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dos Santos A, Ouellete G, Diorio C, Elowe S, Durocher F. Knockdown of CKAP2 Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Aggregate Formation in Aggressive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153759. [PMID: 35954424 PMCID: PMC9367390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a complex disease where cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner. It is well established that its development and progression involve major alterations in the activity of mitotic regulators. In order to improve our understanding of the contribution of cell-cycle progression defects to the development of disease, the aim of this study is to identify genes relevant to the proper progression of mitosis that are deregulated in breast cancer. Our findings identified CKAP2 as an important mitotic regulator in BC tumors. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that gene silencing of CKAP2 blocked cell growth, cell migration, and formation of cell aggregates. These results demonstrated the important role of CKAP2 in breast cancer tumor formation. Abstract Loss of mitotic regulation is commonly observed in cancer and is a major cause of whole-chromosome aneuploidy. The identification of genes that play a role in the proper progression of mitosis can help us to understand the development and evolution of this disease. Here, we generated a list of proteins implicated in mitosis that we used to probe a patient-derived breast cancer (BC) continuum gene-expression dataset generated by our group by human transcriptome analysis of breast lesions of varying aggressiveness (from normal to invasive). We identified cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (CKAP2) as an important mitotic regulator in invasive BC. The results showed that CKAP2 is overexpressed in invasive BC tumors when compared with normal tissues, and highly expressed in all BC subtypes. Higher expression of CKAP2 is also related to a worse prognosis in overall survival and relapse-free survival in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-negative BC patients. Knockdown of CKAP2 in SKBR3 cells impaired cell proliferation and cell migration and reduced aggregate formation in a 3D culture. Our results show the important role of CKAP2 in BC tumorigenesis, and its potential utility as a prognostic marker in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro dos Santos
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.d.S.); (G.O.)
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, L’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Geneviève Ouellete
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.d.S.); (G.O.)
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, L’ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval et le Centre de recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (F.D.)
| | - Francine Durocher
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.d.S.); (G.O.)
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (F.D.)
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2
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Nachmanson D, Officer A, Mori H, Gordon J, Evans MF, Steward J, Yao H, O'Keefe T, Hasteh F, Stein GS, Jepsen K, Weaver DL, Hirst GL, Sprague BL, Esserman LJ, Borowsky AD, Stein JL, Harismendy O. The breast pre-cancer atlas illustrates the molecular and micro-environmental diversity of ductal carcinoma in situ. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35027560 PMCID: PMC8758681 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental and molecular factors mediating the progression of Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) are not well understood, impeding the development of prevention strategies and the safe testing of treatment de-escalation. We addressed methodological barriers and characterized the mutational, transcriptional, histological, and microenvironmental landscape across 85 multiple microdissected regions from 39 cases. Most somatic alterations, including whole-genome duplications, were clonal, but genetic divergence increased with physical distance. Phenotypic and subtype heterogeneity was frequently associated with underlying genetic heterogeneity and regions with low-risk features preceded those with high-risk features according to the inferred phylogeny. B- and T-lymphocytes spatial analysis identified three immune states, including an epithelial excluded state located preferentially at DCIS regions, and characterized by histological and molecular features of immune escape, independently from molecular subtypes. Such breast pre-cancer atlas with uniquely integrated observations will help scope future expansion studies and build finer models of outcomes and progression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nachmanson
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Adam Officer
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jonathan Gordon
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Mark F Evans
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Joseph Steward
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Huazhen Yao
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thomas O'Keefe
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Farnaz Hasteh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Donald L Weaver
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gillian L Hirst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Brian L Sprague
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Laura J Esserman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3rd St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, 111 Colchester Avenue Main Campus, Main Pavillion, Level, 2, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Science Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Tong Z, Wang L, Shi W, Zeng Y, Zhang H, Liu L, Zheng Y, Chen C, Xia W, Fang W, Zhao P. Clonal Evolution Dynamics in Primary and Metastatic Lesions of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:620988. [PMID: 34026777 PMCID: PMC8131504 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.620988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Data on inter-tumoral heterogeneity and clonal evolution of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (panNENs) with liver metastasis are limited. The aim of this study was to explore different patterns of clonal evolution of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with liver metastasis and the possible distinctive signaling pathways involved between G2 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Methods: Tumor tissues of five patients (10 samples) with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with synchronous liver metastasis were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. PyClone, Gene Ontology, and Reactome pathway enrichment analysis were also applied. Results: Mutated genes varied in individuals, reflecting the inter-tumoral heterogeneity of panNENs. The distribution of subclones varied during tumor metastasis, and different clonal evolution patterns were revealed between NETs and NECs. Gene Ontology and Reactome analyses revealed that in both NETs and NECs, signaling pathways and biological processes shared similarities and differences in the primary and metastatic lesions. In addition, the signaling pathway features were different between NETs and NECs. In the primary lesions, epigenetic changes and post-transcriptional modifications participated in NETs, while FGFR signaling, EGFR signaling, and NTRK2 signaling were largely involved in NECs. Although DNA repair and TP53 regulation were both involved in the metastatic lesions, most of the signaling pathways and biological processes disrupted by the mutated genes were different. Conclusions: Our study revealed spatial inter-tumoral heterogeneity and temporal clonal evolution in PanNENs, providing potential therapeutic targets for further prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Genomic profiling reveals heterogeneous populations of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Commun Biol 2021; 4:438. [PMID: 33795819 PMCID: PMC8016951 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a substantial number of patients, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast will never progress to invasive ductal carcinoma, and these patients are often overtreated under the current clinical criteria. Although various candidate markers are available, relevant markers for delineating risk categories have not yet been established. In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of 431 patients with DCIS and performed whole-exome sequencing analysis in a 21-patient discovery cohort and targeted deep sequencing analysis in a 72-patient validation cohort. We determined that age <45 years, HER2 amplification, and GATA3 mutation are possible indicators of relapse. PIK3CA mutation negativity and PgR negativity were also suggested to be risk factors. Spatial transcriptome analysis further revealed that GATA3 dysfunction upregulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis, followed by PgR downregulation. These results reveal the existence of heterogeneous cell populations in DCIS and provide predictive markers for classifying DCIS and optimizing treatment. Satoi Nagasawa and Yuta Kuze et al. report a multi-omic analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, including whole-exome, single-cell, and spatial transcriptome sequencing. They find that for patients under 45 years of age, HER2 amplification and GATA3 mutation are associated with higher risk of relapse, suggesting they could be used as predictive markers when deciding on a treatment course.
