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Sun J, Luo J, Jiang F, Zhao J, Zhou S, Wang L, Zhang D, Ding Y, Li X. Exploring the cross-cancer effect of circulating proteins and discovering potential intervention targets for 13 site-specific cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024; 116:565-573. [PMID: 38039160 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteome is an important reservoir of potential therapeutic targets for cancer. This study aimed to examine the causal associations between plasma proteins and cancer risk and to identify proteins with cross-cancer effects. METHODS Genetic instruments for 3991 plasma proteins were extracted from a large-scale proteomic study. Summary-level data of 13 site-specific cancers were derived from publicly available datasets. Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses were used to investigate the causal effect of circulating proteins on cancers. Protein-protein interactions and druggability assessment were conducted to prioritize potential therapeutic targets. Finally, systematical Mendelian randomization analysis between healthy lifestyle factors and cancer-related proteins was conducted to identify which proteins could act as interventional targets by lifestyle changes. RESULTS Genetically determined circulating levels of 58 proteins were statistically significantly associated with 7 site-specific cancers. A total of 39 proteins were prioritized by colocalization, of them, 11 proteins (ADPGK, CD86, CLSTN3, CSF2RA, CXCL10, GZMM, IL6R, NCR3, SIGLEC5, SIGLEC14, and TAPBP) were observed to have cross-cancer effects. Notably, 5 of these identified proteins (CD86, CSF2RA, CXCL10, IL6R, and TAPBP) have been targeted for drug development in cancer therapy; 8 proteins (ADPGK, CD86, CXCL10, GZMM, IL6R, SIGLEC5, SIGLEC14, TAPBP) could be modulated by healthy lifestyles. CONCLUSION Our study identified 39 circulating protein biomarkers with convincing causal evidence for 7 site-specific cancers, with 11 proteins demonstrating cross-cancer effects, and prioritized the proteins as potential intervention targets by either drugs or lifestyle changes, which provided new insights into the etiology, prevention, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, the School of Public Health of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fangyuan Jiang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyun Zhou
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, the School of Public Health of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Nohara LL, Ellis SLS, Dreier C, Dada S, Saranchova I, Munro L, Pfeifer CG, Coyle KM, Morrice JR, Shim DJS, Ahn P, De Voogd N, Williams DE, Cheng P, Garrovillas E, Andersen RJ, Jefferies WA. A novel cell-based screen identifies chemical entities that reverse the immune-escape phenotype of metastatic tumours. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1119607. [PMID: 37256225 PMCID: PMC10225555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic events have been implicated in the downregulation of the cellular antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM), which in turn, has been associated with cancer evasion of the immune system. When these essential components are lacking, cancers develop the ability to subvert host immune surveillance allowing cancer cells to become invisible to the immune system and, in turn, promote cancer metastasis. Here we describe and validate the first high-throughput cell-based screening assay to identify chemical extracts and unique chemical entities that reverse the downregulation of APM components in cell lines derived from metastatic tumours. Through the screening of a library of 480 marine invertebrate extracts followed by bioassay-guided fractionation, curcuphenol, a common sesquiterpene phenol derived from turmeric, was identified as the active compound of one of the extracts. We demonstrate that curcuphenol induces the expression of the APM components, TAP-1 and MHC-I molecules, in cell lines derived from both metastatic prostate and lung carcinomas. Turmeric and curcumins that contain curcuphenol have long been utilized not only as a spice in the preparation of food, but also in traditional medicines for treating cancers. The remarkable discovery that a common component of spices can increase the expression of APM components in metastatic tumour cells and, therefore reverse immune-escape mechanisms, provides a rationale for the development of foods and advanced nutraceuticals as therapeutic candidates for harnessing the power of the immune system to recognize and destroy metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian L. Nohara
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha L. S. Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carola Dreier
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Dada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Zoology, and Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Saranchova
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Zoology, and Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl G. Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Krysta M. Coyle
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica R. Morrice
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Joo Sung Shim
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Ahn
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicole De Voogd
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David E. Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ping Cheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Garrovillas
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Zoology, and Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Li Z, Yang D, Guo T, Lin M. Advances in MUC1-Mediated Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070952. [PMID: 35883508 PMCID: PMC9313386 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors among women. Fortunately, however, immunotherapy has recently become a prospective BRCA treatment with encouraging achievements and mild safety profiles. Since the overexpression and aberrant glycosylation of MUC1 (human mucin) are closely associated with BRCA, it has become an ideal target for BRCA immunotherapies. In this review, the structure and function of MUC1 are briefly introduced, and the main research achievements in different kinds of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are highlighted, from the laboratory to the clinic. Afterward, the future directions of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are predicted, addressing, for example, urgent issues in regard to how efficient immunotherapeutic strategies can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dazhuang Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Ting Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Mei Lin
