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Singh K, Scalia J, Legare R, Quddus MR, Sung CJ. Immunohistochemical findings and clinicopathological features of breast cancers with pathogenic germline mutations in Non-BRCA genes. Hum Pathol 2024; 146:49-56. [PMID: 38608781 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Deleterious germline mutations in multiple genes confer an increased breast cancer (BC) risk. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of protein products of mutated high-risk genes has not been investigated in BC. We hypothesized that pathogenic mutations may lead to an abnormal IHC expression pattern in the tumor cells. BCs with deleterious germline mutations in CHEK2, ATM, PALB2 & PTEN were identified. Immunohistochemistry was performed using Dako staining platform on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissue. Primary antibodies for PALB2 (ab202970), ATM [2C1(1A10)}, CHK2 (EPR4325), and PTEN (138G6) proteins were used for BCs with respective deleterious mutations. IHC expression was assessed in tumor and adjacent benign breast tissue. Total 27 BCs with 10 CHEK2, 9 ATM, 6 PALB2 & 2 PTEN deleterious germline mutations were identified. IHC staining was performed on 8 CHEK2, 7 ATM, 6 PALB2 & 2 PTEN cases. Abnormal CHEK2 IHC staining was identified in 7/8(88%) BCs. Three distinct CHK2 IHC patterns were noted: 1) Strong diffuse nuclear positivity (5 BC), 2) Null-pattern (2 BC), & 3) Normal breast-like staining in 1 BC Four of 5 (80%) strong CHK2 staining BC had missense CHEK2 mutations. Null-pattern was present with a missense & a frameshift mutation. Normal breast-like CHEK2 IHC staining pattern was present in 1 BC with CHEK2 frameshift mutation. Loss of nuclear/cytoplasmic PTEN IHC expression was noted in 2 in-situ carcinomas. Abnormal PTEN and CHK2 IHC were present in atypical ductal hyperplasia and flat epithelial atypia. ATM and PALB2 IHC expression patterns were similar in tumor cells and benign breast epithelium: mild to moderate intensity nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. We report abnormal CHEK2 IHC expression in 88% of BCs with pathogenic CHEK2 mutations. With PTEN and CHEK2 pathogenic mutations, abnormal IHC patterns are seen in early atypical proliferative lesions. IHC may be applied to identify CHEK2 & PTEN mutated BCs and precursor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Jennifer Scalia
- Genetics, Breast Health Center, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Robert Legare
- Medical Oncology, Westerly Hospital, 25 Wells Street, Westerly, RI, 02903, USA
| | - M Ruhul Quddus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - C James Sung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Sinitsky MY, Sinitskaya AV, Shishkova DK, Kutikhin AG, Minina VI, Ponasenko AV. Transcription of DNA-Methyltransferases in Endothelial Cells Exposed to Mitomycin C. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Association of CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H genetic variants with risk of sporadic colorectal cancer in a sample of Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Recent research proposed an association between functional defects involving CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H variants and increased incidence of several types of cancer. A total of 86 unrelated colorectal cancer patients attending the Surgical Oncology Department were recruited in the study. The second group of 152 healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers were included as controls. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied for genotyping. Chi-square test was applied to compare genotype and allele frequencies in the studied groups. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H polymorphisms and colorectal cancer.
Results
No significant differences in genotypes were detected between cases and controls in the present study for both CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H polymorphisms (χ2 = 1.839; P = 0.399/χ2 = 2.831; P = 0.243), respectively. Likewise, discrepancies in allele frequency for the wild-type or mutant alleles were non-statistically significant in CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H (χ2 = 1.231; P = 0.267/χ2 = 0.180; P = 0.671), respectively.
Conclusions
Results of the current study propose that CHEK2 I157T and SULT1A1 R213H polymorphisms are not associated with CRC development in Egyptian population. Further future studies on the functional implications of these polymorphisms are strongly recommended.
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Park SJ, Chang SJ, Suh DH, Kong TW, Song H, Kim TH, Kim JW, Kim HS, Lee SJ. A phase IA dose-escalation study of PHI-101, a new checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitor, for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:28. [PMID: 34980026 PMCID: PMC8722005 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PHI-101 is an orally available, selective checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitor. PHI-101 has shown anti-tumour activity in ovarian cancer cell lines and impaired DNA repair pathways in preclinical experiments. Furthermore, the in vivo study suggests the synergistic effect of PHI-101 through combination with PARP inhibitors for ovarian cancer treatment. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of PHI-101 in platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer. METHODS Chk2 inhibitor for Recurrent EpitheliAl periToneal, fallopIan, or oVarian cancEr (CREATIVE) trial is a prospective, multi-centre, phase IA dose-escalation study. Six cohorts of dose levels are planned, and six to 36 patients are expected to be enrolled in this trial. Major inclusion criteria include ≥ 19 years with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma, or primary peritoneal cancer. Also, patients who showed disease progression during platinum-based chemotherapy or disease progression within 24 weeks from completion of platinum-based chemotherapy will be included, and prior chemotherapy lines of more than five will be excluded. The primary endpoint of this study is to determine the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PHI-101. DISCUSSION PHI-101 is the first orally available Chk2 inhibitor, expected to show effectiveness in treating recurrent ovarian cancer. Through this CREATIVE trial, DLT and MTD of this new targeted therapy can be confirmed to find the recommended dose for the phase II clinical trial. This study may contribute to developing a new combination regimen for the treatment of ovarian cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04678102 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Joon Chang
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kong
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Weon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Qiao Q, Bai R, Song W, Gao H, Zhang M, Lu J, Hong M, Zhang X, Sun P, Zhang Q, Zhao P. Human α-defensin 5 suppressed colon cancer growth by targeting PI3K pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112809. [PMID: 34487729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are highly conserved antimicrobial peptides, which ubiquitously expressed in different species. In addition to the functions in host defense, their aberrant expression have also been documented in cancerous tissue including breast cancer, lung caner and renal carcinoma etc. Whereas, roles of Defensin Alpha 5 (DEFA5) in colon cancer has not been explored. Bioinformatic analysis was used to study the expression of DEFA5 and its correlation with clinical outcomes; Western blot, qPCR, Co-immunoprecipitation, xenograft models were used to the study the molecular mechanism. Decreased expression of DEFA5 at protein level was observed in colon tissues. Colon cancer cell lines proliferation and colony formation capacity were significantly suppressed by DEFA5 overexpression. Moreover, in vivo tumor growth in nude mice was also suppressed by DEFA5 overexpression, suggesting a tumor suppressor role of DEFA5 in colon cancer. Mechanistically, DEFA5 directly binds to the subunits of PI3K complex, thus attenuates the downstream signaling transduction, leads to delayed cell growth and metastasis. Collectively, we concluded that DEFA5 showed an inhibitory effect in colon cancer cell growth and may serve as a potential tumor suppressor in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No.1, Tongdao North Street, Huimin District, Hohhot, 010050, PR China.
