yuasa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - M Nogawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - S Kimura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - H Segawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - A Yokota
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - T Maekawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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