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Dada S, Ellis SLS, Wood C, Nohara LL, Dreier C, Garcia NH, Saranchova I, Munro L, Pfeifer CG, Eyford BA, Kari S, Garrovillas E, Caspani G, Al Haddad E, Gray PW, Morova T, Lack NA, Andersen RJ, Tjoelker L, Jefferies WA. Specific cannabinoids revive adaptive immunity by reversing immune evasion mechanisms in metastatic tumours. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982082. [PMID: 36923728 PMCID: PMC10010394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging cancers are sculpted by neo-Darwinian selection for superior growth and survival but minimal immunogenicity; consequently, metastatic cancers often evolve common genetic and epigenetic signatures to elude immune surveillance. Immune subversion by metastatic tumours can be achieved through several mechanisms; one of the most frequently observed involves the loss of expression or mutation of genes composing the MHC-I antigen presentation machinery (APM) that yields tumours invisible to Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the key component of the adaptive cellular immune response. Fascinating ethnographic and experimental findings indicate that cannabinoids inhibit the growth and progression of several categories of cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying these observations remain clouded in uncertainty. Here, we screened a library of cannabinoid compounds and found molecular selectivity amongst specific cannabinoids, where related molecules such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabigerol can reverse the metastatic immune escape phenotype in vitro by inducing MHC-I cell surface expression in a wide variety of metastatic tumours that subsequently sensitizing tumours to T lymphocyte recognition. Remarkably, H3K27Ac ChIPseq analysis established that cannabigerol and gamma interferon induce overlapping epigenetic signatures and key gene pathways in metastatic tumours related to cellular senescence, as well as APM genes involved in revealing metastatic tumours to the adaptive immune response. Overall, the data suggest that specific cannabinoids may have utility in cancer immunotherapy regimens by overcoming immune escape and augmenting cancer immune surveillance in metastatic disease. Finally, the fundamental discovery of the ability of cannabinoids to alter epigenetic programs may help elucidate many of the pleiotropic medicinal effects of cannabinoids on human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha L S Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christi Wood
- Biotechnology - Biomedical Science and Technology (BST), University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lilian L Nohara
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carola Dreier
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Biotechnology - Biomedical Science and Technology (BST), University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Iryna Saranchova
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suresh Kari
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Garrovillas
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giorgia Caspani
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eliana Al Haddad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Tunc Morova
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urological Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Investigating T Cell Immunity in Cancer: Achievements and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062907. [PMID: 33809369 PMCID: PMC7999898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells. However, as tumours become established they form their own suppressive microenvironments capable of shutting down T cell function, and allowing tumours to persist and grow. To further understand the tumour microenvironment, including the interplay between different immune cells and their role in anti-tumour immune responses, a number of studies from mouse models to clinical trials have been performed. In this review, we examine mechanisms utilized by tumour cells to reduce their visibility to CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), as well as therapeutic strategies trialled to overcome these tumour-evasion mechanisms. Next, we summarize recent advances in approaches to enhance CAR T cell activity and persistence over the past 10 years, including bispecific CAR T cell design and early evidence of efficacy. Lastly, we examine mechanisms of T cell infiltration and tumour regression, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies to investigate T cell function in murine tumour models.
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6
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Shukla A, Cloutier M, Appiya Santharam M, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. The MHC Class-I Transactivator NLRC5: Implications to Cancer Immunology and Potential Applications to Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041964. [PMID: 33671123 PMCID: PMC7922096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system constantly monitors the emergence of cancerous cells and eliminates them. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which kill tumor cells and provide antitumor immunity, select their targets by recognizing tumor antigenic peptides presented by MHC class-I (MHC-I) molecules. Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance using diverse strategies. A key mechanism of cancer immune evasion is downregulation of MHC-I and key proteins of the antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM). Even though impaired MHC-I expression in cancers is well-known, reversing the MHC-I defects remains the least advanced area of tumor immunology. The discoveries that NLRC5 is the key transcriptional activator of MHC-I and APM genes, and genetic lesions and epigenetic modifications of NLRC5 are the most common cause of MHC-I defects in cancers, have raised the hopes for restoring MHC-I expression. Here, we provide an overview of cancer immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells and the functions of NLRC5 in MHC-I antigen presentation pathways. We describe the impressive advances made in understanding the regulation of NLRC5 expression, the data supporting the antitumor functions of NLRC5 and a few reports that argue for a pro-tumorigenic role. Finally, we explore the possible avenues of exploiting NLRC5 for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Shukla
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Maryse Cloutier
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
- CRCHUS, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
- CRCHUS, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-346-1110 (ext. 14834)
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7
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HLA Class I Antigen Processing Machinery Defects in Cancer Cells-Frequency, Functional Significance, and Clinical Relevance with Special Emphasis on Their Role in T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Malignant Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:325-350. [PMID: 31502159 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I antigen abnormalities have been shown to be one of the major immune escape mechanisms murine and human cancer cells utilize to avoid recognition and destruction by host immune system. This mechanism has clinical relevance, since it is associated with poor prognosis and/or reduced patients' survival in many types of malignant diseases. The recent impressive clinical responses to T cell-based immunotherapies triggered by checkpoint inhibitors have rekindled tumor immunologists and clinical oncologists' interest in the analysis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen processing machinery (APM) expression and function in malignant cells. Abnormalities in the expression, regulation and/or function of components of this machinery have been associated with the development of resistances to T cell-based immunotherapies. In this review, following the description of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I APM organization and function, the information related to the frequency of defects in HLA class I APM component expression in various types of cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms is summarized. Then the impact of these defects on clinical response to T cell-based immunotherapies and strategies to revert this immune escape process are discussed.
