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Garofalo M, Jeon YJ, Nuovo GJ, Middleton J, Secchiero P, Joshi P, Alder H, Nazaryan N, Di Leva G, Romano G, Crawford M, Nana-Sinkam P, Croce CM. Correction: MiR-34a/c-Dependent PDGFR-α/β Downregulation Inhibits Tumorigenesis and Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267628. [PMID: 35443005 PMCID: PMC9020699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Xu T, Wei C, Zou X, Lu B, Wang Z. Case Report: Long-Term Survival With Anlotinib in a Patient With Advanced Undifferentiated Large-Cell Lung Cancer and Rare Tonsillar Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:680818. [PMID: 34249723 PMCID: PMC8264298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated large-cell lung cancer is a rare type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a poor prognosis. It is insensitive to chemotherapy and easily develops drug resistance. Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database showed that patients with stage IV undifferentiated large-cell lung cancer had a median overall survival (OS) of only 4 months and that those who received chemotherapy had a median OS of only 5 months longer than those who did not. For the first time, we report a case of advanced large-cell undifferentiated lung cancer with rare tonsil metastasis. The patient developed resistance after 3 months of platinum-based systemic chemotherapy and local treatment. Antiangiogenic therapy has been continuously progressing and has shown certain efficacy in treating many malignant tumors, such as lung cancer. However, there are no relevant studies or case reports on antiangiogenic therapy in the treatment of undifferentiated large-cell lung cancer. Anlotinib, an orally delivered small-molecule antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was administered to this patient after chemotherapy resistance occurred, and the outcome was assessed as continued stable disease (SD). As of the last follow-up evaluation, the progression-free survival (PFS) of the patient was 21.5 months, and the OS was 27.5 months. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis showed that the patient was positive for one of the targets of anlotinib (PDGFR). In general, the findings in this case suggest that anlotinib may be an option with good efficacy for patients with large-cell undifferentiated lung cancer after chemotherapy resistance that may have good efficacy and also suggest that PDGFR may be the target underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Xu
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoteng Zou
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liang M, Wang B, Schneider A, Vainshtein I, Roskos L. A Novel Pharmacodynamic Biomarker and Mechanistic Modeling Facilitate the Development of Tovetumab, a Monoclonal Antibody Directed Against Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha, for Cancer Therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 23:4. [PMID: 33210183 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tovetumab (MEDI-575) is a fully human IgG2κ monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to human platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) and blocks receptor signal transduction by PDGF ligands. The affinity of tovetumab determined using surface plasmon resonance technology and flow cytometry demonstrated comparable binding affinity for human and monkey PDGFRα. In single and repeat-dose monkey pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) studies, tovetumab administration resulted in dose-dependent elevation of circulating levels of PDGF-AA, a member of the PDGF ligand family, due to displacement of PDGF-AA from PDGFRα by tovetumab and subsequent blockade of PDGFRα-mediated PDGF-AA degradation. As such, PDGF-AA accumulation is an indirect measurement of receptor occupancy and is a novel PD biomarker for tovetumab. The nonlinear PK of tovetumab and dose-dependent increase in circulating PDGF-AA profiles were well described by a novel mechanistic model, in which tovetumab and PDGF-AA compete for the binding to PDGFRα. To facilitate translational simulation, the internalization half-lives of PDGF-AA and tovetumab upon binding to PDGFRα were determined using confocal imaging to be 14 ± 4 min and 30 ± 8 min, respectively. By incorporating PDGFRα internalization kinetics, the model not only predicted the target receptor occupancy by tovetumab, but also the biologically active agonistic ligand-receptor complex. This work described a novel PD biomarker approach applicable for anti-receptor therapeutics and the first mechanistic model to delineate the in vivo tri-molecular system of a drug, its target receptor, and a competing endogenous ligand, which collectively have been used for optimal dose recommendation supporting clinical development of tovetumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Liang
- Clinical and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Bing Wang
- Clinical and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.,Amador Bioscience, Pleasanton, California, 94588, USA
| | - Amy Schneider
- Clinical and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Clinical and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.,Exelixis, Alameda, California, 94502, USA
| | - Lorin Roskos
- Clinical and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Exelixis, Alameda, California, 94502, USA.