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5
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Fernández-Nogueira P, Mancino M, Fuster G, Bragado P, Prats de Puig M, Gascón P, Casado FJ, Carbó N. Breast Mammographic Density: Stromal Implications on Breast Cancer Detection and Therapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030776. [PMID: 32178425 PMCID: PMC7141321 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidences state clear that both normal development of breast tissue as well as its malignant progression need many-sided local and systemic communications between epithelial cells and stromal components. During development, the stroma, through remarkably regulated contextual signals, affects the fate of the different mammary cells regarding their specification and differentiation. Likewise, the stroma can generate tumour environments that facilitate the neoplastic growth of the breast carcinoma. Mammographic density has been described as a risk factor in the development of breast cancer and is ascribed to modifications in the composition of breast tissue, including both stromal and glandular compartments. Thus, stroma composition can dramatically affect the progression of breast cancer but also its early detection since it is mainly responsible for the differences in mammographic density among individuals. This review highlights both the pathological and biological evidences for a pivotal role of the breast stroma in mammographic density, with particular emphasis on dense and malignant stromas, their clinical meaning and potential therapeutic implications for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Nogueira
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Augustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.F.-N.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Mancino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.F.-N.); (M.M.)
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Prats de Puig
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Breast Committee, Hospital El Pilar, Quirón salud Group, 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Gascón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology and Multidisciplinary Knowledge, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Casado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Carbó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Zubeldia-Plazaola A, Recalde-Percaz L, Moragas N, Alcaraz M, Chen X, Mancino M, Fernández-Nogueira P, Prats de Puig M, Guzman F, Noguera-Castells A, López-Plana A, Enreig E, Carbó N, Almendro V, Gascón P, Bragado P, Fuster G. Glucocorticoids promote transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma by inducing myoepithelial cell apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:65. [PMID: 29973218 PMCID: PMC6032539 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment and stress factors like glucocorticoids have a strong influence on breast cancer progression but their role in the first stages of breast cancer and, particularly, in myoepithelial cell regulation remains unclear. Consequently, we investigated the role of glucocorticoids in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in breast cancer, focusing specially on myoepithelial cells. METHODS To clarify the role of glucocorticoids at breast cancer onset, we evaluated the effects of cortisol and corticosterone on epithelial and myoepithelial cells using 2D and 3D in vitro and in vivo approaches and human samples. RESULTS Glucocorticoids induce a reduction in laminin levels and favour the disruption of the basement membrane by promotion of myoepithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. In an in vivo stress murine model, increased corticosterone levels fostered the transition from DCIS to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) via myoepithelial cell apoptosis and disappearance of the basement membrane. RU486 is able to partially block the effects of cortisol in vitro and in vivo. We found that myoepithelial cell apoptosis is more frequent in patients with DCIS+IDC than in patients with DCIS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that physiological stress, through increased glucocorticoid blood levels, promotes the transition from DCIS to IDC, particularly by inducing myoepithelial cell apoptosis. Since this would be a prerequisite for invasive features in patients with DCIS breast cancer, its clinical management could help to prevent breast cancer progression to IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu Zubeldia-Plazaola
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Recalde-Percaz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Moragas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Alcaraz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xieng Chen
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Mancino
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Nogueira
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Prats de Puig
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Senology, Clínica Planas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavia Guzman
- Histopathology-Citology, Anatomical Pathology Service, Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Noguera-Castells
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna López-Plana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estel Enreig
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Carbó
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Almendro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Gascón
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sun R, Hu Z, Curtis C. Big Bang Tumor Growth and Clonal Evolution. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028381. [PMID: 28710260 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The advent and application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to tumor genomes has reinvigorated efforts to understand clonal evolution. Although tumor progression has traditionally been viewed as a gradual stepwise process, recent studies suggest that evolutionary rates in tumors can be variable with periods of punctuated mutational bursts and relative stasis. For example, Big Bang dynamics have been reported, wherein after transformation, growth occurs in the absence of stringent selection, consistent with effectively neutral evolution. Although first noted in colorectal tumors, effective neutrality may be relatively common. Additionally, punctuated evolution resulting from mutational bursts and cataclysmic genomic alterations have been described. In this review, we contrast these findings with the conventional gradualist view of clonal evolution and describe potential clinical and therapeutic implications of different evolutionary modes and tempos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Sun
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Zheng Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Christina Curtis