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8
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Lang JM. Understanding dynamic interactions in the prostate tumor microenvironment. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:532-534. [PMID: 31300353 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Complex and dynamic are 2 words that best explain the prostate tumor microenvironment (TME). These words also exemplify the challenges inherent in developing and translating the latest therapeutic advances into clinical benefit for patients with localized and advanced prostate cancer. This issue explores the various cell types and interactions in the prostate TME and how new research findings are being leveraged into therapeutic concepts for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
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9
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Downregulation of TAP1 and TAP2 in early stage breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187323. [PMID: 29091951 PMCID: PMC5706630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TAP1-TAP2 heterodimeric complexes are recognized as the transporter associated with antigen processing of major histocompatibility complex class I peptides for recognition by tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of TAP1 and TAP2 in 160 patients with breast cancer and correlated their expression levels with clinicopathologic parameters. The median age of the patient cohort was 52.5 years (range, 30–86 years). Both TAP1 and TAP2 immunohistochemical expression levels correlated significantly with breast cancer characteristics (P < .001). TAP1 expression levels were low to negative in stage I breast tumors. TAP1 and TAP2 levels were significantly higher in grade 3 tumors than low-grade (grade 1 and 2) tumors. TAP1 and TAP2 expression levels were not significantly different among different levels of HER2-expressing tumors and did not vary by estrogen and progesterone receptor status or patient age. Both TAP1 and TAP2 overexpression in breast cancer might be an indicator of an aggressive breast tumor.
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10
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Shionoya Y, Kanaseki T, Miyamoto S, Tokita S, Hongo A, Kikuchi Y, Kochin V, Watanabe K, Horibe R, Saijo H, Tsukahara T, Hirohashi Y, Takahashi H, Sato N, Torigoe T. Loss of tapasin in human lung and colon cancer cells and escape from tumor-associated antigen-specific CTL recognition. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1274476. [PMID: 28344889 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1274476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse target cells after recognizing the complexes of peptides and MHC class I molecules (pMHC I) on cell surfaces. Tapasin is an essential component of the peptide-loading complex (PLC) and its absence influences the surface repertoire of MHC class I peptides. In the present study, we assessed tapasin expression in 85 primary tumor lesions of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, demonstrating that tapasin expression positively correlated with patient survival. CD8+ T-cell infiltration of tumor lesions was synergistically observed with tapasin expression and correlated positively with survival. To establish a direct link between loss of tapasin and CTL recognition in human cancer models, we targeted the tapasin gene by CRISPR/Cas9 system and generated tapasin-deficient variants of human lung as well as colon cancer cells. We induced the CTLs recognizing endogenous tumor-associated antigens (TAA), survivin or cep55, and they responded to each tapasin-proficient wild type. In contrast, both CTL lines ignored the tapasin-deficient variants despite their antigen expression. Moreover, the adoptive transfer of the cep55-specific CTL line failed to prevent tumor growth in mice bearing the tapasin-deficient variant. Loss of tapasin most likely limited antigen processing of TAAs and led to escape from TAA-specific CTL recognition. Tapasin expression is thus a key for CTL surveillance against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shionoya
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Serina Tokita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hongo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Vitaly Kochin
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazue Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Research and Development Division, Medical and Biological Laboratories Company, Limited, Ina, Japan
| | - Ryota Horibe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saijo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University , Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Wang J, Zhou P. New Approaches in CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:371-381. [PMID: 29282693 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, and molecular-targeted therapy, breast cancer remains the leading cause of death from malignant tumors among women. Immunotherapy has recently become a critical component of breast cancer treatment with encouraging activity and mild safety profiles. CAR-T therapy using genetically modifying T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is the most commonly used approach to generate tumor-specific T cells. It has shown good curative effect for a variety of malignant diseases, especially for hematological malignancies. In this review, we briefly introduce the history and the present state of CAR research. Then we discuss the barriers of solid tumors for CARs application and possible strategies to improve therapeutic response with a focus on breast cancer. At last, we outlook the future directions of CAR-T therapy including managing toxicities and developing universal CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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12
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Reeves E, James E. Antigen processing and immune regulation in the response to tumours. Immunology 2016; 150:16-24. [PMID: 27658710 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MHC class I and II antigen processing and presentation pathways display peptides to circulating CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells respectively to enable pathogens and transformed cells to be identified. Once detected, T cells become activated and either directly kill the infected / transformed cells (CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes) or orchestrate the activation of the adaptive immune response (CD4+ T cells). The immune surveillance of transformed/tumour cells drives alteration of the antigen processing and presentation pathways to evade detection and hence the immune response. Evasion of the immune response is a significant event tumour development and considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. To avoid immune recognition, tumours employ a multitude of strategies with most resulting in a down-regulation of the MHC class I expression at the cell surface, significantly impairing the ability of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to recognize the tumour. Alteration of the expression of key players in antigen processing not only affects MHC class I expression but also significantly alters the repertoire of peptides being presented. These modified peptide repertoires may serve to further reduce the presentation of tumour-specific/associated antigenic epitopes to aid immune evasion and tumour progression. Here we review the modifications to the antigen processing and presentation pathway in tumours and how it affects the anti-tumour immune response, considering the role of tumour-infiltrating cell populations and highlighting possible future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Reeves
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Edward James
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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13