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Damele L, Ottonello S, Mingari MC, Pietra G, Vitale C. Targeted Therapies: Friends or Foes for Patient's NK Cell-Mediated Tumor Immune-Surveillance? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040774. [PMID: 32218226 PMCID: PMC7226262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years there has been a huge increase in the number of novel drugs for cancer treatment. Most of them exploit their ability to target specific oncogenic mutations in the tumors (targeted therapies–TT), while others target the immune-checkpoint inhibitor molecules (ICI) or the epigenetic DNA modifications. Among them, TT are the longest established drugs exploited against a wide spectrum of both solid and hematological tumors, often with reasonable costs and good efficacy as compared to other innovative therapies (i.e., ICI). Although they have greatly improved the treatment of cancer patients and their survival, patients often relapse or develop drug-resistance, leading to the impossibility to eradicate the disease. The outcome of TT has been often correlated with their ability to affect not only tumor cells, but also the repertoire of immune cells and their ability to interact with cancer cells. Thus, the possibility to create novel synergies among drugs an immunotherapy prompted scientists and physicians to deeply characterize the effects of TT on immune cells both by in-vitro and by ex-vivo analyses. In this context, NK cells may represent a key issue, since they have been shown to exert a potent anti-tumor activity, both against hematological malignancies and solid tumors. In the present review we will discuss most recent ex-vivo analyses that clarify the effect of TT treatment on patient’s NK cells comparing them with clinical outcome and previous in-vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Damele
- UO Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.D.); (S.O.); (M.C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Selene Ottonello
- UO Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.D.); (S.O.); (M.C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- UO Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.D.); (S.O.); (M.C.M.); (G.P.)
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES), Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- UO Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.D.); (S.O.); (M.C.M.); (G.P.)
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES), Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- UO Immunologia IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.D.); (S.O.); (M.C.M.); (G.P.)
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES), Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Wheatley-Price P, Gadgeel S, Takahashi T, Li X, Dar M, Blumenschein GR. Phase 1b/2 Randomized Study of MEDI-575 in Combination With Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel Versus Carboplatin Plus Paclitaxel Alone in Adult Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2018; 20:e362-e368. [PMID: 30685114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platinum doublet chemotherapy has represented the standard of care in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer for decades. Targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) is a potential mechanism to improve the efficacy of first-line therapy. This randomized phase 1b/2 trial investigated the addition of the anti-PDGFRα monoclonal antibody MEDI-575 to first-line carboplatin/paclitaxel (CP) chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS The phase 1b component was a dose-escalation study combining MEDI-575 with carboplatin area under the plasma concentration versus time curve 6 and paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 (CPM), with the end point of identifying a recommended phase 2 dose. The phase 2 component randomized patients to CPM or CP, with primary end point of progression-free survival. Secondary end points included overall survival, overall response rate, and adverse event rates. RESULTS Overall, 99 patients were enrolled and received either CPM (n = 53; 4 phase 1b, 49 phase 2) or CP (n = 46). Demographics were as follows: 63/36 male/female, 78/21 aged ≤ 70/> 70 years; 37/62 squamous/nonsquamous, 42/53 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0/1. The phase 2 portion of the trial did not meet its primary end point: progression-free survival was shorter with CPM (4.6 vs. 5.5 months) than CP. No significant difference was seen in overall response rate (31.7% vs. 22.5%) or median overall survival (10.0 vs. 11.8 months). More serious adverse events were observed in patients receiving CPM (47% vs. 40%); in particular, 9 patients in the CPM group had significant gastrointestinal or respiratory adverse events (including abscess, perforation, and pneumothorax). CONCLUSION The addition of MEDI-575 to CP chemotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer did not improve efficacy and resulted in increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wheatley-Price
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre/University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Xia Li