| | - Ruixia Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, PR China.
| | - Wanying Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Haining Gao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Minyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Jingkun Lu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Mei Hong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Peng Sun
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1#, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010050, PR China.
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Xinhua Street, Hohhot, 010059, PR China.
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Gao Y, Ling C, Ma X, Wang H, Cui Y, Nie M, Tong A. Recurrent Germline Mutations of CHEK2 as a New Susceptibility Gene in Patients with Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:1392386. [PMID: 34630562 PMCID: PMC8497153 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1392386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) have been strongly suspected as hereditary tumors, as approximately 40% of patients carry germline mutations. In the cancers where defects occur to corrupt DNA repair and facilitate tumorigenesis, a CHEK2 strong association has been observed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CHEK2 mutations for its possible pathogenicity in PPGLs. METHODS Four patients with CHEK2 mutations were recruited, as previously detected by the whole exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the germline mutations as well as the loss of heterozygosities (LOHs) in their somatic DNAs. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of CHEK2 and its downstream target p53 Ser20 (phosphorylated p53). RESULTS The average age of studied patients was 44.25 ± 11.18 years, at the time diagnosis. One patient had multiple tumors which recurred quickly, while two patients had distant metastasis. None of the patient had any relevant family history. Four germline CHEK2 mutations were identified (c.246_260del; c.715G > A; c.1008+3A > T; and c.1111C > T). All the patients were predicted to have either pathogenic or suspected pathogenic mutations. There was no LOH of CHEK2 gene in somatic DNAs found. Additionally, neither CHEK2 proteins nor its downstream target p53 Ser20 were expressed in the tumor tissues. The inactivation of CHEK2 leads to the decrease in the p53 phosphorylation, which might promote tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, CHEK2 was identified as a susceptibility gene for PPGLs. However, the penetrance of CHEK2 gene with genotype-phenotype correlation needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao Ling
- Laboratory of Clinical Genetics (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaosen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yunying Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Anli Tong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Stolarova L, Kleiblova P, Janatova M, Soukupova J, Zemankova P, Macurek L, Kleibl Z. CHEK2 Germline Variants in Cancer Predisposition: Stalemate Rather than Checkmate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122675. [PMID: 33322746 PMCID: PMC7763663 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline alterations in many genes coding for proteins regulating DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA double-strand breaks (DDSB) have been recognized as pathogenic factors in hereditary cancer predisposition. The ATM-CHEK2-p53 axis has been documented as a backbone for DDR and hypothesized as a barrier against cancer initiation. However, although CHK2 kinase coded by the CHEK2 gene expedites the DDR signal, its function in activation of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest is dispensable. CHEK2 mutations rank among the most frequent germline alterations revealed by germline genetic testing for various hereditary cancer predispositions, but their interpretation is not trivial. From the perspective of interpretation of germline CHEK2 variants, we review the current knowledge related to the structure of the CHEK2 gene, the function of CHK2 kinase, and the clinical significance of CHEK2 germline mutations in patients with hereditary breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid, and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stolarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Kleiblova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marketa Janatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jana Soukupova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Petra Zemankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
| | - Libor Macurek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdenek Kleibl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (M.J.); (J.S.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22496-745
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Baek JH, Yun HS, Kim JY, Lee J, Lee YJ, Lee CW, Song JY, Ahn J, Park JK, Kim JS, Lee KH, Kim EH, Hwang SG. Kinesin light chain 4 as a new target for lung cancer chemoresistance via targeted inhibition of checkpoint kinases in the DNA repair network. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32457423 PMCID: PMC7250887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The poor therapeutic efficacy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is partly attributed to the acquisition of chemoresistance. To investigate the mechanism underlying this resistance, we examined the potential link between kinesin light chain 4 (KLC4), which we have previously reported to be associated with radioresistance in NSCLC, and sensitivity to chemotherapy in human lung cancer cell lines. KLC4 protein levels in lung cancer cells correlated with the degree of chemoresistance to cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, KLC4 silencing enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin by promoting DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis. These effects were mediated by interaction with the checkpoint kinase CHK2, as KLC4 knockdown increased CHK2 activation, which was further enhanced in combination with cisplatin treatment. In addition, KLC4 and CHEK2 expression levels showed negative correlation in lung tumor samples from patients, and KLC4 overexpression correlated negatively with survival. Our results indicate a novel link between the KLC4 and CHK2 pathways regulating DNA damage response in chemoresistance, and highlight KLC4 as a candidate for developing lung cancer-specific drugs and customized targeted molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Shik Yun
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea.