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Seremet T, Koch A, Jansen Y, Schreuer M, Wilgenhof S, Del Marmol V, Liènard D, Thielemans K, Schats K, Kockx M, Van Criekinge W, Coulie PG, De Meyer T, van Baren N, Neyns B. Molecular and epigenetic features of melanomas and tumor immune microenvironment linked to durable remission to ipilimumab-based immunotherapy in metastatic patients. J Transl Med 2016; 14:232. [PMID: 27484791 PMCID: PMC4971660 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ipilimumab (Ipi) improves the survival of advanced melanoma patients with an incremental long-term benefit in 10–15 % of patients. A tumor signature that correlates with this survival benefit could help optimizing individualized treatment strategies. Methods Freshly frozen melanoma metastases were collected from patients treated with either Ipi alone (n: 7) or Ipi combined with a dendritic cell vaccine (TriMixDC-MEL) (n: 11). Samples were profiled by immunohistochemistry (IHC), whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) and methyl-DNA sequencing (MBD-seq). Results Patients were divided in two groups according to clinical evolution: durable benefit (DB; 5 patients) and no clinical benefit (NB; 13 patients). 20 metastases were profiled by IHC and 12 were profiled by RNA- and MBD-seq. 325 genes were identified as differentially expressed between DB and NB. Many of these genes reflected a humoral and cellular immune response. MBD-seq revealed differences between DB and NB patients in the methylation of genes linked to nervous system development and neuron differentiation. DB tumors were more infiltrated by CD8+ and PD-L1+ cells than NB tumors. B cells (CD20+) and macrophages (CD163+) co-localized with T cells. Focal loss of HLA class I and TAP-1 expression was observed in several NB samples. Conclusion Combined analyses of melanoma metastases with IHC, gene expression and methylation profiling can potentially identify durable responders to Ipi-based immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0990-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teofila Seremet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanina Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Max Schreuer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Wilgenhof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Liènard
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kelly Schats
- HistoGeneX Laboratories, Campus Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mark Kockx
- HistoGeneX Laboratories, Campus Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics Bionformatics Institute Ghent (BIG N2N), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Baren
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Nayama M, Collinet P, Salzet M, Vinatier D. [Immunological aspects of ovarian cancer: Therapeutic perspectives]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 45:1020-1036. [PMID: 27320132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is recognized by the immunological system of its host. Initially, it is effective to destroy and eliminate the cancer. But gradually, resistant tumor cells more aggressive and those able to protect themselves by inducing immune tolerance will be selected. Immunotherapy to be effective should consider both components of immune response with an action on cytotoxic immune effectors and action on tolerance mechanisms. The manipulations of the immune system should be cautious, because the immune effects are not isolated. A theoretically efficient handling may simultaneously cause an adverse effect which was not envisaged and could neutralize the benefits of treatment. Knowledge of tolerance mechanisms set up by the tumor is for the clinician a prerequisite before they prescribe these treatments. For each cancer, the knowledge of its immunological status is a prerequisite to propose adapted immunological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nayama
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, maternité Issaka-Gazoby, BP 10975, Niamey, Niger
| | - P Collinet
- CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Département universitaire de gynécologie obstétrique, université Nord-de-France, 59045 Lille cedex, France
| | - M Salzet
- EA 4550, IFR 147, laboratoire PRISM : protéomique, réponse inflammatoire, spectrométrie de Masse, université Lille 1, bâtiment SN3, 1(er) étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - D Vinatier
- CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; EA 4550, IFR 147, laboratoire PRISM : protéomique, réponse inflammatoire, spectrométrie de Masse, université Lille 1, bâtiment SN3, 1(er) étage, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France; Département universitaire de gynécologie obstétrique, université Nord-de-France, 59045 Lille cedex, France.
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15
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Sokol L, Koelzer VH, Rau TT, Karamitopoulou E, Zlobec I, Lugli A. Loss of tapasin correlates with diminished CD8(+) T-cell immunity and prognosis in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:279. [PMID: 26310568 PMCID: PMC4551690 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tapasin is a crucial component of the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway. Defects in this pathway can lead to tumor immune evasion. The aim of this study was to test whether tapasin expression correlates with CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration of colorectal cancer (CRC) and overall survival. Methods A next-generation tissue microarray (ngTMA) of 198 CRC patients with full clinicopathological information was included in this study. TMA slides were immunostained for tapasin, MHC I and CD8. Marker expression was analyzed with immune-cell infiltration, patient survival and TNM-staging. Results A reduction of tapasin expression strongly correlated with venous invasion (AUC 0.682, OR 2.7, p = 0.002; 95 % CI 1.7–5.0), lymphatic invasion (AUC 0.620, OR 2.0, p = 0.005; 95 % CI 1.3–3.3), distant metastasis (AUC 0.727, OR 2.9, p = 0.004; 95 % CI 1.4–5.9) and an infiltrative tumor border configuration (AUC 0.621, OR 2.2, p = 0.017; 95 % CI 1.2–4.4). Further, tapasin expression was associated with CD8+ CTL infiltration (AUC 0.729, OR 5.4, p < 0.001; 95 % CI 2.6–11), and favorable overall survival (p = 0.004, HR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.42–0.85). Conclusions Consistent with published functional data showing that tapasin promotes antigen presentation, as well as tumor immune recognition and destruction by CD8+ CTLs, a reduction in tapasin expression is associated with tumor progression in CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0647-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sokol
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Karamitopoulou
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Translational Research Unit (TRU), Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Abstract
Lymphomas arise from clonal expansions of B, T, or NK cells at different stages of differentiation. Because they occur in the immunocyte-rich lymphoid tissues, they are easily accessible to antibodies and cell-based immunotherapy. Expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells is a means of combining the antigen-binding site of a monoclonal antibody with the activating machinery of a T cell, enabling antigen recognition independent of major histocompatibility complex restriction, while retaining the desirable antitumor properties of a T cell. Here, we discuss the basic design of CARs and their potential advantages and disadvantages over other immune therapies for lymphomas. We review current clinical trials in the field and consider strategies to improve the in vivo function and safety of immune cells expressing CARs. The ultimate driver of CAR development and implementation for lymphoma will be the demonstration of their ability to safely and cost-effectively cure these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , ,
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , ,
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17