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - George R Blumenschein
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Wang KJ, Wang C, Dai LH, Yang J, Huang H, Ma XJ, Zhou Z, Yang ZY, Xu WD, Hua MM, Lu X, Zeng SX, Wang HQ, Zhang ZS, Cheng YQ, Liu D, Tian QQ, Sun YH, Xu CL. Targeting an Autocrine Regulatory Loop in Cancer Stem-like Cells Impairs the Progression and Chemotherapy Resistance of Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1070-1086. [PMID: 30397177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) contribute to bladder cancer chemotherapy resistance and progression, but the associated mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study determined whether blocking an autocrine signaling loop in CSCs improves the therapeutic effects of cis-platinum on bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of the epithelial marker OV6 and other markers in human bladder cancer specimens was examined by IHC. The CSC properties of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS)-isolated OV6+ and OV6- bladder cancer cells were examined. Molecular mechanisms were assessed through RNA-Seq, cytokine antibody arrays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and other assays. An orthotopic bladder cancer mouse model was established to evaluate the in vivo effects of a YAP inhibitor (verteporfin) and a PDGFR inhibitor (CP-673451) on the cis-platinum resistance of OV6+ CSCs in bladder cancer. RESULTS Upregulated OV6 expression positively associated with disease progression and poor prognosis for bladder cancer patients. Compared with OV6- cells, OV6+ bladder cancer cells exhibited strong CSC characteristics, including self-renewal, tumor initiation in NOD/SCID mice, and chemotherapy resistance. YAP, which maintains the stemness of OV6+ CSCs, triggered PDGFB transcription by recruiting TEAD1. Autocrine PDGF-BB signaling through its receptor PDGFR stabilized YAP and facilitated YAP nuclear translocation. Furthermore, blocking the YAP/TEAD1/PDGF-BB/PDGFR loop with verteporfin or CP-673451 inhibited the cis-platinum resistance of OV6+ bladder cancer CSCs in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. CONCLUSIONS OV6 could be a helpful indicator of disease progression and prognosis for patients with bladder cancer, and targeting the autocrine YAP/TEAD1/PDGF-BB/PDGFR loop might serve as a remedy for cis-platinum resistance in patients with advanced bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Li-He Dai
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Mian Hua
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Xiong Zeng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Qing Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuan-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China.
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Gerber DE, Swanson P, Lopez-Chavez A, Wong L, Dowlati A, Pennell NA, Cronier DM, Qin A, Ilaria R, Cosaert J, Shahir A, Baggstrom MQ. Phase II study of olaratumab with paclitaxel/carboplatin (P/C) or P/C alone in previously untreated advanced NSCLC. Lung Cancer 2017; 111:108-115. [PMID: 28838379 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) mediates angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and tumor interstitial pressure. Olaratumab (IMC-3G3) is a fully human anti-PDGFRα monoclonal antibody. This Phase II study assessed safety and efficacy of olaratumab+paclitaxel/carboplatin (P/C) versus P/C alone for previously untreated advanced NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients received up to six 21-day cycles of P 200mg/m2 and C AUC 6 (day 1)±olaratumab 15mg/kg (days 1 and 8). Primary endpoint was PFS. Olaratumab was continued in the olaratumab+P/C arm until disease progression. RESULTS 131 patients were: 67 with olaratumab+P/C and 64 with P/C; 74% had nonsquamous NSCLC. Median PFS was similar between olaratumab+P/C and P/C (4.4 months each) (HR 1.29; 95% CI [0.86-1.93]; p=0.21). Median OS was similar between olaratumab+P/C (11.8 months) and P/C (11.5 months) (HR 1.04; 95% CI [0.68-1.57]; p=0.87). Both arms had similar toxicity profiles. All evaluable cases were PDGFR-negative by immunohistochemistry. Tumor stroma PDGFR expression was evaluable in 23/131 patients, of which 78% were positive. CONCLUSIONS The addition of olaratumab to P/C did not result in significant prolongation of PFS or OS in advanced NSCLC. Olaratumab studies in other patient populations, including soft tissue sarcoma (NCT02783599), pancreatic cancer (NCT03086369), and pediatric malignancies (NCT02677116) are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gerber
- The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8852, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA.
| | - Paul Swanson
- Hematology/Oncology Associates of the Treasure Coast, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34952, USA.
| | | | - Lucas Wong
- Scott & White Clinic, Hematology-Oncology, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | | | - Amy Qin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| | | | - Jan Cosaert
- Sotio a.s., 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic.