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Angeli D, Salvi S, Tedaldi G. Genetic Predisposition to Breast and Ovarian Cancers: How Many and Which Genes to Test? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1128. [PMID: 32046255 PMCID: PMC7038038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancers are some of the most common tumors in females, and the genetic predisposition is emerging as one of the key risk factors in the development of these two malignancies. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the best-known genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. However, recent advances in molecular techniques, Next-Generation Sequencing in particular, have led to the identification of many new genes involved in the predisposition to breast and/or ovarian cancer, with different penetrance estimates. TP53, PTEN, STK11, and CDH1 have been identified as high penetrance genes for the risk of breast/ovarian cancers. Besides them, PALB2, BRIP1, ATM, CHEK2, BARD1, NBN, NF1, RAD51C, RAD51D and mismatch repair genes have been recognized as moderate and low penetrance genes, along with other genes encoding proteins involved in the same pathways, possibly associated with breast/ovarian cancer risk. In this review, we summarize the past and more recent findings in the field of cancer predisposition genes, with insights into the role of the encoded proteins and the associated genetic disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the possible clinical utility of genetic testing in terms of prevention protocols and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Angeli
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Tedaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
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Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step process during which cells acquire mutations that eventually lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division and evasion of programmed cell death. The oncogenes such as Ras and c-Myc may be responsible in all three major stages of cancer i.e., early, intermediate, and late. The NF-κB has been shown to control the expression of genes linked with tumor pathways such as chronic inflammation, tumor cell survival, anti-apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. In the last few decades, various biomarker pathways have been identified that play a critical role in carcinogenesis such as Ras, NF-κB and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India.,Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Habitat Centre, Mohali, India
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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11
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Bhatt M, Ivan C, Xie X, Siddik ZH. Drug-dependent functionalization of wild-type and mutant p53 in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10905-10918. [PMID: 28038466 PMCID: PMC5355233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-Pt) resistance in tumor cells from p53 dysfunction is a significant clinical problem. Although mutation can inhibit p53 function, >60% of p53 mutants retain normal function according to literature reports. Therefore, we examined the status of p53 in cisplatin-resistant ovarian tumor models and its functional response to cis-Pt and the mechanistically-distinct non-cross-resistant oxaliplatin (oxali-Pt). Relative to sensitive A2780 cells harboring wild-type p53, the 2780CP/Cl-16, OVCAR-10, Hey and OVCA-433 cell lines were 10- to 30-fold resistant to cis-Pt, but was substantially circumvented by oxali-Pt. Mutant p53 in 2780CP/Cl-16 (p53V172F) and OVCAR-10 (p53V172F and p53G266R) cells, predicted as non-functional in p53 database, displayed attenuated response to cis-Pt, as did the polymorphic p53P72R (functionally equivalent to wild-type p53) in HEY and OVCA-433 cell lines. However, p53 was robustly activated by oxali-Pt in all cell lines, with resultant drug potency confirmed as p53-dependent by p53 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 system. This p53 activation by oxali-Pt was associated with phosphorylation at Ser20 by MEK1/2 based on inhibitor and kinase studies. Cis-Pt, however, failed to phosphorylate Ser20 due to downregulated Chk2, and its clinical impact validated by reduced overall survival of ovarian cancer patients according to TCGA database. In conclusion, cis-Pt resistance occurs in both wild-type and mutant p53 ovarian cancer cells, but is associated with loss of Ser20 phosphorylation. However, these mutant p53, like polymorphic p53, are functional and activated by oxali-Pt-induced Ser20 phosphorylation. Thus, the potential exists for repurposing oxali-Pt or similar drugs against refractory cancers harboring wild-type or specific mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bhatt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Xie X, He G, Siddik ZH. Functional Activation of Mutant p53 by Platinum Analogues in Cisplatin-Resistant Cells Is Dependent on Phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:328-339. [PMID: 28031409 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0257-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctionality of the p53 tumor suppressor is a major cause of therapeutic drug resistance in cancer. Recently, we reported that mutant, but otherwise functional, p53v172F was inactivated in cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 human ovarian tumor cells by increased recruitment of the inhibitor MDM4. The current study demonstrates that, unlike cisplatin, platinum analogues oxaliplatin and DACH-diacetato-dichloro-Pt(IV) (DAP) strongly stabilize and activate p53v172F in resistant cells, as indicated by prolonged p53 half-life and transactivation of targets p21 (CDKN1A) and MDM2. This increase in MDM2 reduced MDM4 levels in cell lysates as well as the p53 immunocomplex and prevented reversion of p53 to the inactive p53-MDM2-MDM4-bound state. Phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 was demonstrated by all three drugs in sensitive A2780 and corresponding resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 cell lines. However, cisplatin induced Ser20 phosphorylation in A2780 cells only, but not in resistant cells; in contrast, both DAP and oxaliplatin induced this phosphorylation in all three cell lines. The inference that Ser20 phosphorylation is more important for p53 activation was confirmed by ectopic expression of a phosphomimetic (S20D) mutant p53 that displayed reduced binding, relative to wild-type p53, to both MDM2 and MDM4 in p53-knockout A2780 cells. In consonance, temporal studies demonstrated drug-induced Ser15 phosphorylation coincided with p53 stabilization, whereas Ser20 phosphorylation coincided with p53 transactivation.Implications: Cisplatin fails to activate the pathway involved in phosphorylating mutant p53v172F at Ser20 in resistant cells, but this phosphorylation is restored by oxaliplatin and DAP that reactivates p53 function and circumvents cisplatin resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 15(3); 328-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangan He
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Scott CM, Joo JE, O’Callaghan N, Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Wong EM, Southey MC. Methylation of Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes in Early-Onset Breast Cancer: Australian Breast Cancer Family Registry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165436. [PMID: 27902704 PMCID: PMC5130174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation can mimic the effects of both germline and somatic mutations for cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA1 and p16INK4a. Constitutional DNA methylation of the BRCA1 promoter has been well described and is associated with an increased risk of early-onset breast cancers that have BRCA1-mutation associated histological features. The role of methylation in the context of other breast cancer predisposition genes has been less well studied and often with conflicting or ambiguous outcomes. We examined the role of methylation in known breast cancer susceptibility genes in breast cancer predisposition and tumor development. We applied the Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip (HM450K) array to blood and tumor-derived DNA from 43 women diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 40 years and measured the methylation profiles across promoter regions of BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CDH1, TP53, FANCM, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Prior genetic testing had demonstrated that these women did not carry a germline mutation in BRCA1, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, TP53, BRCA2, CDH1 or FANCM. In addition to the BRCA1 promoter region, this work identified regions with variable methylation at multiple breast cancer susceptibility genes including PALB2 and MLH1. Methylation at the region of MLH1 in these breast cancers was not associated with microsatellite instability. This work informs future studies of the role of methylation in breast cancer susceptibility gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Scott