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Kosoff D, Krueger T, Lang JM. Targeting epigenetic mechanisms for clinical translation: enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapies. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1243-54. [PMID: 24188678 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to evade host immune surveillance is critical for the survival of tumor cells and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Many tumor types have been found to downregulate expression of genes involved in antigen production, processing and presentation to evade immune detection. Recent findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying these immune evasion phenomena extend beyond alterations in DNA sequence to include epigenetic modifications of DNA and associated proteins, including hypermethylation of DNA and altered histone acetylation patterns. This review will summarize alterations in antigen presentation machinery identified in malignant cells, epigenetic mechanisms that can be employed in the downregulation of genes relevant for antigen presentation and translational strategies to target these processes to enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kosoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Shao J, Lou X, Wang J, Zhang J, Chen C, Hua D, Mo F, Han X, Zheng S, Lin B. Targeted re-sequencing identified rs3106189 at the 5' UTR of TAPBP and rs1052918 at the 3' UTR of TCF3 to be associated with the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70307. [PMID: 23940558 PMCID: PMC3734069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the power of deep re-sequencing of the whole genome or exome in understanding cancer genomes. However, targeted capture of selected genomic whole gene-body regions, rather than the whole exome, have several advantages: 1) the genes can be selected based on biology or a hypothesis; 2) mutations in promoter and intronic regions, which have important regulatory roles, can be investigated; and 3) less expensive than whole genome or whole exome sequencing. Therefore, we designed custom high-density oligonucleotide microarrays (NimbleGen Inc.) to capture approximately 1.7 Mb target regions comprising the genomic regions of 28 genes related to colorectal cancer including genes belonging to the WNT signaling pathway, as well as important transcription factors or colon-specific genes that are over expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The 1.7 Mb targeted regions were sequenced with a coverage ranged from 32× to 45× for the 28 genes. We identified a total of 2342 sequence variations in the CRC and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Among them, 738 were novel sequence variations based on comparisons with the SNP database (dbSNP135). We validated 56 of 66 SNPs in a separate cohort of 30 CRC tissues using Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX Platform, suggesting a validation rate of at least 85% (56/66). We found 15 missense mutations among the exonic variations, 21 synonymous SNPs that were predicted to change the exonic splicing motifs, 31 UTR SNPs that were predicted to occur at the transcription factor binding sites, 20 intronic SNPs located near the splicing sites, 43 SNPs in conserved transcription factor binding sites and 32 in CpG islands. Finally, we determined that rs3106189, localized to the 5′ UTR of antigen presenting tapasin binding protein (TAPBP), and rs1052918, localized to the 3′ UTR of transcription factor 3 (TCF3), were associated with overall survival of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaofang Shao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lou
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dasong Hua
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan Mo
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu Han
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (SZ)
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BL); (SZ)
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Qiu T, Wang L, Liu XH, Weng XD, Kuang YL, Chen ZY, Chen H, Zhu HC. Over-expressing transporters associated with antigen processing increases antitumor immunity response in prostate cancer. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:167-73. [PMID: 23246678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As we know, prostate cancer down-regulates expression of HLA-1 Antigen Processing Machinery (APM) and has defects in the antigen presentation pathway. In vitro, the prostate cancer cell (PC-3 cells) infected with Lentivirus TAP1 can efficiently over-express TAP1 and Tapasin, and HLA-1 was also up-regulated on the surface of the infected cells. The lentivirus TAP1 infection increased the apoptosis rate of PC-3 cells. In addition, with the co-cluture PC-3 cells and lymphocytes, TAP1 augmented the expression of CD3⁺CD8⁺CD38⁺ T cell. Importantly, administration of Lentivirus TAP1 to prostate cancer cells in a xenograft mouse model can prolong survival and increase the CD4⁺ T cells, and CD8⁺ T cells as well as decrease Foxp3⁺ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In summary, a recombinant lentivirus expressing TAP1 can effectively increase prostate cancer tumor-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qiu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of antigen processing machinery (APM) components and HLA-I in cervical cancers from Uighur women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44952. [PMID: 23024775 PMCID: PMC3443204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal function of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) and antigen processing machinery (APM) proteins is required for T cell-mediated anti-tumor or antiviral immunity, whereas the tumor survival indicates a failure of the host in immune surveillance associated with the dysfunction in antigen presentation, mainly due to the deregulation in HLA-I and APM expression or function. The posttranscriptional regulation of HLA-I and APM expression may associate with epigenetic modifications in cancer development which was not described so far. Here we showed that the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in Uighur women was accompanied with the partial or total loss of protein expression of HLA-I, ß2-m and APM components, including the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1/2), low molecular mass protein (LMP2, LMP7), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1(ERAP1), chaperone molecules include calreticulin (CLR), calnexin (CNX) and ERp57, and this was proved again by analysis of transcription of the same genes in addition to three genes HLA-A, B and C coding for HLA-I. By bisulfite sequencing approach, we identified target CpG islands methylated at the gene promoter region of TAP1, TAP2, LMP7, tapasin and ERp57 in cervical carcinoma cells. Further analysis of CpG site specific methylation of these genes in cases of CSCC and CIN demonstrated an inverse correlation of altered CpG island methylation of TAP1, LMP7, and ERp57 with changes in protein expression. Moreover, promoter methylation of these genes was significantly higher in cases positive for human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) than negative ones. Our results suggested that epigenetic modifications are responsible for the aberrant expression of certain HLA-I and APM genes, and may help to understand unrevealed mechanisms of tumor escape from immune surveillance in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Dual targeting of ErbB2 and MUC1 in breast cancer using chimeric antigen receptors engineered to provide complementary signaling. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1059-70. [PMID: 22526592 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T-cells occupy an increasing niche in cancer immunotherapy. In this context, CAR-mediated CD3ζ signaling is sufficient to elicit cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production while the additional provision of CD28-mediated signal 2 promotes T-cell proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 production. This compartmentalisation of signaling opens the possibility that complementary CARs could be used to focus T-cell activation within the tumor microenvironment. METHODS Here, we have tested this principle by co-expressing an ErbB2- and MUC1-specific CAR that signal using CD3ζ and CD28 respectively. Stoichiometric co-expression of transgenes was achieved using the SFG retroviral vector containing an intervening Thosea asigna peptide. RESULTS We found that "dual-targeted" T-cells kill ErbB2(+) tumor cells efficiently and proliferate in a manner that requires co-expression of MUC1 and ErbB2 by target cells. Notably, however, IL-2 production was modest when compared to control CAR-engineered T-cells in which signaling is delivered by a fused CD28 + CD3ζ endodomain. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the principle that dual targeting may be achieved using genetically targeted T-cells and pave the way for testing of this strategy in vivo.