| | - Ashwin Shahir
- Eli Lilly and Company, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UK
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Vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis and dynamic vascular plasticity in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult mouse brain. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 359:865-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang P, Song L, Ge H, Jin P, Jiang Y, Hu W, Geng N. Crenolanib, a PDGFR inhibitor, suppresses lung cancer cell proliferation and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1761-8. [PMID: 25328409 PMCID: PMC4196792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s68773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors (PDGFR), including PDGFRα and PDGFRβ, play important roles in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and the regulation of stromal cell function. Constitutive activation of PDGFR signaling, gene rearrangement, and activating mutations of PDGFR have been identified in various types of human tumors and malignancies. PDGFRα and PDGFRβ belong to the family of type III receptor tyrosine kinases and, upon stimulation, activate downstream signaling cascades. Crenolanib is a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets and inhibits the kinase activity of PDGFR and the FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3. Its clinical efficacy in several human tumors is currently under investigation in Phase II clinical trials. In this study, we examined the potential role of crenolanib in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using A549 cells as a model system, we have shown that crenolanib is capable of suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Crenolanib-treated cells have reduced migratory activity in response to inducers of chemotaxis. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor activity of crenolanib was confirmed in an NSCLC xenograft tumor model. Injection of crenolanib significantly inhibited the growth of tumor mass by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Our results provide strong evidence supporting the use of crenolanib as a potential therapeutic agent in treating NSCLC. This work sets a foundation for further development of targeted and personalized therapeutics for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Song
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pule Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Geng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Furube E, Mannari T, Morita S, Nishikawa K, Yoshida A, Itoh M, Miyata S. VEGF-dependent and PDGF-dependent dynamic neurovascular reconstruction in the neurohypophysis of adult mice. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:161-79. [PMID: 24860149 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) releases arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) from axonal terminals of the neurohypophysis (NH) into blood circulation for controlling body fluid homeostasis and lactation. Chronic osmotic and suckling stimulations have been shown to cause neurovascular and neuroglial reconstruction in the NH of adult mammals and no study has been reported for vascular dynamics. The aim of this study was to elucidate the occurrence of continuous angiogenesis and growth factor-dependent neurovascular reconstruction in the NH of adult mice. Active proliferation of endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) was observed using the immunohistochemistry of bromodeoxyuridine and Ki-67. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2 (KDR)) were highly expressed at pituicytes and endothelial cells respectively. Moreover, prominent expression of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) and PDGF receptor beta was observed at OXT-containing axonal terminals and pericytes respectively. Administration of the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor AZD2171 for VEGFRs and STI571 for PDGFRs significantly decreased proliferation of endothelial cells and OPCs. Moreover, AZD2171 treatment decreased vascular density by facilitating apoptosis of endothelial cells and the withdrawal of its treatment led to remarkable rebound proliferation of endothelial cells, so that vascular density rapidly returned to normal levels. AZD2171 decreased the density of both AVP- and OXT-containing axonal terminals, whereas STI571 selectively decreased the density of AVP-containing ones. Thus, this study demonstrates that the signaling pathways of VEGF and PDGF are crucial mediators for determining proliferation of endothelial cells and OPCs and the density of AVP- and OXT-containing axonal terminals in the HNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Furube
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mannari
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shoko Morita
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, JapanDepartment of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishikawa
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yoshida
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masanobu Itoh
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied BiologyKyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, JapanDepartment of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Bao H, Burke PA, Huang J, Chen X, Brohawn PZ, Yao Y, Lechleider RJ, Sikorski RS, Buzoianu M, Zhang J, Shi X, Richman LK, LaVallee TM. Circulating tumor cells: application as a biomarker for molecular characterization and predictor of survival in an all-comer solid tumor phase I clinical study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58557. [PMID: 23990866 PMCID: PMC3749129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Clinical development of cancer drugs has a low success rate. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers using minimally invasive approaches hold promise for increasing the probability of success by enabling disease characterization, patient selection and early detection of drug treatment effect. Enumeration and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) may address some of these needs, and thus were evaluated for utility in a Phase I solid tumor clinical study. Experimental Design Blood samples for CTC analysis were obtained from 24 cancer patients in a multi-center all-comer Phase I study of MEDI-575, a novel anti-PDGFRα antibody. Samples were taken at screening and analyzed for enumeration of CTC using the CellSearch® platform and for molecular characterization using a novel quantitative RT-PCR assay. Results Fifty-nine percent of the patients showed at least 1 CTC per 7.5 ml of blood at baseline. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with 0 CTCs at baseline were longer than PFS and Os for patients with 1-3 and >3 CTCs (8.8 versus 1.4 and 1.3 months PFS, P = 0.02; 9.0 vs 7.4 and 3.5 months OS, P = 0.20, respectively). Patients with 0 CTC showed a greater percentage of stable disease than the other 2 groups with 1-3 and >3 CTCs (57% vs 29% and 0%). The multimarker qRT-PCR method detected CTC in 40% of the patients, and 80% of these patients were positive for pre-selected drug target genes. Conclusion CTC enumeration of patients in an all-comer study is feasible and may allow for patient stratification for PFS and Os to evaluate the clinical response of investigational agents. Gene expression profiling of isolated CTC may provide a means for molecular characterization of selected tumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Bao
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Burke
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Z. Brohawn
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihong Yao
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Lechleider
- Formerly at Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Sikorski
- Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manuela Buzoianu
- Formerly at Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Clinical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Richman
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa M. LaVallee
- Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A Phase I clinical trial of the combination of imatinib and paclitaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:843-53. [PMID: 23014737 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pre-clinical data suggest that combining imatinib with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy may improve imatinib efficacy. We conducted a Phase I study of imatinib in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. METHODS Patients were accrued to the study in a standard 3 + 3 design. Patients were restaged every two cycles, and those with stable disease (SD), or better, continued study treatment without interruption. Maximally tolerated doses (MTDs) and pharmacokinetic profiles of combination imatinib and paclitaxel were assessed. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, including 40 in the Phase I dose escalation portion. Alternating dose escalation of imatinib and paclitaxel on a 28-day cycle resulted in MTDs of 800 mg imatinib daily, on days 1-4, 8-11, 15-18, and 22-25, and 100 mg/m(2) paclitaxel weekly, on days 3, 10, and 17. Two expansion cohorts, comprising 10 breast cancer patients and 8 patients with soft-tissue sarcomas, were enrolled at the MTDs. The most common adverse events were flu-like symptoms (64 %) and nausea/vomiting (71 %). The most common Grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (26 %), flu-like symptoms (12 %), and pain (12 %). There were no relevant differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles of either drug when given in combination compared with alone. Thirty-eight subjects were evaluable for response, 18 (47.4 %) of whom experienced clinical benefit. Five patients (13.2 %) had a partial response (PR) and 13 patients (34.2 %) had SD; the average time to progression in those with clinical benefit was 17 weeks (range: 7-28 weeks). CONCLUSIONS This combination of imatinib and paclitaxel was reasonably safe and tolerable, and demonstrated evidence of anti-tumor activity. Further exploration in disease-specific Phase II trials is warranted.
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Gerber DE, Gupta P, Dellinger MT, Toombs JE, Peyton M, Duignan I, Malaby J, Bailey T, Burns C, Brekken RA, Loizos N. Stromal platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) provides a therapeutic target independent of tumor cell PDGFRα expression in lung cancer xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2473-82. [PMID: 22933705 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In lung cancer, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) is expressed frequently by tumor-associated stromal cells and by cancer cells in a subset of tumors. We sought to determine the effect of targeting stromal PDGFRα in preclinical lung tumor xenograft models (human tumor, mouse stroma). Effects of anti-human (IMC-3G3) and anti-mouse (1E10) PDGFRα monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on proliferation and PDGFRα signaling were evaluated in lung cancer cell lines and mouse fibroblasts. Therapy studies were conducted using established PDGFRα-positive H1703 cells and PDGFRα-negative Calu-6, H1993, and A549 subcutaneous tumors in immunocompromised mice treated with vehicle, anti-PDGFRα mAbs, chemotherapy, or combination therapy. Tumors were analyzed for growth and levels of growth factors. IMC-3G3 inhibited PDGFRα activation and the growth of H1703 cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, but had no effect on PDGFRα-negative cell lines or mouse fibroblasts. 1E10 inhibited growth and PDGFRα activation of mouse fibroblasts, but had no effect on human cancer cell lines in vitro. In vivo, 1E10-targeted inhibition of murine PDGFRα reduced tumor growth as single-agent therapy in Calu-6 cells and enhanced the effect of chemotherapy in xenografts derived from A549 cells. We also identified that low expression cancer cell expression of VEGF-A and elevated expression of PDGF-AA were associated with response to stromal PDGFRα targeting. We conclude that stromal PDGFRα inhibition represents a means for enhancing control of lung cancer growth in some cases, independent of tumor cell PDGFRα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gerber
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Mail Code 8852, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA.