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - JiHoon Eric Joo
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil O’Callaghan
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Ta HQ, Ivey ML, Frierson HF, Conaway MR, Dziegielewski J, Larner JM, Gioeli D. Checkpoint Kinase 2 Negatively Regulates Androgen Sensitivity and Prostate Cancer Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5093-105. [PMID: 26573794 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, and curing metastatic disease remains a significant challenge. Nearly all patients with disseminated prostate cancer initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but virtually all patients will relapse and develop incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). A high-throughput RNAi screen to identify signaling pathways regulating prostate cancer cell growth led to our discovery that checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) knockdown dramatically increased prostate cancer growth and hypersensitized cells to low androgen levels. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the effects of CHK2 were dependent on the downstream signaling proteins CDC25C and CDK1. Moreover, CHK2 depletion increased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity on androgen-regulated genes, substantiating the finding that CHK2 affects prostate cancer proliferation, partly, through the AR. Remarkably, we further show that CHK2 is a novel AR-repressed gene, suggestive of a negative feedback loop between CHK2 and AR. In addition, we provide evidence that CHK2 physically associates with the AR and that cell-cycle inhibition increased this association. Finally, IHC analysis of CHK2 in prostate cancer patient samples demonstrated a decrease in CHK2 expression in high-grade tumors. In conclusion, we propose that CHK2 is a negative regulator of androgen sensitivity and prostate cancer growth, and that CHK2 signaling is lost during prostate cancer progression to castration resistance. Thus, perturbing CHK2 signaling may offer a new therapeutic approach for sensitizing CRPC to ADT and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Ta
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Melissa L Ivey
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia. Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jaroslaw Dziegielewski
- Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James M Larner
- Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Cancer Center Member, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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15
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Ta HQ, Gioeli D. The convergence of DNA damage checkpoint pathways and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R395-407. [PMID: 25096064 PMCID: PMC4382101 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on the androgen receptor (AR). This has led to the use of anti-androgen therapies that reduce endogenous steroid hormone production as well as the use of AR antagonists. However, the AR does not act in isolation and integrates with a milieu of cell-signaling proteins to affect cell biology. It is well established that cancer is a genetic disease resulting from the accumulation of mutations and chromosomal translocations that enables cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and disseminate. To maintain genomic integrity, there exists conserved checkpoint signaling pathways to facilitate cell cycle delay, DNA repair, and/or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. The AR interacts with, affects, and is affected by these DNA damage-response proteins. This review will focus on the connections between checkpoint signaling and the AR in PCa. We will describe what is known about how components of checkpoint signaling regulate AR activity and what questions still face the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Ta
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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16
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Ow GS, Ivshina AV, Fuentes G, Kuznetsov VA. Identification of two poorly prognosed ovarian carcinoma subtypes associated with CHEK2 germ-line mutation and non-CHEK2 somatic mutation gene signatures. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2262-80. [PMID: 24879340 PMCID: PMC4111681 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HG-SOC), a major histologic type of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), is a poorly-characterized, heterogeneous and lethal disease where somatic mutations of TP53 are common and inherited loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1/2 predispose to cancer in 9.5-13% of EOC patients. However, the overall burden of disease due to either inherited or sporadic mutations is not known. We performed bioinformatics analyses of mutational and clinical data of 334 HG-SOC tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify novel tumor-driving mutations, survival-significant patient subgroups and tumor subtypes potentially driven by either hereditary or sporadic factors. We identified a sub-cluster of high-frequency mutations in 22 patients and 58 genes associated with DNA damage repair, apoptosis and cell cycle. Mutations of CHEK2, observed with the highest intensity, were associated with poor therapy response and overall survival (OS) of these patients (P = 8.00e-05), possibly due to detrimental effect of mutations at the nuclear localization signal. A 21-gene mutational prognostic signature significantly stratifies patients into relatively low or high-risk subgroups with 5-y OS of 37% or 6%, respectively (P = 7.31e-08). Further analysis of these genes and high-risk subgroup revealed 2 distinct classes of tumors characterized by either germline mutations of genes such as CHEK2, RPS6KA2 and MLL4, or somatic mutations of other genes in the signature. Our results could provide improvement in prediction and clinical management of HG-SOC, facilitate our understanding of this complex disease, guide the design of targeted therapeutics and improve screening efforts to identify women at high-risk of hereditary ovarian cancers distinct from those associated with BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gloria Fuentes
- Bioinformatics Institute; A*STAR; Singapore
- Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST); RIKEN; Saitama, Japan
| | - Vladimir A Kuznetsov
- Bioinformatics Institute; A*STAR; Singapore
- Division of Software & Information Systems; School of Computer Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- School for Integrative Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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17