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Liu Y, Komohara Y, Domenick N, Ohno M, Ikeura M, Hamilton RL, Horbinski C, Wang X, Ferrone S, Okada H. Expression of antigen processing and presenting molecules in brain metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:789-801. [PMID: 22065046 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Defects in human leukocyte antigen class I antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression can have a negative impact on the clinical course of tumors and the response to T cell-based immunotherapy. Since brain metastases of breast cancer are of increasing clinical significance, the APM component expression levels and CD8(+) T cell infiltration patterns were analyzed in primary breast and metastatic brain lesions of breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Comparison of unpaired 50 primary and 33 brain metastases showed lower expression of β2-microglobulin, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1, TAP2 and calnexin in the brain lesions. Although no significant differences were found in APM component scores between primary breast and brain lesions in 15 paired cases, primary breast lesions of which patients eventually developed brain metastases showed lower levels of β2-microglobulin, TAP1 and calnexin compared with breast lesions without known brain metastases. The extent of CD8(+) T cell infiltration was significantly higher in the lesions without metastasis compared with the ones with brain metastases, and was positively associated with the expression of TAP1 and calnexin. Furthermore, mouse tumor cells stably transfected with silencing hairpin (sh)RNA for TAP1 demonstrated a decreased susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro and enhanced spontaneous brain metastasis in vivo. These data support the functional significance of TAP1 expression in tumor cells. Taken together, our data suggest that patients with low or defective TAP1 or calnexin in primary breast cancers may be at higher risks for developing brain metastasis due to the defects in T cell-based immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ho AWS, Prabhu N, Betts RJ, Ge MQ, Dai X, Hutchinson PE, Lew FC, Wong KL, Hanson BJ, Macary PA, Kemeny DM. Lung CD103+ dendritic cells efficiently transport influenza virus to the lymph node and load viral antigen onto MHC class I for presentation to CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6011-21. [PMID: 22043017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The uptake, transport, and presentation of Ags by lung dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the initiation of CD8 T cell responses against respiratory viruses. Although several studies have demonstrated a critical role of CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs for the initiation of cytotoxic T cell responses against the influenza virus, the underlying mechanisms for its potent ability to prime CD8 T cells remain poorly understood. Using a novel approach of fluorescent lipophilic dye-labeled influenza virus, we demonstrate that CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs are the dominant lung DC population transporting influenza virus to the posterior mediastinal lymph node as early as 20 h postinfection. By contrast, CD11b(high)CD103(neg) DCs, although more efficient for taking up the virus within the lung, migrate poorly to the lymph node and remain in the lung to produce proinflammatory cytokines instead. CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs efficiently load viral peptide onto MHC class I complexes and therefore uniquely possess the capacity to potently induce proliferation of naive CD8 T cells. In addition, the peptide transporters TAP1 and TAP2 are constitutively expressed at higher levels in CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a distinct regulation of the Ag-processing pathway in these cells. Collectively, these results show that CD11b(low/neg)CD103(+) DCs are functionally specialized for the transport of Ag from the lung to the lymph node and also for efficient processing and presentation of viral Ags to CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W S Ho
- Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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Shrestha D, Szöllosi J, Jenei A. Bare lymphocyte syndrome: an opportunity to discover our immune system. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:147-57. [PMID: 22027563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder manifested by the partial or complete disappearance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins from the surface of the cells. Based on this specific feature, it is categorized into three different types depending on which type of MHC protein is affected. These proteins are mainly involved in generating the effective immune responses by differentiating 'self' from 'non-self' antigens through a process referred to as antigen presentation. Investigations on BLS have immensely contributed to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of these molecules and have led to the discovery of several important proteins of the antigen presentation pathway. Reviews on this subject consistently project type II BLS, MHC II deficiency as BLS syndrome, although literatures' document cases of other types of BLS too. Therefore, in this article, we have assembled information on the BLS syndrome to produce a systematic narration while emphasizing the importance of BLS system in studying various aspects of immune biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Shrestha
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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Aguilar-Melero P, Ferrín G, Muntané J. Effects of nitric oxide synthase-3 overexpression on post-translational modifications and cell survival in HepG2 cells. J Proteomics 2011; 75:740-55. [PMID: 21968428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma is the fifth most common neoplasm and the third cause of cancer-related death. The development of genetic- and/or molecular-based therapies is urgently required. The administration of high doses of nitric oxide (NO) promotes cell death in hepatocytes. NO contributes to cell signaling by inducing oxidative/nitrosative-dependent post-translational modifications. The aim of the present study was to investigate protein modifications and its relation with alteration of cell proliferation and death in hepatoma cells. Increased intracellular NO production was achieved by stable nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS-3) overexpression in HepG2 cells. We assessed the pattern of nitration, nitrosylation and carbonylation of proteins by proteomic analysis. The results showed that NOS-3 cell overexpression increased oxidative stress, which affected proteins mainly involved in cell protein folding. Carbonylation also altered metabolism, as well as immune and antioxidant responses. The interaction of nitrosative and oxidative stress generated tyrosine nitration, which affected the tumor marker Serpin B3, ATP synthesis and cytoskeleton. All these effects were associated with a decrease in chaperone activity, a reduction in cell proliferation and an increased cell death. Our study showed that alteration of nitration, nitrosylation and carbonylation pattern of proteins by NO-dependent oxidative/nitrosative stress was related to a reduction of cell survival in a hepatoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aguilar-Melero