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14
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Montaseri A, Busch F, Mobasheri A, Buhrmann C, Aldinger C, Rad JS, Shakibaei M. IGF-1 and PDGF-bb suppress IL-1β-induced cartilage degradation through down-regulation of NF-κB signaling: involvement of Src/PI-3K/AKT pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28663. [PMID: 22194879 PMCID: PMC3237481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Growth factors (GFs) capable of antagonizing the catabolic actions of cytokines may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of OA. Herein, we investigated the potential synergistic effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-bb) on different mechanisms participating in IL-1β-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and apoptosis in chondrocytes. Methods Primary chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β to induce dedifferentiation and co-treated with either IGF-1 or/and PDGF-bb and evaluated by immunoblotting and electron microscopy. Results Pretreatment of chondrocytes with IGF-1 or/and PDGF-bb suppressed IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation via inhibition of IκB-α kinase. Inhibition of IκB-α kinase by GFs led to the suppression of IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB-regulated gene products involved in inflammation and cartilage degradation (COX-2, MMPs) and apoptosis (caspase-3). GFs or BMS-345541 (specific inhibitor of the IKK) reversed the IL-1β-induced down-regulation of collagen type II, cartilage specific proteoglycans, β1-integrin, Shc, activated MAPKinase, Sox-9 and up-regulation of active caspase-3. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of IGF-1 or/and PDGF-bb on IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation were sensitive to inhibitors of Src (PP1), PI-3K (wortmannin) and Akt (SH-5), suggesting that the pathway consisting of non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Src), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B must be involved in IL-1β signaling. Conclusion The results presented suggest that IGF-1 and PDGF-bb are potent inhibitors of IL-1β-mediated activation of NF-κB and apoptosis in chondrocytes, may be mediated in part through suppression of Src/PI-3K/AKT pathway, which may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Franziska Busch
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Buhrmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Constance Aldinger
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Liu X, Zhu F, Ma X, Tao L, Zhang J, Yang S, Wei Y, Chen YZ. The Therapeutic Target Database: an internet resource for the primary targets of approved, clinical trial and experimental drugs. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:903-12. [PMID: 21619487 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.586635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of proteins, nucleic acids and other molecular entities have been explored as therapeutic targets. A challenge in drug discovery is to decide which targets to pursue from an increasing pool of potential targets, given the fact that few innovative targets have made it to the approval list each year. Knowledge of existing drug targets (both approved and within clinical trials) is highly useful for facilitating target discovery, selection, exploration and tool development. The Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) has been developed and updated to provide information on 358 successful targets, 251 clinical trial targets and 1254 research targets in addition to 1511 approved drugs, 1118 clinical trials drugs and 2331 experimental drugs linked to their primary targets (3257 drugs with available structure data). This review briefly describes the TTD database and illustrates how its data can be explored for facilitating target and drug searches, the study of the mechanism of multi-target drugs and the development of in silico target discovery tools.
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16
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Easty DJ, Gray SG, O'Byrne KJ, O'Donnell D, Bennett DC. Receptor tyrosine kinases and their activation in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:446-61. [PMID: 21320293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream signalling pathways have long been hypothesized to play key roles in melanoma development. A decade ago, evidence was derived largely from animal models, RTK expression studies and detection of activated RAS isoforms in a small fraction of melanomas. Predictions that overexpression of specific RTKs implied increased kinase activity and that some RTKs would show activating mutations in melanoma were largely untested. However, technological advances including rapid gene sequencing, siRNA methods and phospho-RTK arrays now give a more complete picture. Mutated forms of RTK genes including KIT, ERBB4, the EPH and FGFR families and others are known in melanoma. Additional over- or underexpressed RTKs and also protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been reported, and activities measured. Complex interactions between RTKs and PTPs are implicated in the abnormal signalling driving aberrant growth and survival in malignant melanocytes, and indeed in normal melanocytic signalling including the response to ultraviolet radiation. Kinases are considered druggable targets, so characterization of global RTK activity in melanoma should assist the rational development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Easty