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Wójcicka A, Czetwertyńska M, Świerniak M, Długosińska J, Maciąg M, Czajka A, Dymecka K, Kubiak A, Kot A, Płoski R, de la Chapelle A, Jażdżewski K. Variants in the ATM-CHEK2-BRCA1 axis determine genetic predisposition and clinical presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:516-23. [PMID: 24599715 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent form of thyroid malignancy, is elevated up to 8.6-fold in first-degree relatives of PTC patients. The familial risk could be explained by high-penetrance mutations in yet unidentified genes, or polygenic action of low-penetrance alleles. Since the DNA-damaging exposure to ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for thyroid cancer, polymorphisms in DNA repair genes are likely to affect this risk. In a search for low-penetrance susceptibility alleles we employed Sequenom technology to genotype deleterious polymorphisms in ATM, CHEK2, and BRCA1 in 1,781 PTC patients and 2,081 healthy controls. As a result of the study, we identified CHEK2 rs17879961 (OR = 2.2, P = 2.37e-10) and BRCA1 rs16941 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16, P = 0.005) as risk alleles for PTC. The ATM rs1801516 variant modifies the risk associated with the BRCA1 variant by 0.78 (P = 0.02). Both the ATM and BRCA1 variants modify the impact of male gender on clinical variables: T status (P = 0.007), N status (P = 0.05), and stage (P = 0.035). Our findings implicate an important role of variants in the ATM- CHEK2- BRCA1 axis in modification of the genetic predisposition to PTC and its clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcicka
- Genomic Medicine, Department of General, Transplant, and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-091, Poland; Centre of New Technologies, CENT, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
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18
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Inoue K, Fry EA, Taneja P. Recent progress in mouse models for tumor suppressor genes and its implications in human cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2013; 7:103-22. [PMID: 23843721 PMCID: PMC3682694 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSG) lead to cancer. In most human cancers, these mutations occur in somatic tissues. However, hereditary forms of cancer exist for which individuals are heterozygous for a germline mutation in a TSG locus at birth. The second allele is frequently inactivated by gene deletion, point mutation, or promoter methylation in classical TSGs that meet Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. Conversely, the second allele remains as wild-type, even in tumors in which the gene is haplo-insufficient for tumor suppression. This article highlights the importance of PTEN, APC, and other tumor suppressors for counteracting aberrant PI3K, β-catenin, and other oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss the use of gene-engineered mouse models (GEMM) of human cancer focusing on Pten and Apc knockout mice that recapitulate key genetic events involved in initiation and progression of human neoplasia. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting these tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling networks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Jin B, Robertson KD. DNA methyltransferases, DNA damage repair, and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 754:3-29. [PMID: 22956494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9967-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and the de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B are all essential for mammalian development. DNA methylation, catalyzed by the DNMTs, plays an important role in maintaining genome stability. Aberrant expression of DNMTs and disruption of DNA methylation patterns are closely associated with many forms of cancer, although the exact mechanisms underlying this link remain elusive. DNA damage repair systems have evolved to act as a genome-wide surveillance mechanism to maintain chromosome integrity by recognizing and repairing both exogenous and endogenous DNA insults. Impairment of these systems gives rise to mutations and directly contributes to tumorigenesis. Evidence is mounting for a direct link between DNMTs, DNA methylation, and DNA damage repair systems, which provide new insight into the development of cancer. Like tumor suppressor genes, an array of DNA repair genes frequently sustain promoter hypermethylation in a variety of tumors. In addition, DNMT1, but not the DNMT3s, appear to function coordinately with DNA damage repair pathways to protect cells from sustaining mutagenic events, which is very likely through a DNA methylation-independent mechanism. This chapter is focused on reviewing the links between DNA methylation and the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilian Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, CN-2151, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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20
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Martinez-Rivera M, Siddik ZH. Resistance and gain-of-resistance phenotypes in cancers harboring wild-type p53. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:1049-62. [PMID: 22227014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the bedrock for the clinical management of cancer, and the tumor suppressor p53 has a central role in this therapeutic modality. This protein facilitates favorable antitumor drug response through a variety of key cellular functions, including cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. These functions essentially cease once p53 becomes mutated, as occurs in ∼50% of cancers, and some p53 mutants even exhibit gain-of-function effects, which lead to greater drug resistance. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that resistance is also seen in cancers harboring wild-type p53. In this review, we discuss how wild-type p53 is inactivated to render cells resistant to antitumor drugs. This may occur through various mechanisms, including an increase in proteasomal degradation, defects in post-translational modification, and downstream defects in p53 target genes. We also consider evidence that the resistance seen in wild-type p53 cancers can be substantially greater than that seen in mutant p53 cancers, and this poses a far greater challenge for efforts to design strategies that increase drug response in resistant cancers already primed with wild-type p53. Because the mechanisms contributing to this wild-type p53 "gain-of-resistance" phenotype are largely unknown, a concerted research effort is needed to identify the underlying basis for the occurrence of this phenotype and, in parallel, to explore the possibility that the phenotype may be a product of wild-type p53 gain-of-function effects. Such studies are essential to lay the foundation for a rational therapeutic approach in the treatment of resistant wild-type p53 cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Martinez-Rivera
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, United States
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Höglund A, Strömvall K, Li Y, Forshell LP, Nilsson JA. Chk2 deficiency in Myc overexpressing lymphoma cells elicits a synergistic lethal response in combination with PARP inhibition. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3598-607. [PMID: 22030621 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.20.17887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is a transcription factor frequently found deregulated in human cancer. The Myc-mediated cellular transformation process is associated with fast proliferative cells and inherent genomic instability, giving rise to malignant, invasive neoplasms with poor prognosis for survival. Transcription-independent functions of Myc include stimulation of replication. Excessive Myc expression stimulates a replication-associated DNA damage response that signals via the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-related protein kinases (PIKKs) ATM and ATR. These, in turn, activate the DNA damage transducers Chk1 and Chk2. Here, we show that Myc can stimulate Chek2 transcript indirectly in vitro as well as in B cells of λ-Myc transgenic mice or in the intestine of Apc (Min) mice. However, Chk2 is dispensable for Myc's ability to transform cells in vitro and for the survival of established lymphoma cells from λ-Myc transgenic mice. Chk2 deficiency induces polyploidy and slow growth, but the cells are viable and protected against DNA damage. Furthermore, inhibition of both Chk1/Chk2 with AZD7762 induces cell death and significantly delays disease progression of transplanted lymphoma cells in vivo. DNA damage recruits PARP family members to sites of DNA breaks that, in turn, facilitate the induction of DNA repair. Strikingly, combining Chk2 and PARP inhibition elicits a synergistic lethal response in the context of Myc overexpression. Our data indicates that only certain types of chemotherapy would give rise to a synergistic lethal response in combination with specific Chk2 inhibitors, which will be important if Chk2 inhibitors enter the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Höglund