- Liver Research Unit, IMIBIC (Instituto Maimónides para la Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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Wei H, Hongya P, Linlin J, Mujiang A, Kuijie W, Duohong Z, Qingang H, Zhiyuan Z. IFN-γ enhances the anti-tumour immune response of dendritic cells against oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:891-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang SY, Li JL, Xu XK, Zheng MG, Wen CC, Li FC. HMME-based PDT restores expression and function of transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) and surface presentation of MHC class I antigen in human glioma. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ramos CA, Dotti G. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:855-73. [PMID: 21463133 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.573476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) usually combine the antigen binding site of a monoclonal antibody with the signal activating machinery of a T cell, freeing antigen recognition from MHC restriction and thus breaking one of the barriers to more widespread application of cellular therapy. Similar to treatment strategies employing monoclonal antibodies, T cells expressing CARs are highly targeted, but additionally offer the potential benefits of active trafficking to tumor sites, in vivo expansion and long-term persistence. Furthermore, gene transfer allows the introduction of countermeasures to tumor immune evasion and of safety mechanisms. AREAS COVERED The basic structure of so-called first and later generation CARs and their potential advantages over other immune therapy systems. How these molecules can be grafted into immune cells (including retroviral and non-retroviral transduction methods) and strategies to improve the in vivo persistence and function of immune cells expressing CARs. Examples of tumor-associated antigens that have been targeted in preclinical models and clinical experience with these modified cells. Safety issues surrounding CAR gene transfer into T cells and potential solutions to them. EXPERT OPINION Because of recent advances in immunology, genetics and cell processing, CAR-modified T cells will likely play an increasing role in the cellular therapy of cancer, chronic infections and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Lampen MH, van Hall T. Strategies to counteract MHC-I defects in tumors. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:293-8. [PMID: 21295956 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Defects in MHC-I antigen presentation represent a common feature of cancer and allow evasion from T cell recognition. Recent findings from immunotherapy in melanoma suggested that irreversible MHC-I defects enable escape from immune pressure. Although loss of antigen presentation is known for many years, strategies to counteract these defects are scarce and largely unexamined. Now that the first forms of T-cell-based immunotherapy show clinical efficacy and reach FDA approval, this issue deserves urgent awareness. Here we describe possible roads leading to corrections of MHC-I defects in tumors and describe a salvage pathway for CTL by targeting novel tumor antigens that we recently uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit H Lampen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
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Down-regulation of the antigen processing machinery is linked to a loss of inflammatory response in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1758-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
MHC class I downregulation is a general mechanism by which tumor cells can escape from T-cell-mediated immunity. This downregulation also represents a serious obstacle to the development of effective antitumor immunotherapy or vaccination. Therefore, successful immunotherapeutic and vaccination protocols should be optimized against tumors with distinct cell surface expression of the MHC class I molecules. Mechanisms leading to protective immunity may vary in different models with respect to the particular tumors (e.g., in their levels of residual expression of the MHC class I molecules on tumor cells or inducibility of MHC class I expression). Notably, both CD8+ cell-mediated immunity and MHC class I-unrestricted mechanisms can take place against MHC class I-deficient tumors. Since MHC class I downregulation is frequently reversible by cytokines and also by the activation of epigenetically silenced genes, an attractive strategy is to elicit specific cell-mediated immunity combined with restoration of MHC class I expression on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Reiniš
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
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Davies DM, Maher J. Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy of cancer using chimeric antigen receptor-grafted T cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:165-78. [PMID: 20373147 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the power of the immune system to target cancer has long been a goal of tumor immunologists. One avenue under investigation is the modification of T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Expression of such a receptor enables T-cell specificity to be redirected against a chosen tumor antigen. Substantial research in this field has been carried out, incorporating a wide variety of malignancies and tumor-associated antigens. Ongoing investigations will ensure this area continues to expand at a rapid pace. This review will explain the evolution of CAR technology over the last two decades in addition to detailing the associated benefits and disadvantages. The outcome of recent phase I clinical trials and the impact that these have had upon the direction of future research in this field will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marc Davies