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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Pang S, Sun Y, Wu L, Yang L, Zhao YL, Wang Z, Li Y. Reconstruction of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma evolution across pathological stages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3339. [PMID: 29463849 PMCID: PMC5820260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies on kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) were carried out, the dynamic process of tumor formation was not clear yet. Inadequate attention was paid on the evolutionary paths among somatic mutations and their clinical implications. As the tumor initiation and evolution of KIRC were primarily associated with SNVs, we reconstructed an evolutionary process of KIRC using cross-sectional SNVs in different pathological stages. KIRC driver genes appeared early in the evolutionary tree, and the genes with moderate mutation frequency showed a pattern of stage-by-stage expansion. Although the individual gene mutations were not necessarily associated with survival outcome, the evolutionary paths such as VHL-PBRM1 and FMN2-PCLO could indicate stage-specific prognosis. Our results suggested that, besides mutation frequency, the evolutionary relationship among the mutated genes could facilitate to identify novel drivers and biomarkers for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Pang
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yidi Sun
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, MOE LSB and LSC, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liguang Yang
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, MOE LSB and LSC, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Yixue Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, MOE LSB and LSC, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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9
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Saber A, Hiltermann TJN, Kok K, Terpstra MM, de Lange K, Timens W, Groen HJM, van den Berg A. Mutation patterns in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer patients suggest a different level of heterogeneity between primary and metastatic tumors. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:144-151. [PMID: 27993895 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown heterogeneity in lung cancer, with parallel existence of multiple subclones characterized by their own specific mutational landscape. The extent to which minor clones become dominant in distinct metastasis is not clear. The aim of our study was to gain insight in the evolution pattern of lung cancer by investigating genomic heterogeneity between primary tumor and its distant metastases. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 24 tumor and five normal samples of two small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and three non-SCLC (NSCLC) patients. Validation of somatic variants in these 24 and screening of 33 additional samples was done by single primer enrichment technology. For each of the three NSCLC patients, about half of the mutations were shared between all tumor samples, whereas for SCLC patients, this percentage was around 95. Independent validation of the non-ubiquitous mutations confirmed the WES data for the vast majority of the variants. Phylogenetic trees indicated more distance between the tumor samples of the NSCLC patients as compared to the SCLC patients. Analysis of 30 independent DNA samples of 16 biopsies used for WES revealed a low degree of intra-tumor heterogeneity of the selected sets of mutations. In the primary tumors of all five patients, variable percentages (19-67%) of the seemingly metastases-specific mutations were present albeit at low read frequencies. Patients with advanced NSCLC have a high percentage of non-ubiquitous mutations indicative of branched evolution. In contrast, the low degree of heterogeneity in SCLC suggests a parallel and linear model of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saber
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology
| | | | - Klaas Kok
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Martijn Terpstra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim de Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology
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10
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Abstract
Rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing and a growing realization of the importance of evolutionary theory to cancer genomics have led to a proliferation of phylogenetic studies of tumour progression. These studies have yielded not only new insights but also a plethora of experimental approaches, sometimes reaching conflicting or poorly supported conclusions. Here, we consider this body of work in light of the key computational principles underpinning phylogenetic inference, with the goal of providing practical guidance on the design and analysis of scientifically rigorous tumour phylogeny studies. We survey the range of methods and tools available to the researcher, their key applications, and the various unsolved problems, closing with a perspective on the prospects and broader implications of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, USA
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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11
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12
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Polat AK, Soran A, Kanbour-Shakir A, Menekse E, Levent Balci F, Johnson R. The role of molecular biomarkers for predicting adjacent breast cancer of Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia diagnosed on core biopsy. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:293-300. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Kamali Polat
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of General Surgery, University of Ondokuz Mayıs Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Atilla Soran
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amal Kanbour-Shakir
- Department of Pathology - Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ebru Menekse
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fatih Levent Balci