- Department of Oncology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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Potential Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Using Imatinib in Combination with Docetaxel in the Treatment of Recurrent Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:372-7. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318200f9ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cheng CY, Kuo CT, Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Yang CM. IL-1beta induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cell migration via a c-Src-dependent, growth factor receptor transactivation in A549 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1595-610. [PMID: 20649564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expression is regulated by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-kappaB. IL-1beta also stimulates transactivation of growth factor receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt., leading to the expression of inflammatory proteins. Here, we investigated whether these transactivation mechanisms participated in IL-1beta-induced MMP-9 expression in A549 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A549 cells were treated with/without pharmacological inhibitors and neutralizing antibody or transfected with dominant negative mutants and siRNA of particular protein kinases before stimulation with IL-1beta. Cell migration was measured by in vitro scratch assay. Expression and enzymatic activity of MMP-9 were analysed by Western blot and gelatin zymography. Transcriptional activity of MMP-9 was analysed by RT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter assays. KEY RESULTS Inhibition of MMP-9 expression by inhibitors of Src (PP1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor and epithelial growth factor (EGF) receptor or transfection with siRNA for Src and Akt prevented IL-1beta-induced migration of A549 cells. These tyrosine kinases were involved through phosphorylation of Src, PDGF, or EGF receptors (EGFRs) via the formation of Src/PDGFR or Src/EGFR complexes, attenuated by PP1. IL-1beta-induced MMP-9 expression through EGFR transactivation was diminished by inhibitors of MMPs and heparin-binding EGF-like factor (HB-EGF), or a neutralizing HB-EGF antibody. IL-1beta-stimulated activation and translocation of Akt and NF-kappaB (p65); the recruitment of activated NF-kappaB (p65) to the MMP-9 promoter region was attenuated by LY294002. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-1beta-induced MMP-9 expression and cell migration was mediated through c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt linking to the NF-kappaB pathway in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Marschall M, Stamminger T. Molecular targets for antiviral therapy of cytomegalovirus infections. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:731-42. [PMID: 19659428 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus infections are still associated with severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, despite the availability of five drugs that are currently licensed for antiviral therapy. Furthermore, human cytomegalovirus is the most frequent cause of congenital infections for which antiviral treatment options are very limited. Thus, the need for a potent, safe and well-tolerated antiviral drug remains. This review focuses on target molecules that are implicated in the development of innovative anticytomegaloviral approaches, such as viral immediate-early and DNA replication proteins, as well as regulatory protein kinases. Special emphasis is given to promising host factors, in particular the receptor tyrosine kinase PDGF and cyclin-dependent protein kinases, since a combined targeting of viral and cellular factors that are critical for viral replication may alleviate the emergence of drug-resistant virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical & Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Gérard C, Debruyne C. Immunotherapy in the landscape of new targeted treatments for non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:409-24. [PMID: 19846354 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Active immunotherapies and molecules targeting tyrosine kinase receptors both offer new avenues for the treatment of NSCLC. Furthermore, their combinations or their administration along with standard treatments enlarges the potential for clinical benefit. Moreover, the discovery of biomarkers predicting the response to these new therapies should allow a better selection of patients susceptible to optimally benefit from these treatments. In this paper, we review the most promising active immunotherapies, antibodies and small molecules in the context of NSCLC management, focusing on compounds in phase III clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gérard
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals R&D, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
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Prognostic impact of platelet-derived growth factors in non-small cell lung cancer tumor and stromal cells. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:963-70. [PMID: 18758297 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181834f52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tumor angiogenesis there is a complex interplay between endothelial, stromal, and tumor cells (neoplastic epithelial cells). Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and receptors (PDGFRs) are pivotal in this interaction, and important targets in novel antiangiogenic therapies. This study investigates the prognostic impact of these molecular markers in tumor cells and tumor stroma of resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors. METHODS Tumor tissue samples from 335 resected patients with stage I to IIIA NSCLC were obtained and tissue microarrays were constructed from duplicate cores of tumor cells and tumor-related stroma from each specimen. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of the molecular markers PDGF-A, -B, -C, and -D and PDGFR-alpha and -beta. RESULTS In univariate analyses, high tumor cell expression of PDGF-B (p = 0.001), PDGF-C (p = 0.01), and PDGFR-alpha (p = 0.026) were negative prognostic indicators for disease-specific survival. In tumor stroma, high expression of PDGF-A (p = 0.009), PDGF-B (p = 0.04), PDGF-D (p = 0.019), and PDGFR-alpha (p = 0.019) correlated with good prognosis. In multivariate analyses, high tumor cell PDGF-B (p = 0.001) and PDGFR-alpha (p = 0.047) expression were independent negative prognostic factors for disease-specific survival, whereas in stromal cells high PDGF-A (p = 0.001) expression had an independent positive survival impact. CONCLUSION Our results indicate PDGF-B and PDGFR-alpha inhibition as an interesting approach in NSCLC treatment, but also demonstrates the importance of understanding the cellular crosstalk between endothelial, stromal, and tumor cells when targeting PDGF markers.
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