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Muranen TA, Greco D, Fagerholm R, Kilpivaara O, Kämpjärvi K, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Heikkilä P, Borg A, Nevanlinna H. Breast tumors from CHEK2 1100delC-mutation carriers: genomic landscape and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R90. [PMID: 21542898 PMCID: PMC3262202 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a moderate penetrance breast cancer risk gene, whose truncating mutation 1100delC increases the risk about twofold. We investigated gene copy-number aberrations and gene-expression profiles that are typical for breast tumors of CHEK2 1100delC-mutation carriers. METHODS In total, 126 breast tumor tissue specimens including 32 samples from patients carrying CHEK2 1100delC were studied in array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and gene-expression (GEX) experiments. After dimensionality reduction with CGHregions R package, CHEK2 1100delC-associated regions in the aCGH data were detected by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The linear model was fitted to GEX data with R package limma. Genes whose expression levels were associated with CHEK2 1100delC mutation were detected by the bayesian method. RESULTS We discovered four lost and three gained CHEK2 1100delC-related loci. These include losses of 1p13.3-31.3, 8p21.1-2, 8p23.1-2, and 17p12-13.1 as well as gains of 12q13.11-3, 16p13.3, and 19p13.3. Twenty-eight genes located on these regions showed differential expression between CHEK2 1100delC and other tumors, nominating them as candidates for CHEK2 1100delC-associated tumor-progression drivers. These included CLCA1 on 1p22 as well as CALCOCO1, SBEM, and LRP1 on 12q13. Altogether, 188 genes were differentially expressed between CHEK2 1100delC and other tumors. Of these, 144 had elevated and 44, reduced expression levels.Our results suggest the WNT pathway as a driver of tumorigenesis in breast tumors of CHEK2 1100delC-mutation carriers and a role for the olfactory receptor protein family in cancer progression. Differences in the expression of the 188 CHEK2 1100delC-associated genes divided breast tumor samples from three independent datasets into two groups that differed in their relapse-free survival time. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that copy-number aberrations of certain genomic regions are associated with CHEK2 mutation 1100delC. On these regions, we identified potential drivers of CHEK2 1100delC-associated tumorigenesis, whose role in cancer progression is worth investigating. Furthermore, poorer survival related to the CHEK2 1100delC gene-expression signature highlights pathways that are likely to have a role in the development of metastatic disease in carriers of the CHEK2 1100delC mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru A Muranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
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Xiang HP, Geng XP, Ge WW, Li H. Meta-analysis of CHEK2 1100delC variant and colorectal cancer susceptibility. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2546-51. [PMID: 21807500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) gene has been inconsistently associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), particularly the 1100delC variant. To generate large-scale evidence on whether the CHEK2 1100delC variant is associated with CRC susceptibility we have conducted a meta-analysis. Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, with the last report up to November 2010. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to assess the strength of association. We evaluated the contrast of carriers versus non-carriers. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model by using the software Review Manager 4.2. A total of six studies including 4194 cases and 10,010 controls based on the search criteria were involved in this meta-analysis. A significant association of the CHEK2 1100delC variant with unselected CRC was found (OR=2.11, 95% CI=1.41-3.16, P=0.0003). We also found an association of the CHEK2 1100delC variant with familial CRC (OR=2.80, 95% CI=1.74-4.51, P<0.0001). However, the association was not established for sporadic CRC (OR=1.45, 95% CI=0.49-4.30, P=0.50). This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CHEK2 1100delC variant may be an important CRC-predisposing gene, which increases CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-ping Xiang
- Emergency Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Abstract
'Every Hour Hurts, The Last One Kills'. That is an old saying about getting old. Every day, thousands of DNA damaging events take place in each cell of our body, but efficient DNA repair systems have evolved to prevent that. However, our DNA repair system and that of most other organisms are not as perfect as that of Deinococcus radiodurans, for example, which is able to repair massive amounts of DNA damage at one time. In many instances, accumulation of DNA damage has been linked to cancer, and genetic deficiencies in specific DNA repair genes are associated with tumor-prone phenotypes. In addition to mutations, which can be either inherited or somatically acquired, epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes may promote tumorigenesis. This review will summarize current knowledge of the epigenetic inactivation of different DNA repair components in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lahtz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Tommasi S, Mangia A, Iannelli G, Chiarappa P, Rossi E, Ottini L, Mottolese M, Zoli W, Zuffardi O, Paradiso A. Gene copy number variation in male breast cancer by aCGH. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:467-73. [PMID: 21547577 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and little is known about its etiopathogenesis. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) provides a method to quantitatively measure the changes of DNA copy number and to map them directly onto the complete linear genome sequences. The aim of this study was to investigate DNA imbalances by aCGH and compare them with a female breast cancer dataset. METHODS We used Agilent Human Genome CGH Microarray Kit 44B and 44 K to compare genomic alterations in 25 male breast cancer tissues studied at NCC of Bari and 16 female breast cancer deposited with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE 12659). Data analysis was performed with Nexus Copy Number 5.0 software. RESULTS All the 25 male and 16 female breast cancer samples displayed some chromosomal instability (110,93 alterations per patient in female, 69 in male). However, male samples presented a lower frequency of genetic alterations both in terms of loss and gains. CONCLUSION aCGH is an effective tool for analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in MBC, which involves different biological processes than female. Male most significant altered regions contained genes involved in cell communication, cell division and immunological response, while female cell-cell junction maintenance, regulation of transcription and neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Tommasi