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald Johnson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Gertz EM, Chowdhury SA, Lee WJ, Wangsa D, Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Ried T, Schwartz R, Schäffer AA. FISHtrees 3.0: Tumor Phylogenetics Using a Ploidy Probe. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158569. [PMID: 27362268 PMCID: PMC4928784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) make it feasible to detect multiple copy-number changes in hundreds of cells of solid tumors. Studies using FISH, sequencing, and other technologies have revealed substantial intra-tumor heterogeneity. The evolution of subclones in tumors may be modeled by phylogenies. Tumors often harbor aneuploid or polyploid cell populations. Using a FISH probe to estimate changes in ploidy can guide the creation of trees that model changes in ploidy and individual gene copy-number variations. We present FISHtrees 3.0, which implements a ploidy-based tree building method based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The ploidy-based modeling in FISHtrees includes a new formulation of the problem of merging trees for changes of a single gene into trees modeling changes in multiple genes and the ploidy. When multiple samples are collected from each patient, varying over time or tumor regions, it is useful to evaluate similarities in tumor progression among the samples. Therefore, we further implemented in FISHtrees 3.0 a new method to build consensus graphs for multiple samples. We validate FISHtrees 3.0 on a simulated data and on FISH data from paired cases of cervical primary and metastatic tumors and on paired breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Tests on simulated data show improved accuracy of the ploidy-based approach relative to prior ploidyless methods. Tests on real data further demonstrate novel insights these methods offer into tumor progression processes. Trees for DCIS samples are significantly less complex than trees for paired IDC samples. Consensus graphs show substantial divergence among most paired samples from both sets. Low consensus between DCIS and IDC trees may help explain the difficulty in finding biomarkers that predict which DCIS cases are at most risk to progress to IDC. The FISHtrees software is available at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/FISHtrees.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Ploidies
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Michael Gertz
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Salim Akhter Chowdhury
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Carnegie Mellon/University of Pittsburgh Joint Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Woei-Jyh Lee
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Heselmeyer-Haddad
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ried
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Russell Schwartz
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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14
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Rida PCG, Cantuaria G, Reid MD, Kucuk O, Aneja R. How to be good at being bad: centrosome amplification and mitotic propensity drive intratumoral heterogeneity. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:703-13. [PMID: 26358854 PMCID: PMC4778553 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is truly an iconic disease--a tour de force whose multiple formidable strengths can be attributed to the bewildering heterogeneity that a tumor can manifest both spatially and temporally. A Darwinian evolutionary process is believed to undergird, at least in part, the generation of this heterogeneity that contributes to poor clinical outcomes. Risk assessment in clinical oncology is currently based on a small number of clinicopathologic factors (like stage, histological grade, receptor status, and serum tumor markers) and offers limited accuracy in predicting disease course as evidenced by the prognostic heterogeneity that persists in risk segments produced by present-day models. We posit that this insufficiency stems from the exclusion of key risk contributors from such models, especially the omission of certain factors implicated in generating intratumoral heterogeneity. The extent of centrosome amplification and the mitotic propensity inherent in a tumor are two such vital factors whose contributions to poor prognosis are presently overlooked in risk prognostication. Supernumerary centrosomes occur widely in tumors and are potent drivers of chromosomal instability that fosters intratumoral heterogeneity. The mitotic propensity of a proliferating population of tumor cells reflects the cell cycling kinetics of that population. Since frequent passage through improperly regulated mitotic divisions accelerates production of diverse genotypes, the mitotic propensity inherent in a tumor serves as a powerful beacon of risk. In this review, we highlight how centrosome amplification and error-prone mitoses contribute to poor clinical outcomes and urge the need to develop these cancer-specific traits as much-needed clinically-facile prognostic biomarkers with immense potential value for individualized cancer treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashree C G Rida
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Novazoi Theranostics Inc., Plano, TX, 75025, USA
| | - Guilherme Cantuaria
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Northside Hospital Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA
| | - Michelle D Reid
- Deparment of Pathology, Emory Univ Hospital, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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15
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Pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 is expressed in primary ductal breast carcinoma, lymph node infiltration, and distant metastases. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 35:267-72. [PMID: 24344401 PMCID: PMC3810673 DOI: 10.1155/2013/912304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances that have been made in the fields of molecular and cell biology, there is still considerable debate explaining how the breast cancer cells progress through carcinogenesis and acquire their metastatic ability. The lack of preventive methods and effective therapies underlines the pressing need to identify new biomarkers that can aid early diagnosis and may be targets for effective therapeutic strategies. In this study we explore the pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) expression in primary ductal breast carcinoma, lymph node infiltration, and distant metastases. Three human cell lines, 184B5 derived from normal mammary epithelium, HCC70 from a primary ductal carcinoma, and MDA-MB-361 from a breast metastasis, were used for quantifying PTTG1 mRNA expression. The PTTG1 immunohistochemical expression was carried out on specimens taken from eight patients with invasive ductal breast cancer who underwent surgical treatment and followup for five years retrospectively selected. The study demonstrated that PTTG1 is expressed gradually in primary ductal breast carcinoma, lymph node infiltration, and distant metastases. Our findings suggest that the immunohistochemical evaluation of PTTG1 expression might be a powerful biomarker of recognition and quantification of the breast cancer cells in routine pathological specimens and a potential target for developing an effective immunotherapeutic strategy for primary and metastatic breast cancer.