- King's College London School of Medicine, Research Oncology Section, Division of Cancer Studies, Third Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Liu Q, Hao C, Su P, Shi J. Down-regulation of HLA class I antigen-processing machinery components in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: association with disease progression. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:960-9. [PMID: 19492245 DOI: 10.1080/00365520902998679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lack of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) presentation has been proposed to contribute to the immune evasion of cancer cells in some cancers including esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of HLA class I antigen and the antigen-processing machinery (APM) components in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) lesions and to assess their association with histopathological characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 143 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ESCC lesions collected in two hospitals in Shandong Province of China were studied. The expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS TAP1, TAP2, LMP2, LMP7, beta2m, and HLA class I antigen were lost or down-regulated in 30.8%, 35.0%, 45.0%, 48.0%, 56.0%, and 60.8% of the ESCC lesions tested, respectively. The loss of or down-regulated expressions of HLA class I, beta2m, TAP1, LMP2, and LMP7 in tumor lesions were all significantly correlated to tumor grade and lymph node status. Expression of HLA class I antigens was strongly correlated to the expression levels of beta2m, TAP1, TAP2, LMP2, and LMP7, suggesting APM component defects as a mechanism underlying HLA class I antigen down-regulation in ESCC lesions. Expression of APM components and HLA class I antigens was significantly associated with the extent of intratumoral T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that lack or reduction of HLA class I antigens and expression of APM components in ESCC may render some tumor cells to escape the immunosurveillance mediated by CD8(+) T cells and contribute to the clinical course of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Boulanger DSM, Oliveira R, Ayers L, Prior SH, James E, Williams AP, Elliott T. Absence of tapasin alters immunodominance against a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus polytope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:73-83. [PMID: 19949070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tapasin edits the peptide repertoire presented to CD8(+) T cells by favoring loading of slow off-rate peptides on MHC I molecules. To investigate the role of tapasin on T cell immunodominance we used poxvirus viral vectors expressing a polytope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitopes with different off-rates. In tapasin-deficient mice, responses to subdominant fast off-rate peptides were clearly favored. This alteration of the CD8(+) T cell hierarchy was a consequence of tapasin editing and not a consequence of the alteration of the T cell repertoire in tapasin-deficient mice, because bone marrow chimeric mice (wild-type recipients reconstituted with tapasin knockout bone marrow) showed the same hierarchy as the tapasin knockout mice. Tapasin editing is therefore a contributing factor to the phenomenon of immunodominance. Although tapasin knockout cells have low MHC I surface expression, Ag presentation was efficient and resulted in strong T cell responses involving T cells with increased functional avidity. Therefore, in this model, tapasin-deficient mice do not have a reduced but rather have an altered immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S M Boulanger
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Maturation pathways of dendritic cells determine TAP1 and TAP2 levels and cross-presenting function. J Immunother 2009; 32:465-73. [PMID: 19609238 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181a1c24e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ability to cross-present exogenous antigens in the human leukocyte antigen class I pathway is key to the antigen presenting function of mature tumor cell-loaded dendritic cells (DC). Conditions of DC maturation have been shown to be important for DCs ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines and induce T cell effector functions. However, it remains unknown if the different pathways of maturation are associated with modulation of the ability of mature DCs to cross-present tumor antigens (TA). Here, we compare DC matured with 3 clinically relevant cytokine combinations including interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 (termed DC-0), DC-0 cells incubated with prostaglandin-2 (termed DC-0+prostaglandin-2), or DC treated with interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Poly I:C, and IL1-beta (termed DC-1). We found that these DC vary in their ability to cross-present TA to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), with the DC-1 cytokine combination being significantly more effective than the other 2. TA cross presentation and CTL priming were strongly correlated with level of expression of the antigen processing machinery components, TAP1 and TAP2, indicating that these components could be used as biomarkers to standardize DC preparations for optimal function. However, the up-regulation of TAP1/TAP2 was not sufficient to explain the enhanced cross-presentation ability of DC-1 cells, as the use of IFN-gamma alone to up-regulate TAP1/TAP2 did not generate DC as effective at cross-presentation as the full DC-1 maturation cytokine combination. These data indicate for the first time that the pathways of DC maturation modulate antigen processing machinery component expression to different extents and that differently matured DC vary in the ability to cross-present TA to human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted CTL.
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Jia J, Cui J, Liu X, Han J, Yang S, Wei Y, Chen Y. Genome-scale search of tumor-specific antigens by collective analysis of mutations, expressions and T-cell recognition. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1824-9. [PMID: 19243822 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are potential sources of cancer vaccines, some of which are derived from T-cell epitopes of over-expressed mutant proteins to elicit immunogenicity and overcome tolerance and evasion. The lack of effective vaccines for many cancers has prompted strong interest in improved TSA search methods. Recent progresses in profiling somatic mutations and expressions of human cancer genomes, and in predicting T-cell epitopes enable genome-scale TSA search by collectively analyzing these profiles. Such a collective approach has not been explored in spite of the availability and usage of individual methods. METHODOLOGY Genome-scale TSA search was conducted by genome-scale search of tumor-specific mutations in differentially over-expressed genes of specific cancers based on tumor-specific somatic mutation and microarray gene expression data, followed by T-cell recognition analysis of the identified mutant and over-expressed peptides to determine if they are substrates of proteasomal cleavage, TAP mediated transport and MHC-I alleles capable of eliciting immune response. The performance of our method was tested against 12 and 4 known T-cell defined melanoma and lung cancer TSAs in the Cancer Immunity database. CONCLUSIONS Our approach identified 50% and 75% of the 12 and 4 known TSAs and predicted from the human cancer genomes additional 8-250 and 14-359 putative TSAs of 5 and 3 HLA alleles respectively. The known TSA hit rates (1.9% and 0.8%) are enriched by 29-fold and 35-fold over those of mutation analysis. The numbers of predicted TSAs are within the testing range of typical screening campaigns. Noises in expression data of small sample sizes appear to be a major factor for misidentification of known TSAs. With improved data quality and analysis methods, the collective approach is potentially useful for facilitating genome-scale TSA search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, and Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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