- Clinical Experimental Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Centre of Bari, viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Stolz A, Ertych N, Bastians H. Tumor Suppressor CHK2: Regulator of DNA Damage Response and Mediator of Chromosomal Stability: Figure 1. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:401-5. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Poehlmann A, Roessner A. Importance of DNA damage checkpoints in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:591-601. [PMID: 20674189 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All forms of life on earth must cope with constant exposure to DNA-damaging agents that may promote cancer development. As a biological barrier, known as DNA damage response (DDR), cells are provided with both DNA repair mechanisms and highly conserved cell cycle checkpoints. The latter are responsible for the control of cell cycle phase progression with ATM, ATR, Chk1, and Chk2 as the main signaling molecules, thus dealing with both endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage. As cell cycle checkpoint and also DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are frequently mutated, we here discuss their fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Importantly, as current evidence also suggests a role of MAPK's (mitogen activated protein kinases) in cell cycle checkpoint control, we describe in this review both the ATR/ATM-Chk1/Chk2 signaling pathways as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints by MAPK's as molecular mechanisms in DDR, and how their dysfunction is related to cancer development. Moreover, since damage to DNA might be the common underlying mechanism for the positive outcome of chemotherapy, we also discuss targeting anticancer treatments on cell cycle checkpoints as an important issue emerging in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Poehlmann
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhang S, Lu J, Zhao X, Wu W, Wang H, Lu J, Wu Q, Chen X, Fan W, Chen H, Wang F, Hu Z, Jin L, Wei Q, Shen H, Huang W, Lu D. A variant in the CHEK2 promoter at a methylation site relieves transcriptional repression and confers reduced risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1251-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Berge EO, Staalesen V, Straume AH, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. Chk2 splice variants express a dominant-negative effect on the wild-type Chk2 kinase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:386-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang H, Wang S, Shen L, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhou J, Wang Z, Hu C, Yue W, Wang H. Chk2 down-regulation by promoter hypermethylation in human bulk gliomas. Life Sci 2009; 86:185-91. [PMID: 19969004 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gliomas account for 80% of malignant brain tumors. DNA damage response and subsequent checkpoint control pathways could maintain the integrity of the genome and thus defend tumorigenesis. Four kinases, ATM, ATR, ChK1 and Chk2 are the damage sensors and the early effectors in DNA damage responses. Given their importance, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of these four genes. MAIN METHODS Tissues from ten normal brains and thirty human gliomas were utilized for mRNA analysis via real-time PCR. Another twelve normal brain tissues and forty gliomas were used for confirmation. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to determine the methylation status of the Chk2 promoter. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to measure the influence of methylation on Sp1 binding. KEY FINDINGS We found that the expression of ATR, ChK1 and Chk2 in gliomas was significantly down-regulated relative to the normal brain tissues. The most significant reduction of expression was of the Chk2 gene, whose expression was approximately 10-fold decreased in gliomas (P<0.0001). Down-regulation of Chk2 was validated in the second real-time PCR analysis. This reduction in expression was partially due to promoter methylation. The Chk2 proximal promoter recruited Sp1 for transcriptional activation. We found that hypermethylation of the Chk2 promoter undermined the binding of the transcriptional factor Sp1. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that Chk2 methylation could be involved in glioma carcinogenesis and Chk2 expression may potentially be used for the diagnosis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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A novel germline CHEK2 deletion truncating the kinase domain identified in a French family with high-risk of breast/ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:267-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kim DS, Kim MJ, Lee JY, Lee SM, Choi JE, Lee SY, Park JY. Epigenetic inactivation of checkpoint kinase 2 gene in non-small cell lung cancer and its relationship with clinicopathological features. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:247-50. [PMID: 19362748 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and is usually associated with late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Tumor-acquired methylation of the promoter CpG islands (CGIs) is an important mechanism for silencing tumor suppressor genes. The checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is a tumor suppressor that plays a crucial role in regulating cell-cycle checkpoints and apoptosis following DNA damage. The methylation statuses of two CGIs, distal and proximal, of human CHK2 gene were determined in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) using a nested methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. The methylation of distal CHK2 CGI was found in 39 (28.1%) of the 139 NSCLCs. Its frequency was significantly more frequent in squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas (40.0% vs 19.0%, p=0.006) and was also higher in ever-smokers than in never-smokers with a borderline significance (31.7% vs 17.1%, p=0.071). RT-PCR analysis showed that the distal CGI methylation correlated with CHK2 mRNA expression. However, the methylation of the proximal CHK2 CGI is not specific to tumors and not related to gene expression. These results suggest that the down-regulation of CHK2 gene via distal CGI methylation may play a role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. However, further studies with large numbers of patients are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-422, Republic of Korea
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Suspitsin EN, Sherina NY, Ponomariova DN, Sokolenko AP, Iyevleva AG, Gorodnova TV, Zaitseva OA, Yatsuk OS, Togo AV, Tkachenko NN, Shiyanov GA, Lobeiko OS, Krylova NY, Matsko DE, Maximov SY, Urmancheyeva AF, Porhanova NV, Imyanitov EN. High frequency of BRCA1, but not CHEK2 or NBS1 (NBN), founder mutations in Russian ovarian cancer patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2009; 7:5. [PMID: 19338682 PMCID: PMC2664323 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant portion of ovarian cancer (OC) cases is caused by germ-line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. BRCA testing is cheap in populations with founder effect and therefore recommended for all patients with OC diagnosis. Recurrent mutations constitute the vast majority of BRCA defects in Russia, however their impact in OC morbidity has not been yet systematically studied. Furthermore, Russian population is characterized by a relatively high frequency of CHEK2 and NBS1 (NBN) heterozygotes, but it remains unclear whether these two genes contribute to the OC risk. METHODS The study included 354 OC patients from 2 distinct, geographically remote regions (290 from North-Western Russia (St.-Petersburg) and 64 from the south of the country (Krasnodar)). DNA samples were tested by allele-specific PCR for the presence of 8 founder mutations (BRCA1 5382insC, BRCA1 4153delA, BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 300T>G, BRCA2 6174delT, CHEK2 1100delC, CHEK2 IVS2+1G>A, NBS1 657del5). In addition, literature data on the occurrence of BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 and NBS1 mutations in non-selected ovarian cancer patients were reviewed. RESULTS BRCA1 5382insC allele was detected in 28/290 (9.7%) OC cases from the North-West and 11/64 (17.2%) OC patients from the South of Russia. In addition, 4 BRCA1 185delAG, 2 BRCA1 4153delA, 1 BRCA2 6174delT, 2 CHEK2 1100delC and 1 NBS1 657del5 mutation were detected. 1 patient from Krasnodar was heterozygous for both BRCA1 5382insC and NBS1 657del5 variants. CONCLUSION Founder BRCA1 mutations, especially BRCA1 5382insC variant, are responsible for substantial share of OC morbidity in Russia, therefore DNA testing has to be considered for every OC patient of Russian origin. Taken together with literature data, this study does not support the contribution of CHEK2 in OC risk, while the role of NBS1 heterozygosity may require further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Suspitsin
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N,N, Petrov Institute of Oncology, St, Petersburg, Russia.