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16
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Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: morphological and molecular features implicated in progression. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20130077. [PMID: 27919043 PMCID: PMC3894794 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of mammographic screening programmes around the world, including in developing countries, has substantially contributed to the diagnosis of small non-palpable lesions, which has increased the detection rate of DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ). DCIS is heterogeneous in several ways, such as its clinical presentation, morphology and genomic profile. Excellent outcomes have been reported; however, many questions remain unanswered. For example, which patients groups are overtreated and could instead benefit from minimal intervention and which patient groups require a more traditional multidisciplinary approach. The development of a comprehensive integrated analysis that includes the radiological, morphological and genetic aspects of DCIS is necessary to answer these questions. This review focuses on discussing the significant findings about the morphological and molecular features of DCIS and its progression that have helped to uncover the biological and genetic heterogeneity of this disease. The knowledge gained in recent years might allow the development of tailored clinical management for women with DCIS in the future.
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17
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Abstract
Multiple subclonal populations of tumor cells can coexist within the same tumor. This intra-tumor heterogeneity will have clinical implications and it is therefore important to identify factors that drive or suppress such heterogeneous tumor progression. Evolutionary biology can provide important insights into this process. In particular, experimental evolution studies of microbial populations, which exist as clonal populations that can diversify into multiple subclones, have revealed important evolutionary processes driving heterogeneity within a population. There are transferrable lessons that can be learnt from these studies that will help us to understand the process of intra-tumor heterogeneity in the clinical setting. In this review, we summarize drivers of microbial diversity that have been identified, such as mutation rate and environmental influences, and discuss how knowledge gained from microbial experimental evolution studies may guide us to identify and understand important selective factors that promote intra-tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, we discuss how these factors could be used to direct and optimize research efforts to improve patient care, focusing on therapeutic resistance. Finally, we emphasize the need for longitudinal studies to address the impact of these potential tumor heterogeneity-promoting factors on drug resistance, metastatic potential and clinical outcome.
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18
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Yoshioka S, Tsukamoto Y, Hijiya N, Nakada C, Uchida T, Matsuura K, Takeuchi I, Seto M, Kawano K, Moriyama M. Genomic profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56165. [PMID: 23457519 PMCID: PMC3573022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a study to investigate genetic relationships between primary tumors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their lymph node metastases, and to identify genomic copy number aberrations (CNAs) related to lymph node metastasis. For this purpose, we collected a total of 42 tumor samples from 25 patients and analyzed their genomic profiles by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. We then compared the genetic profiles of metastatic primary tumors (MPTs) with their paired lymph node metastases (LNMs), and also those of LNMs with non-metastatic primary tumors (NMPTs). Firstly, we found that although there were some distinctive differences in the patterns of genomic profiles between MPTs and their paired LNMs, the paired samples shared similar genomic aberration patterns in each case. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis grouped together 12 of the 15 MPT-LNM pairs. Furthermore, similarity scores between paired samples were significantly higher than those between non-paired samples. These results suggested that MPTs and their paired LNMs are composed predominantly of genetically clonal tumor cells, while minor populations with different CNAs may also exist in metastatic OSCCs. Secondly, to identify CNAs related to lymph node metastasis, we compared CNAs between grouped samples of MPTs and LNMs, but were unable to find any CNAs that were more common in LNMs. Finally, we hypothesized that subpopulations carrying metastasis-related CNAs might be present in both the MPT and LNM. Accordingly, we compared CNAs between NMPTs and LNMs, and found that gains of 7p, 8q and 17q were more common in the latter than in the former, suggesting that these CNAs may be involved in lymph node metastasis of OSCC. In conclusion, our data suggest that in OSCCs showing metastasis, the primary and metastatic tumors share similar genomic profiles, and that cells in the primary tumor may tend to metastasize after acquiring metastasis-associated CNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Oita, Japan, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoki Hijiya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Chisato Nakada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Computer Science/Scientific and Engineering Simulation, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Oita, Japan, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Moriyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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19
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Krieger N. History, biology, and health inequities: emergent embodied phenotypes and the illustrative case of the breast cancer estrogen receptor. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:22-7. [PMID: 23153126 PMCID: PMC3518369 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
How we think about biology--in historical, ecological, and societal context--matters for framing causes of and solutions to health inequities. Drawing on new insights from ecological evolutionary developmental biology and ecosocial theory, I question dominant gene-centric and ultimately static approaches to conceptualizing biology, using the example of the breast cancer estrogen receptor (ER). Analyzed in terms of its 4 histories--societal, individual (life course), tumor (cellular pathology), and evolutionary--the ER is revealed as a flexible characteristic of cells, tumors, individuals, and populations, with magnitudes of health inequities tellingly changing over time. This example suggests our science will likely be better served by conceptualizing disease and its biomarkers, along with changing magnitudes of health inequities, as embodied history--that is, emergent embodied phenotype, not innate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Krieger
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Stepanenko AA, Kavsan VM. Evolutionary karyotypic theory of cancer versus conventional cancer gene mutation theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Stepanenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. M. Kavsan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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21
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Kuroda A, Tsukamoto Y, Nguyen LT, Noguchi T, Takeuchi I, Uchida M, Uchida T, Hijiya N, Nakada C, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Murakami K, Matsuura K, Seto M, Ito H, Fujioka T, Moriyama M. Genomic profiling of submucosal-invasive gastric cancer by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22313. [PMID: 21811585 PMCID: PMC3141024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic copy number aberrations (CNAs) in gastric cancer have already been extensively characterized by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) analysis. However, involvement of genomic CNAs in the process of submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer is still poorly understood. In this study, to address this issue, we collected a total of 59 tumor samples from 27 patients with submucosal-invasive gastric cancers (SMGC), analyzed their genomic profiles by array CGH, and compared them between paired samples of mucosal (MU) and submucosal (SM) invasion (23 pairs), and SM invasion and lymph node (LN) metastasis (9 pairs). Initially, we hypothesized that acquisition of specific CNA(s) is important for these processes. However, we observed no significant difference in the number of genomic CNAs between paired MU and SM, and between paired SM and LN. Furthermore, we were unable to find any CNAs specifically associated with SM invasion or LN metastasis. Among the 23 cases analyzed, 15 had some similar pattern of genomic profiling between SM and MU. Interestingly, 13 of the 15 cases also showed some differences in genomic profiles. These results suggest that the majority of SMGCs are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations derived from the same clonal origin. Comparison of genomic CNAs between SMGCs with and without LN metastasis revealed that gain of 11q13, 11q14, 11q22, 14q32 and amplification of 17q21 were more frequent in metastatic SMGCs, suggesting that these CNAs are related to LN metastasis of early gastric cancer. In conclusion, our data suggest that generation of genetically distinct subclones, rather than acquisition of specific CNA at MU, is integral to the process of submucosal invasion, and that subclones that acquire gain of 11q13, 11q14, 11q22, 14q32 or amplification of 17q21 are likely to become metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Lam Tung Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Noguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Computer Science/Scientific and Engineering Simulation, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoki Hijiya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Chisato Nakada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okimoto
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kodama
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Ito
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Toshio Fujioka
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Moriyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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22
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Su Y, Shankar K, Rahal O, Simmen RCM. Bidirectional signaling of mammary epithelium and stroma: implications for breast cancer--preventive actions of dietary factors. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:605-11. [PMID: 21292471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is composed of two major cellular compartments: a highly dynamic epithelium that undergoes cycles of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in response to local and endocrine signals and the underlying stroma comprised of fibroblasts, endothelial cells and adipocytes, which collectively form the mammary fat pad. Breast cancer originates from subversions of normal growth regulatory pathways in mammary epithelial cells due to genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in tumor suppressors, oncogenes and DNA repair genes. Diet is considered a highly modifiable determinant of breast cancer risk; thus, considerable efforts are focused on understanding how certain dietary factors may promote resistance of mammary epithelial cells to growth dysregulation. The recent indications that stromal cells contribute to the maintenance of the mammary epithelial 'niche' and the increasing appreciation for adipose tissue as an endocrine organ with a complex secretome have led to the novel paradigm that the mammary stromal compartment is itself a relevant target of bioactive dietary factors. In this review, we address the potential influence of dietary factors on mammary epithelial-stromal bidirectional signaling to provide mechanistic insights into how dietary factors may promote early mammary epithelial differentiation to decrease adult breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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23
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Souter LH, Andrews JD, Zhang G, Cook AC, Postenka CO, Al-Katib W, Leong HS, Rodenhiser DI, Chambers AF, Tuck AB. Human 21T breast epithelial cell lines mimic breast cancer progression in vivo and in vitro and show stage-specific gene expression patterns. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1247-58. [PMID: 20458274 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Early breast cancer progression involves advancement through specific morphological stages including atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive mammary carcinoma (IMC), although not necessarily always in a linear fashion. Observational studies have examined genetic, epigenetic and gene expression differences in breast tissues representing these stages of progression, but model systems which would allow for experimental testing of specific factors influencing transition through these stages are scarce. The 21T series cell lines, all originally derived from the same patient with metastatic breast cancer, have been proposed to represent a mammary tumor progression series. We report here that three of the 21T cell lines indeed mimic specific stages of human breast cancer progression (21PT-derived cells, ADH; 21NT-derived cells, DCIS; 21MT-1 cells, IMC) when grown in the mammary fat pad of nude mice, albeit after a year. To develop a more rapid, readily manipulatable in vitro assay for examining the biological differences between these cell lines, we have used a 3D Matrigel system. When the three cell lines were grown in 3D Matrigel, they showed characteristic morphologies, in which quantifiable aspects of stage-specific in vivo behaviors (ie, differences in acinar structure formation, cell polarization, colony morphology, cell proliferation, cell invasion) were recapitulated in a reproducible fashion. Gene expression profiling revealed a characteristic pattern for each of the three cell lines. Interestingly, Wnt pathway alterations are particularly predominant in the early transition from 21PTci (ADH) to 21NTci (DCIS), whereas alterations in expression of genes associated with control of cell motility and invasion phenomena are more prominent in the later transition of 21NTci (DCIS) to 21MT-1 (IMC). This system thus reveals potential therapeutic targets and will provide a means of testing the influences of identified genes on transitions between these stages of pre-malignant to malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley H Souter