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Mutation and methylation analysis of the chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding 5 gene in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1253-8. [PMID: 18953434 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain, helicase, DNA binding 5 (CHD5) is a member of a subclass of the chromatin remodeling Swi/Snf proteins and has recently been proposed as a tumor suppressor in a diverse range of human cancers. We analyzed all 41 coding exons of CHD5 for somatic mutations in 123 primary ovarian cancers as well as 60 primary breast cancers using high-resolution melt analysis. We also examined methylation of the CHD5 promoter in 48 ovarian cancer samples by methylation-specific single-stranded conformation polymorphism and bisulfite sequencing. In contrast to previous studies, no mutations were identified in the breast cancers, but somatic heterozygous missense mutations were identified in 3 of 123 ovarian cancers. We identified promoter methylation in 3 of 45 samples with normal CHD5 and in 2 of 3 samples with CHD5 mutation, suggesting these tumors may have biallelic inactivation of CHD5. Hemizygous copy number loss at CHD5 occurred in 6 of 85 samples as assessed by single nucleotide polymorphism array. Tumors with CHD5 mutation or methylation were more likely to have mutation of KRAS or BRAF (P = .04). The aggregate frequency of CHD5 haploinsufficiency or inactivation is 16.2% in ovarian cancer. Thus, CHD5 may play a role as a tumor suppressor gene in ovarian cancer; however, it is likely that there is another target of the frequent copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity observed at 1p36.
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Abstract
DNA repair pathways enable tumour cells to survive DNA damage induced by external agents such as therapeutic treatments. Signalling cascades involved in these pathways comprise the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3 related (ATR) and checkpoint kinases I and 2 (Chk1/Chk2), among others. ATM and ATR phosphorylate, respectively, Chk2 and Chk1, leading to activation of checkpoints. Chk2 acts as a signal distributor, dispersing checkpoint signal to downstream targets such as p53, Cdc25A, Cdc25C, BRCA1 and E2F1. A role of Chk2 as a candidate tumour suppressor has been suggested based on both mouse genetics and somatic tumour studies. We will discuss here the possible role of this kinase in human carcinogenesis and the possibility to use it as a target to increment DNA damage in cancer cells in response to DNA-damaging therapies.
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Wasielewski M, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Hollestelle A, Merajver SD, van den Ouweland A, Klijn JGM, Ethier SP, Schutte M. Deleterious CHEK2 1100delC and L303X mutants identified among 38 human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:285-91. [PMID: 18297428 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CHEK2 protein plays a major role in the regulation of DNA damage response pathways. Mutations in the CHEK2 gene, in particular 1100delC, have been associated with increased cancer risks, but the precise function of CHEK2 mutations in carcinogenesis is not known. Human cancer cell lines with CHEK2 mutations are therefore of main interest. Here, we have sequenced 38 breast cancer cell lines for mutations in the CHEK2 gene and identified two cell lines with deleterious CHEK2 mutations. Cell line UACC812 has a nonsense truncating mutation in the CHEK2 kinase domain (L303X) and cell line SUM102PT has the well-known oncogenic CHEK2 1100delC founder mutation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the two CHEK2 mutant cell lines expressed neither CHEK2 nor P-Thr(68) CHEK2 proteins, implying abrogation of normal CHEK2 DNA repair functions. Cell lines UACC812 and SUM102PT thus are the first human CHEK2 null cell lines reported and should therefore be a major help in further unraveling the function of CHEK2 mutations in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Wasielewski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Antoni L, Sodha N, Collins I, Garrett MD. CHK2 kinase: cancer susceptibility and cancer therapy - two sides of the same coin? Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:925-36. [PMID: 18004398 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, CHK2 has emerged as an important multifunctional player in the DNA-damage response signalling pathway. Parallel studies of the human CHEK2 gene have also highlighted its role as a candidate multiorgan tumour susceptibility gene rather than a highly penetrant predisposition gene for Li-Fraumeni syndrome. As discussed here, our current understanding of CHK2 function in tumour cells, in both a biological and genetic context, suggests that targeted modulation of the active kinase or exploitation of its loss in tumours could prove to be effective anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Antoni
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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