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Rudloff U, Jacks LM, Goldberg JI, Wynveen CA, Brogi E, Patil S, Van Zee KJ. Nomogram for predicting the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3762-9. [PMID: 20625132 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While the mortality associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is minimal, the risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is relatively high. Radiation therapy (RT) and antiestrogen agents reduce the risk of IBTR and are considered standard treatment options after BCS. However, they have never been proven to improve survival, and in themselves carry rare but serious risks. Individualized estimation of IBTR risk would assist in decision making regarding the various treatment options for women with DCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1991 to 2006, 1,868 consecutive patients treated with BCS for DCIS were identified. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed using the 1,681 in whom data were complete. Ten clinical, pathologic, and treatment variables were built into a nomogram estimating probability of IBTR at 5 and 10 years after BCS. The model was validated for discrimination and calibration using bootstrap resampling. RESULTS The DCIS nomogram for prediction of 5- and 10-year IBTR probabilities demonstrated good calibration and discrimination, with a concordance index of 0.704 (bootstrap corrected, 0.688) and a concordance probability estimate of 0.686. Factors with the greatest influence on risk of IBTR in the model included adjuvant RT or endocrine therapy, age, margin status, number of excisions, and treatment time period. CONCLUSION The DCIS nomogram integrates 10 clinicopathologic variables to provide an individualized risk estimate of IBTR in a woman with DCIS treated with BCS. This tool may assist in individual decision making regarding various treatment options and help avoid over- and undertreatment of noninvasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Rudloff
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Groner B, Vafaizadeh V, Brill B, Klemmt P. Stem cells of the breast and cancer therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:205-19. [PMID: 20187727 DOI: 10.2217/whe.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a significant public health problem despite advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular events that underlie the disease. Crucial pathways regulating the cell cycle, proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells have been investigated and aberrant components of these pathways have been exploited as new drug targets. However, the mortality from breast cancer is only slowly declining. Recently, a model has been proposed that might explain the heterogeneous biological features of breast cancer cell populations and their differential response to therapeutic agents, which has interesting implications for further progress in therapy. This model links the emergence of breast cancer cells to stem cells and progenitors, an observation originally made in other cancer entities. It hypothesizes that the tumors originate from a small population of undifferentiated cells. These cells can undergo self-renewal and are able to generate a large number of partially differentiated cells, which constitute the bulk of the tumor. These cancer stem cells resemble adult stem and progenitor cells found in the normal breast, but are deregulated in their patterns of proliferation and differentiation. They could originate from normal stem cells or from more differentiated progenitors and lose their normal growth restraints through a series of oncogenic mutations that deregulate a small number of central signaling pathways. If breast cancer really is a stem and progenitor cell disease, this will have important implications for the understanding of the emergence of cancer cells. A combination of the cell-type of origin, stem cells, early or late progenitors and the particular oncogenic mutations acquired could provide a new classification of the different types of breast cancer. These parameters might determine the mechanisms of cancer progression and the responsiveness of patients to drug treatment. Stem cell-specific features could possibly be exploited as innovative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Groner
- Georg Speyer Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
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26
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Pai VP, Marshall AM, Hernandez LL, Buckley AR, Horseman ND. Altered serotonin physiology in human breast cancers favors paradoxical growth and cell survival. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R81. [PMID: 19903352 PMCID: PMC2815543 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The breast microenvironment can either retard or accelerate the events associated with progression of latent cancers. However, the actions of local physiological mediators in the context of breast cancers are poorly understood. Serotonin (5-HT) is a critical local regulator of epithelial homeostasis in the breast and other organs. Herein, we report complex alterations in the intrinsic mammary gland serotonin system of human breast cancers. Methods Serotonin biosynthetic capacity was analyzed in human breast tumor tissue microarrays using immunohistochemistry for tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). Serotonin receptors (5-HT1-7) were analyzed in human breast tumors using the Oncomine database. Serotonin receptor expression, signal transduction, and 5-HT effects on breast cancer cell phenotype were compared in non-transformed and transformed human breast cells. Results In the context of the normal mammary gland, 5-HT acts as a physiological regulator of lactation and involution, in part by favoring growth arrest and cell death. This tightly regulated 5-HT system is subverted in multiple ways in human breast cancers. Specifically, TPH1 expression undergoes a non-linear change during progression, with increased expression during malignant progression. Correspondingly, the tightly regulated pattern of 5-HT receptors becomes dysregulated in human breast cancer cells, resulting in both ectopic expression of some isoforms and suppression of others. The receptor expression change is accompanied by altered downstream signaling of 5-HT receptors in human breast cancer cells, resulting in resistance to 5-HT-induced apoptosis, and stimulated proliferation. Conclusions Our data constitutes the first report of direct involvement of 5-HT in human breast cancer. Increased 5-HT biosynthetic capacity accompanied by multiple changes in 5-HT receptor expression and signaling favor malignant progression of human breast cancer cells (for example, stimulated proliferation, inappropriate cell survival). This occurs through uncoupling of serotonin from the homeostatic regulatory mechanisms of the normal mammary epithelium. The findings open a new avenue for identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers, and valuable new therapeutic targets for managing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0576, USA.
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27
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Groner B, Vafaizadeh V, Brill B, Klemmt P. Mammary epithelial and breast cancer stem cells. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45 Suppl 1:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(09)70032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Shevde LA, Metge BJ, Mitra A, Xi Y, Ju J, King JA, Samant RS. Spheroid-forming subpopulation of breast cancer cells demonstrates vasculogenic mimicry via hsa-miR-299-5p regulated de novo expression of osteopontin. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1693-706. [PMID: 19538464 PMCID: PMC3829031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of cancer cells as multicellular spheroids has frequently been reported to mimic the in vivo tumour architecture and physiology and has been utilized to study antitumour drugs. In order to determine the distinctive characteristics of the spheroid-derived cells compared to the corresponding monolayer-derived cells, we enriched multicellular spheroid-forming subpopulations of cells from three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MCF10AT and MCF10DCIS.com). These spheroid-derived cells were injected into female athymic nude mice to assess their tumorigenic potential and were profiled for their characteristic miRNA signature. We discovered that the spheroid-derived cells expressed increased levels of osteopontin (OPN), an oncogenic protein that has been clinically correlated with increased tumour burden and adverse prognosis in patients with breast cancer metastasis. Our studies further show that increased OPN levels are brought about in part, by decreased levels of hsa-mir-299–5p in the spheroid-forming population from all three cell lines. Moreover, the spheroid-forming cells can organize into vascular structures in response to nutritional limitation; these structures recapitulate a vascular phenotype by the expression of endothelial markers CD31, Angiopoeitin-1 and Endoglin. In this study, we have validated that hsa-mir-299–5p targets OPN; de novo expression of OPN in turn plays a critical role in enhancing proliferation, tumorigenicity and the ability to display vasculogenic mimicry of the spheroid-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
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29
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Zhou W, Muggerud AA, Vu P, Due EU, Sørlie T, Børresen-Dale AL, Wärnberg F, Langerød A. Full sequencing of TP53 identifies identical mutations within in situ and invasive components in breast cancer suggesting clonal evolution. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:214-9. [PMID: 19403344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, previous studies have suggested that somatic TP53 mutations are likely to be an early event. However, there are controversies regarding the cellular origin and linear course of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate tumor evolution in breast cancer by analyzing TP53 mutation status in tumors from various stages of the disease. The entire coding sequence of TP53 was sequenced in a cohort of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), pure invasive cancer (≤15mm) and mixed lesions (i.e. invasive cancer with an in situ component). Of 118 tumor samples, 19 were found to harbor a TP53 mutation; 5 (15.6%) of the pure DCIS, 4 (10.5%) of the pure invasive cancers and 10 (20.8%) of the mixed lesions. In the mixed lesions, both the invasive and the DCIS components showed the same mutation in all 5 cases where the two components were successfully microdissected. Presence of the same mutation in both DCIS and invasive components from the same tumor indicates same cellular origin. The role of mutant TP53 in the progression of breast cancer is less clear and may vary between subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75105, Sweden
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Fábián A, Barok M, Vereb G, Szöllosi J. Die hard: are cancer stem cells the Bruce Willises of tumor biology? Cytometry A 2009; 75:67-74. [PMID: 19051297 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an exponentially growing number of studies have focused on identifying cancer stem cells (CSC) in human malignancies. The rare CSCs could be crucial in controlling and curing cancer: through asymmetric division CSCs supposedly drive tumor growth and evade therapy with the help of traits shared with normal stem cells such as quiescence, self-renewal ability, and multidrug resistance pump activity. Here, we give a brief overview of techniques used to confirm the stem cell-like behavior of putative CSCs and discuss markers and methods for identifying, isolating, and culturing them. We touch on the limitations of each marker and why the combined use of CSC markers, in vitro and in vivo assays may still fail to identify all relevant CSC populations. Finally, the various experimental findings supporting and contradicting the CSC hypothesis are summarized. The large number of tumor types thus far with a subpopulation of uniquely tumorigenic and therapy resistant cells suggests that despite the unanswered questions and inconsistencies, the CSC hypothesis has a legitimate role to play in tumor biology. At the same time, experimental evidence supporting the established alternative theory of clonal evolution can be found as well. Therefore, a model that describes cancer initiation and progression should combine elements of clonal evolution and CSC theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Fábián
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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van Staveren WCG, Solís DYW, Hébrant A, Detours V, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Human cancer cell lines: Experimental models for cancer cells in situ? For cancer stem cells? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1795:92-103. [PMID: 19167460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Established human cancer cell lines are routinely used as experimental models for human cancers. Their validity for such use is analyzed and discussed, with particular focus on thyroid tumors. Although cell lines retain some properties of the cells of origin, from the points of view of their genetics, epigenetics and gene expression, they show clear differences in these properties compared to in vivo tumors. This can be explained by a prior selection of initiating cells and a Darwinian evolution in vitro. The properties of the cell lines are compared to those of the postulated cancer stem cells and their use as models in this regard are discussed. Furthermore, other proper and possible uses of the cell lines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C G van Staveren
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, School of Medicine, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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